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Topic: Pyramidal tract

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	Corticospinal tract - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a massive collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord.
		The neuronal cell bodies in the motor cortex send long axons to the motor cranial nerve nuclei mainly of the contralateral side of the midbrain (cortico-mesencephalic tract), pons (cortico-pontine tract), medulla oblongata (cortico-bulbar tract); the bulk of these fibers, however, extend all the way down to the spinal cord (cortico-spinal tract).
		The bundle of corticospinal axons is visible as two column-like structures ("pyramids") on the ventral surface of medulla oblongata - this is where the name pyramidal tract comes from.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Corticospinal_fibres (530 words)

	Immunocytochemical localization of cell adhesion molecule L1 in developing rat pyramidal tract. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The expression of L1 was studied during postnatal development of the rat pyramidal tract by immunohistology using polyclonal antibodies to L1 in spinal cord cervical intumescences.
		At P4 both the fasciculus gracilis and the pyramidal tract are immunoreactive whereas the fasciculus cuneatus is negative.
		The differential L1 immunoreactivity of the pyramidal tract and the earlier developing ascending systems in rat dorsal funiculus indicate that this polyclonal antiserum is a useful differentiating marker for outgrowing fibre tracts.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_2761789.html (240 words)

	IX. Neurology. 4e. Composition and Central Connections of the Spinal Nerves. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human ...
		The descending fibers in the spinal tract of the trigeminal terminating in the nucleus of the tract probably establish relations through connecting neurons with motor nuclei in the anterior column of the spinal cord and with motor nuclei of the medulla.
		Voluntary impulses from the cerebral cortex are conveyed by terminals and collaterals of the pyramidal tract of the opposite side, indirectly, that is with the interpolation of a connecting neuron, to the facial nucleus.
		The majority of the axons that arise from the mitral cells of the olfactory bulb and course in the olfactory tract course in the lateral olfactory stria to the uncus and hippocampal gyrus, and terminate in the cortex.
	www.bartleby.com /107/191.html (8263 words)

	Motor Systems
		This tract is known as the corticobulbar tract.
		Injuries to the pyramidal tract below the decussation or to the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord cause paralysis on the same side of the body.
		The major cerebellar tracts are the Spinocerebellar, connecting the spinal cord and the cerebellum, the Vestibulospinal, connecting the vestibular system and the cerebellum, Corticopontocerebellar, connecting the cortex, pons and cerebellum and the Dentatorubrothalamic connecting the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, the red nucleus and the thalamus.
	pathology.mc.duke.edu /neuropath/nawr/motor-systems.html (1173 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		To use this information to map the pyramidal tracts of patients with multiple sclerosis, investigate the relation between burden of disease in the tracts and disability, and compare this with more global magnetic resonance estimates of disease burden.
		The integrity of the pyramidal tracts was assessed using relative anisotropy and a novel measure (L(t)) derived from the compounded relative anisotropy along the tracts.
		Tract mapping using DTI is feasible and may increase the specificity of MRI in multiple sclerosis by matching appropriate tracts with specific clinical scoring systems.
	www.mult-sclerosis.org /news/Jan2003/MedlinePyramidalTractMappingbyDTIinMS.html (294 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		the nerve fiber tract formed by fibers (corticonuclear fibers) of the pyramidal tract that arise in the cerebral cortex, descend in the internal capsule, and synapse in the various motor nuclei of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata.
		corticospinal t.’s of spinal cord the two spinal cord tracts that are continuations of the pyramidal tract of the medulla oblongata; see tractus corticospinalis lateralis and tractus corticospinalis anterior.
		a tract ascending uncrossed in the posterior part of the lateral funiculus to the lateral cervical nucleus, which relays to the thalamus by way of the opposite medial lemniscus.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_t_15zPzhtm (3019 words)

	P526 : Pyramidal tract degeneration in hereditary spastic paraplegia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis detected by ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Pyramidal tract degeneration in hereditary spastic paraplegia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis detected by diffusion tensor MRI
		Patients with HSP displayed a stronger bilateral decrease of FA along the pyramidal tract underneath the motor cortex, in the internal capsule and in the mesencephalon compared to ALS patients.
		The fact that the strongest decrease of FA was located in the mesencephalon and internal capsule corresponds to the increasing pyramidal tract degeneration in HSP patients.
	www.thieme.de /abstracts/aktneu/abstracts2003/daten/p526.html (425 words)

	GlobalSpine - Advanced Anatomy - Spinal Cord
		Although this is the usual method of describing the crossing of the direct pyramidal tract in the cord, it seems probable that its fibers cross in the anterior commissure and pass directly to the anterior horn of gray matter, to end by forming synapses around its cells.
		The antero-lateral ascending tract (Gower's tract) is an extensive crescent-shaped strand, which skirts the circumference of the anterior three-quarters of the antero-lateral column of the cord.
		The direct cerebellar tract is situated at the circumference of the cord behind the preceding and external to the crossed pyramidal tract, occupying a narrow area which extends backward as far as the postero-lateral fissure or nearly so.
	www.globalspine.net /spinal_cord_advanced.html (4217 words)

	Motor Systems
		From the ventral surface of the midbrain within the cerebral peduncles, the tract continues through the pons to the ventral surface of the medulla, where it is visible as a pyramidal shaped bundle of fibers on each side known as the pyramids (thus the other name, pyramidal tract).
		The medial vestibulospinal tract projects bilaterally to the cervical cord and is involved in reflex adjustments of the head in response to vestibular stimulation.
		These tracts descend in the medial, ventral white matter of the spinal cord and terminate in the medial regions of the ventral horns where motor neurons that innervate axial and proximal limb musculature are located.
	sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca /cns/histo/systems/motor/main.htm (815 words)

	BASIC MOTOR PATHWAY
		The corticospinal tract originates as the axons of pyramidal neurons in layer V of (mainly) primary motor cortex.
		Pyramidal neurons, incidentally, occur in all types of cortex - it is just a morphological name for large neurons that are triangular in shape, pointing a long apical dendrite toward the surface of the brain.
		The pyramids were actually named as landmarks on the surface of the brainstem - on a human brainstem you can clearly see them as two ridges running down the ventral midline.
	thalamus.wustl.edu /course/basmot.html (1580 words)

	Dysarthria: Definition and Description; Etiology
		The pyramidal tract is the most direct of the upper motor neuron tracts; the extrapyramidal tract also consists of upper motor neurons.
		Approximately 80% of the cell bodies of the pyramidal tract are located on the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe which is also known as the motor strip.
		This means that unilateral pyramidal tract lesions above the point of decussation in the pyramids will cause paralysis of the muscles served by the spinal nerves on the opposite side of the body.
	www.csuchico.edu /~pmccaff/syllabi/SPPA342/342unit11.html (1777 words)

	P407 : In vivo clinico-topographical correlation of corticospinal tract stroke using colour coded ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Background: Assessment of the pyramidal tract is limited with conventional brain imaging.
		The extent of pyramidal tract damage is difficult to assess in small strokes of the internal capsule or pericapsular area.
		Group 1 was characterised by long lesions centered in the pyramidal tract at the level of the internal capsule also involving the thalamus at lower levels and globus pallidus at higher levels (Ant.
	www.thieme.de /abstracts/aktneu/abstracts2003/daten/p407.html (369 words)

	2003-012 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The severity of pyramidal tract damage was assessed on semicoronal MRI reconstructions along anatomical landmarks of somatotopy in the precentral gyrus and the internal capsule; for comparison, the overall volume of cerebral white matter (determined by automated volumetry) served as a global measure of lesion severity.
		The motor dysfunction of each of the four extremities correlated much more strongly with the severity of pyramidal tract damage assessed on the respective MRI reconstruction (range of correlation coefficients, 0.647 to 0.922) than with the total volume of white matter (range of correlation coefficients, - 0.458 to - 0.212; Spearman).
		These findings corroborate the notion that an involvement of pyramidal tract fibres in the periventricular white matter is indeed a relevant factor for motor dysfunction in children with PVL.
	www.medizin.uni-tuebingen.de /nrad/sektion/2003-012.htm (207 words)

	Early American Manual Therapy
		It is understood that the fibers of any tract are the axons of nerve cells situated in the place of origin of the tract, and that the fibers terminate by forming synapses with the cells in the place of their destination.
		The impulses are carried in the direction of the growth and of the axons, from the origin of the tracts to their destination.
		Cerebro-spinal Tract, Anterior (direct pyramidal tract)—From the pyramidal cells of the middle one-half of the anterior central gyrus to the central part of the opposite crescent of the cord, chiefly above the midthoracic region.
	www.meridianinstitute.com /eamt/files/burns2/tables.html (1880 words)

	Immunoelectron microscopic localization of cell adhesion molecule L1 in developing rat pyramidal tract. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The (sub)cellular localization of L1 was determined both by pre-embedding staining on Vibratome sections and by immunogold labelling on ultracryosections in developing rat pyramidal tract at the fifth cervical segment.
		Whereas compact myelin was always L1-negative, L1 was noted periaxonally between the axolemma and compact myelin and at (para)nodal regions at the contact zone between axolemma and oligodendrocytic processes.
		From these results it may be deduced that: (1) L1 is involved in fasciculation of outgrowing later arriving pyramidal tract fibres: (2) L1 is not involved in the onset of myelination in this central tract; (3) L1 might play an additional adhesive role in myelinated rat pyramidal tract.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_2270139.html (329 words)

	Pyramidal tract mapping by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: improving correlations ...
		Pyramidal tract mapping by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: improving correlations with disability -- Wilson et al.
		the principal diffusion vector, is parallel to the tract.
		Figure 1 Pyramidal tract mapping begins with the definition of a region of interest (in this case the midbrain) on an axial image (A) in which the orientations of fibres in x, y, and z planes are colour coded blue, green, and red, respectively.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/74/2/203 (2979 words)

	The Netrin 1 Receptors Unc5h3 and Dcc Are Necessary at Multiple Choice Points for the Guidance of Corticospinal Tract ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		the cord as the ventral-most tract in the dorsal funiculus of
		the migration of the longest mammalian axonal tract, the corticospinal
		the pyramidal decussation and by its abnormal phenotype at the
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/23/10346 (7229 words)

	CHAPTER ONE part three (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Several layers of pyramidal neurons interconnect and give off long axons that travel through the hemispheric white matter (corona radiata) and converge in topographic fashion in the internal capsule (Figure 2-33). Fibers descend in the brain stem where they keep their topographic representation in the pyramidal tract.
		Increased muscle tone: In the acute phase of a pyramidal tract lesion muscle tone may be diminished and muscles are hypotonic to passive range of motion.
		Pyramidal tract lesions affect the lower face, arm extensors and leg flexors.
	www.aan.com /familypractice/html/chp1p3.htm (5357 words)

	eMedicine - Motor Evoked Potentials : Article by Eric Bastings, MD
		Pyramidal fibers converge into the corona radiata toward the posterior arm of the internal capsule.
		A large part of direct pyramidal tract fibers actually cross the midline at the spinal cord level (ie, through the white anterior commissura), so that its projections are bilateral.
		The lack of correlation between CMCT and isometric muscle strength, hyperreflexia, or spasticity is attributed to the role of fast-conducting pyramidal tract in generating rapid phasic muscle action important for fine motor skills, but not for strength of muscle contraction, which can be carried by different descending tracts.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/topic222.htm (5897 words)

	Functional Recovery and Enhanced Corticofugal Plasticity after Unilateral Pyramidal Tract Lesion and Blockade of ...
		IN-1 antigen), one pyramidal tract of adult Lewis rats was lesioned
		to the lesioned pyramidal tract was traced with the anterograde
		Ugolini G, Kuypers HG (1986) Collaterals of corticospinal and pyramidal fibres to the pontine grey demonstrated by a new application of the fluorescent fibre labelling technique.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/18/12/4744 (8652 words)

	Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy: Distinguishing Early-Onset from Late-Onset Disease Using a Brain MR Imaging Scoring Method ...
		Because of the coexistent involvement of the corona radiata pyramidal tract, the MR severity score was 4.
		involvement of the pyramidal tract, corpus callosum, and parietooccipital
		Pyramidal tract involvement in children with white matter that has not yet myelinated can be identified by higher than normal high signal intensity of immature white matter on T2-weighted images.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/20/2/316 (2960 words)

	Neuropathology 2000: Poster Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Background: The pyramidal tract (or corticospinal tract) is a very important nervous pathway, since it plays a very important role in the movements of human body.
		Areas and perimeters of axons in the lateral pyramidal tract were measured using an image-analyser and a microscope equipped with a drawing tube.
		The total areas of the pyramidal axons in a unit area were calculated.
	www.nan.org.uk /2000/sessions/C23-07.shtml (324 words)

	Plasticity in the Distribution of the Red Nucleus Output to Forearm Muscles After Unilateral Lesions of the Pyramidal ...
		In the monkey used for pyramidotomy, the lesion of the left pyramidal tract was 65% complete.
		The fact that the pyramidal tract lesion was incomplete may have contributed to the relatively rapid functional recovery of
		Wiesendanger, M. The pyramidal tract: its structure and function.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/83/5/3147 (4430 words)

	J
		Contralateral pyramidal tract (PT) neurons arising in the primary motor cortex are the major route through which volitional limb movements are controlled.
		To investigate the spinal relays through which PT neurons may influence ipsilateral motoneurons, we analyzed the synaptic actions evoked by stimulation of the ipsilateral pyramid on hindlimb motoneurons after transecting the descending fibers of the contralateral PT at a low thoracic level.
		Stimulation of the pyramids alone did not evoke synaptic actions in motoneurons but potently facilitated disynaptic EPSPs and IPSPs evoked by stimulation of reticulospinal tract fibers in the medial longitudinal fascicle.
	keck.ucsf.edu /~sabes/LabMeeting/SeptSamJour.htm (610 words)

	Jahrbuch-CD der MPG 2003 - Fiber tracking from DTI using l
		The performance tests are focused on the pyramidal tract, where we employed a test-retest study and a group comparison in healthy subjects.
		Anatomical course was confirmed in a patient with selective degeneration of the pyramidal tract.
		The potential of the presented technique for improved neurosurgical planning is demonstrated by visualization of a tumor-induced displacement of the motor pathways.
	www.mpg.de /forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/archivListenJahrbuch/2002/23/publZIM136.html (249 words)

	Clinical Problem Solving: Long Spinal Pathways and Cranial Nerves
		Lesions at any point along the pyramidal tract would have to be BOTH bilateral and restricted to the axons innervating the hands.
		The first clinical signs are usually the result of damage to the decussating spinothalamic fibers in the anterior white commissure and consist of a loss of pain and temperature sense confined to the dermatomes represented in those crossing fibers.
		The Babinski sign and weakness could result from damage to the corticospinal tract at any place along the pathway from motor cortex (precentral gyrus), posterior limb of the internal capsule, central 2/3 of the cerebral peduncle in the midbrain, ventral pons, medullary pyramid, pyramidal decussation, dorsolateral funiculus, and neck of the dorsal horn.
	www2.umdnj.edu /~neuro/neuro03/schedule/sptrcta.htm (1715 words)

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