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Topic: Pyrazine

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	Pyrazine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Derivatives like Phenazine are well known for their antitumor, antibiotic and diuretic activity.
		Pyrazine is less basic in nature than pyridine, pyridazine and pyrimidine.
		C1=NC=CN=C1 Pyrazine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pyrazine (118 words)

	BIODEGRADATION OF PYRAZINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID BY A NEWLY ISOLATED CHEMOTROPHIC BACTERIUM -Pseudomonas aeruginosa- STRAIN ...
		Pyrazine or 1,4-diazine is a symmetrical molecule as the nitrogen occupies the 1,4-positions.
		Pyrazine and its derivatives are present in certain foods such as barley, coffee, peas, potatoes, etc. Occurrence of pyrazine and its importance is shown in (Table1).
		2,5-Dimethyl pyrazine is oxidized to 5-methyl pyrazine –2-carboxylic acid (90%) by this organism.
	www.geocities.com /saugath/girijafinal.htm (2785 words)

	PYRAZINE DERIVATIVES (JECFA Food Additives Series 48)
		Detoxication of alkyl-substituted pyrazines by side-chain oxidation and ring hydroxylation is comparable to the metabolic detoxication of alkyl-substituted pyridines in animals (Hawksworth and Scheline, 1975; Caputo et al., 1988; Blake and Beattie, 1989a; Caputo et al., 1989; Renberg et al., 1989; Oldham et al., 1990; Weidolf et al., 1992).
		Pyrazine or pyrazine derivatives with a ring-activating alkoxy side-chain, such as 2-methoxypyrazine, are more susceptible to nucleophilic attack by the molybdenum hydroxylases (Beedham, 1988) and therefore undergo primarily ring hydroxylation (see Figure 1).
		Pyrazine and the other alkyl-substituted pyrazine derivatives that were tested induced significant percentages of chromosomal aberrations (breaks and exchanges) in metaphase plates in Chinese hamster ovary cells with and without metabolic activation at test concentrations of 2500–40 000 µg/ml.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48je12.htm (7880 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Functionalization of pristine C60 with the investigated pyrazine derivatives promotes the UV-vis absorption characteristics and, in turn, improves the light-harvesting efficiency of the resulting dyads 1-3 relative to pristine C60.
		Photoexcitation of the pyrazine moieties in dyads 1-3 leads to the formation of their singlet excited states.
		In contrast to the pyrazine models, photoexcitation of dyad 1-3 is followed by rapid intramolecular deactivation processes of the latter via energy transfer to the fullerene ground state with half-lives between 37 and 100 ps.
	allen.rad.nd.edu /new_pubs/ndrl4040.doc (278 words)

	2,5-DIMETHYLPYRAZINE
		Pyrazine, hygroscopic white solid, is an aromatic nitrogen compound characterized by a ring structure contains 4 carbon atoms with two nitrogen atoms at 1 and 4 positions; melting at 55 - 56 C, boiling at 115 - 116 C. Pyrazine is freely soluble in water.
		It is a component of the folates (vitamin B compounds) and of the isoalloxazine ring nucleus of flavins.
		Numerous pyrazine derivatives such as pyrazine polycyclic compounds, alkyl-, alicyclic-, and alkylaryl-substituted compounds, derivatives containing oxygenated functional groups and thio- functional groups in the side-chains are used in biological, drug,
	www.chemicalland21.com /arokorhi/specialtychem/NH/2,5-DIMETHYLPYRAZINE.htm (169 words)

	Competition Between Photochemistry and Energy Transfer in UV-excited Diazabenzenes: I. Photofragmentation Studies of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The quantum yield for the formation of HCN from the photodissociation of pyrazine excited at 248 nm and 266 nm is determined by IR diode probing of the HCN photoproduct.
		HCN photoproducts from excited pyrazine are produced via three different dissociation channels, one that is extremely "prompt" and two others that are "late." The total quantum yield from all reaction channels obtained at low quencher gas pressures,
		At high pressures the single photon "late" pyrazine dissociation is quenched, and HCN produced at high quencher gas pressures come only from the multiphoton absorption channel, which can be clearly observed to depend on laser fluence.
	www.chemistry.bnl.gov /GPMD/old-pages/MUCKAB13.HTML (393 words)

	39B-13 Analysis of pyrazines in potato chips by SPME-GC-MS using a rapid distillation method (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Pyrazine isolates were concentrated from acidified chip slurries (pH 4) by vacuum distillation.
		Numerous alkylpyrazines were detected in potato chip models ranging in concentration from 7 to 542 ppb, with 2-ethyl-5-methyl pyrazine, 2,5-diethyl pyrazine and 2,5 dimethyl-3-ethyl pyrazine the predominant compounds present.
		Differences in pyrazine concentrations were apparently influenced by competition between amino acids for reaction with reducing sugars present in the model system.
	ift.confex.com /ift/2000/techprogram/paper_4447.htm (347 words)

	Synthesis of Dimethylcathinone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The problem of pyrazine contamination could be minimized by the use of DCM as the solvent medium as hydohalogenic solvents allow stabilization of cathinone bases, increasing the yield of desired product and decreasing the amount of by-products.
		As for the pyrazine, it has a fishy unpleasant smell that first manifests itself as white crystalline compound that later, after several days, darkens to a yellow color.
		Fester, in the last edition of his book "Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture" without realizing it, alludes to the pyrazine in his Methcathinone chapter as a contaminant which he was not familiar with but which he knew was dangerous to take intraveneously as it causes the coagulation of one's blood.
	www.flatface.net /~greasyspoon/chemicals/dimethylcathinone.html (1761 words)

	[No title]
		These new ligands utilize the nitrogens in pyridines and pyrazines in their structures to produce poly-dentate binding sites for coordinating to metals producing multiple crossovers with the goal of forcing over/under repeats in metal complexes.
		Pyrazine was chosen as the core unit because its two nitrogens are rigidly confined to opposite sides of the aromatic ring.
		1H NMR of (3) Synthesis (4) 2,4-di(n(pyridalmethyl)formamide) pyrazine A yield of 81% was obtained on this synthesis.
	www.mcpherson.edu /science/cantaurus/Cockriel_David-S05.doc (1931 words)

	Pyrazine in Wine - Food Reference Beverage Information
		All pyrazines have very low sensory detection thresholds (one to 2 ng/L in white wines and 10 — 15 ng/L in red wines) thus minute quantities represent significant aromatic and flavour characteristics in wine.
		California sauvignon blanc pyrazine levels are low, and those barrel-aged show even lower levels.
		Chelamn sauvingon blanc can be quite free of pyrazine aromas, probably due to weather conditions and crop levels.
	www.foodreference.com /html/art-pyrazine-in-wine.html (526 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In a preferred embodiment the synthetic derivatives of 2-amino-1,4- pyrazine of family 1, characterized by two aryl substituents in positions C-3 and C-5, were endowed with unexpectedly high antioxidative properties (figure 1).
		Method for the preparation of the pyrazine compounds as claimed in claim 24, continued by condensation with keto-aldehyde reagents under acidic conditions.
		Method for the preparation of the pyrazine compounds as claimed in claims 21and 22, continued by the N-alkylation of the 2-amino (or 2,4-diamino) function (s).
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/87853.011122&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (5441 words)

	Antarctic Alert - Full Record Display (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		While these birds are known for their large olfactory bulbs and excellent sense of smell, how they use odor cues to locate prey patches in the vast ocean is not well understood.
		Pyrazines are scented compounds found in macerated Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), a primary prey item for many seabird species in this region.
		Responses to pyrazine were both highly species specific and consistent with results from earlier studies investigating responses to crude krill extracts.
	www.coldregions.org /A_A_B026.htm (341 words)

	104B-8 Dual benefits of water soluble natural antioxidants from fruits and vegetables for inhibition of both lipid ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Pyrazines, the nutty flavor from Maillard sugar-amine browning reactions, are produced by an oxidative Maillard phase and can be inhibited by antioxidants.
		We similarly assayed compounds and foods for pyrazine inhibition in a heated glucose-glycine solution analyzed by SPME extraction and GC.
		We found that many phenolic compounds from fruits and vegetables show both high antioxidant activity and pyrazine inhibition, but the whole tissue from which they came often does not.
	ift.confex.com /ift/2003/techprogram/paper_17749.htm (311 words)

	It's enough to make a Chicken Run
		The team discovered that pieces of cotton wool dabbed with pyrazine and left next to chicken cages led to a five to ten percent increase in the egg mass of Leghorn chickens.
		Rothschild does not yet know the underlying mechanism but it could be that the scent of the pyrazine delays the surge of luteinising hormone that releases an egg so presumably the egg takes on board more yolk and albumen before being expelled.
		The team also found that birds exposed to pyrazine were more likely to remember which of their drinking vessels had been laced with the very bitter-tasting compound quinine.
	www.reactivereports.com /10/10_3.html (350 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Excited-state properties of three different pyrazine derivatives 4-6 were probed by emission and transient absorption spectroscopy.
		Once photoexcited, these triplet excited pyrazines undergo rapid intermolecular energy transfer to a monofunctionalized fullerene derivative (7) with bimolecular rate constants ranging from 3.64 x 10
		with the investigated pyrazine derivatives promotes the UV-vis absorption characteristics and, in turn, improves the light-harvesting efficiency of the resulting dyads 1-3 relative to pristine C
	allen.rad.nd.edu /new_pubs/ndrl4040.htm (242 words)

	ECTOC Paper #68
		The pyrazine-pyridine bond of one of the remaining pyridyl rings was then rotated in 5š increments, beginning with the pyridyl ring co-planar to the pyrazine.
		These disruptions are rapidly propagated through the solid, allowing rotation of the pyrazine rings and the reordering of the lattice into a monoclinic space group.
		Enthalpy calculations predict that this structure is significantly higher in energy than the conformers generated from the tetragonal form and the formation of such a structure was found to be endothermic by about 0.56 kcal.
	www.ch.ic.ac.uk /ectoc/papers/68/ECTOC.HTML (3606 words)

	CBC News: Ladybug, ladybug, get outta my wine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The result of this is that a taste of ladybug juice found its way to the vineyards, the grapes, the fermentation tanks and ultimately the wine from the grapes of 2001.
		Some critics compare the taste of pyrazine to cooked spinach or rancid peanuts.
		Sauvignon blanc naturally contains some pyrazine, but a problem with other whites, such as chardonnay, is that they are all tasting like sauvignon blanc, with an added rancid finish.
	www.cbc.ca /stories/2003/01/24/Consumers/ladybug030124 (511 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The pyrazine should be weighed in the enclosed scale across from sink3.
		Weigh pyrazine (if necessary - not all recipes call for it) and add it to the tank.
		A commonly used recipe in the microlab is the 'F' etch with 6 g of pyrazine which is: 320 g pyrocatechol 6 g pyrazine 320 ml DI water 1000 ml Ethylenediamine at 110 C. This leads to an approximate etch rate of 55 um/hr.
	argon.eecs.berkeley.edu /manual/chapsink3 (1583 words)

	Neural circuit-dependent odor adaptation in C. elegans is regulated by the Ras-MAPK pathway -- Hirotsu and Iino 10 (6): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		to AWA-sensed pyrazine and diacetyl caused a reduction in the
		Odorants used are (A) isoamyl alcohol and benzaldehyde, both sensed by AWC, (B) and pyrazine and diacetyl, both sensed by AWA.
		impaired in the odr-7 mutant, indicating that pyrazine was indeed
	www.genestocellsonline.org /cgi/content/full/10/6/517 (6048 words)

	pyrazine -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The pyrazine ring is part of many polycyclic compounds of biological or industrial significance.
		"pyrazine" Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.
		The simplest member of the pyrazine family is pyrazine itself, a colourless, water-soluble solid with molecular formula...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9062042?hook=52501 (291 words)

	publist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Brolo and D. Irish, (1997), "A SERS Study of the Electrochemical Reduction of Pyrazine on a Silver Electrode", Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 93 : 419-425.
		Brolo and D. Irish, (1997), "The Behaviour of Pyrazine and Monoprotonated Pyrazine Adsorbed on Silver Electrodes: A Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Study", in Solid-Liquid Electrochemical Interfaces, G. Jerkiewicz, M.
		Brolo and D. Irish, (1996), "Adsorption and Orientation of Pyrazine on Silver Electrode: A SERS Study", Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 414: 183-196.
	web.uvic.ca /~agbrolo/publist.html (751 words)

	Classical Trajectory Study of Energy Transfer in Pyrazine-CO Collisions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The trajectory results appear to show good qualitative agreement with preliminary experimental results.
		E collisions occur when the CO happens to lie above the pyrazine plane just as the underlying CH wag executes an unusually high amplitude motion.
		Artificially doubling the length of the CO produces results for the angular momentum transfer to the CO molecule that look quite similar to those for angular momentum transfer to CO
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/jtext?jpcafh/105/i12/abs/jp003980i (171 words)

	VIEW TO A KRILL -- Arney 207 (20): ii -- Journal of Experimental Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		plant-based plankton, whereas pyrazine is given off by krill
		RRS James Clark Ross to test which species were attracted to
		pyrazine, by floating scented vegetable oil slicks next to the
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/207/20/ii (491 words)

	- [www.rhodium.ws]
		The contaminant is A "pyrazine", not pyrazine itself.
		For more information about cathinone-pyrazine formation refer to the article by Bertold D. Berrang et al.
		More information detailing the formation of the pyrazine has been given by M. Lee
	www.erowid.org /archive/rhodium/chemistry/dimethylcathinone.html (1804 words)

	Main (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Chocarom Pyrazine – A Remarkable Pyrazine For Flavors And Fragrances
		Chocarom Pyrazine - A Pyrazine for Flavors and Fragrances
		Determination of the Substitution Patterns of Various Di- and Trisubstituted Pyrazines by 15N, 13C and 1H NMR Spectroscopy
	www.frutarom.com /p_library/main.asp (272 words)

	Frencharoma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		2- ETHYL 3 (5 or 6) DIMETHYL PYRAZINE
		2- ETHYL- 3 (5 or 6) DIMETHYL PYRAZINE
		2- METHOXY- 3 (5 or 6)- ETHYL PYRAZINE
	www.frencharoma.com /aromatic.html (71 words)

	China Triethylenediamine, Anhydrous Piperazine, Acetone Ethoxylpiperazine, 2-Methylpyrazine, B-Ethoxylethylene Diamine, ...
		China Triethylenediamine, Anhydrous Piperazine, Acetone Ethoxylpiperazine, 2-Methylpyrazine, B-Ethoxylethylene Diamine, 2-Cyanpyrazine, Pyrazine Manufacturer - BA Corporation
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	www.made-in-china.com /showroom/henannp (176 words)

	Cyclohexyl-octahydro-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-Based Inhibitors of Human N-Myristoyltransferase-1 -- French et al. 309 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Kamps MP, Buss JE, and Sefton BM (1986) Rous sarcoma virus transforming protein lacking myristic acid phosphorylates known polypeptide substrates without inducing transformation.
		Likhosherstov AM, Peresada VP, and Skoldinov AP (1993) New route to the synthesis of octahydropyrrolo[1, 2-a] pyrazines.
		Lodge JK, Jackson-Machelski E, Toffaletti DL, Perfect JR, and Gordon JI (1994) Targeted gene replacement demonstrates that myristoyl-CoA: protein N-myristoyltransferase is essential for viability of Cryptococcus neoformans.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/309/1/340 (4689 words)

	ANU - RSPhysSE Annual Report 1997
		Trillo, S., Haelterman, M. and Sheppard, A.P. A New Type of Dark Solitary Wave in Optical Parametric Oscillator
		Wang, G.M., Campbell, S.J. and Kaczmarek, W.A. Thermal Treatment of Iron Ball Milled with Pyrazine
		Wang, G.M., Campbell, S.J. and Kaczmarek, W.A. Thermal Treatment of Iron Ball Milled with Pyrazine (C
	wwwrsphysse.anu.edu.au /admin/php/AR97/publications.html (12269 words)

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