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	Pyrethrum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pyrethrum refers to several Old World plants of the genus Chrysanthemum (e.g., C.
		Pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum (pyrethrins); one common example is permethrin.
		A common formulation of pyrethrin is in preparations containing the synthetic chemical piperonyl butoxide: this has the effect of enhancing the toxicity to insects and speeding the effects when compared with pyrethrins used alone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pyrethrum (462 words)

	Pyrethrum
		Pyrethrum is the initial plant extract of certain plant species of the genus Chrysanthemum, native to southwestern Asia, whose aromatic flower heads, when powdered, constitute the active ingredient in the insecticide called pyrethrum.
		Pyrethrum is a mixture of four compounds: pyrethrins I and II and cinerins I and II.
		The concentrations of pyrethrum powder used in insecticides are nontoxic to plants and higher animals; therefore, these insecticides find wide use in household and livestock sprays as well as in dusts for edible plants.
	www.the-piedpiper.co.uk /th13(n).htm (886 words)

	Pyrethrum Based Mosqueto Control - Austin Texas
		Pyrethrum is derived from the dried flowers of Chrysanthemum Cinerariaefolium.
		Pyrethrum is considered biodegradable and is sought for sensitive applications like the post-harvest treatment of fruits and vegetables.
		Natural pyrethrum is so safe that the U. government approves its use on such insect-prone foods as tomatoes, even while they are on their way to the supermarket or processing plant.
	www.realgreenlawns.com /austin_tx_texas/Pyrethrum.htm (1097 words)

	Chapter 9: Crop Plants and Exotic Plants
		Pyrethrum is grown for the insecticidal material, pyrethrins, that is found primarily in the flower head.
		Pyrethrum has been tested experimentally but has not been grown commercially in the United States (Drain and Shuey 1934, McClintock 1929) although, if mechanical harvesting of the flower heads could be perfected and the hand labor reduced, its growth in certain areas might be feasible.
		Pyrethrum is a tufted, slender, pubescent perennial 12 to 30 inches high with daisylike flower heads 1 1/2 inches across, on long slender stems.
	gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov /book/chap9/pyrethrum.html (1104 words)

	Standard - Pyrethrum extract
		Composition: Pyrethrum Extract is a mixture of three naturally occurring, closely related insecticidal ester of chrysanthemic acid (cinerin I, jasmolin I and pyrethrin I) and three closely related insecticidal ester of pyrethric acid (cinerin II, jasmolin II and pyrethrin II).
		Analytical method for assay of pyrethrins in Pyrethrum extract or concentrate*: The Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (Official Method of Analysis of AOAC International, 17th Edition, Volume 1) mercury reduction method 936.05 is the current industry accepted technique for pyrethrins content determination that can provide pyrethrins 1, 2 and total pyrethrins.
		Pyrethrum extract is sensitive to bright light and should be stored in perfectly lacquered drums or dark coloured containers and stored in the dark.
	www.apvma.gov.au /actives/standard_pyrethrum_extract.shtml (298 words)

	Pyrethrum.
		Later, the Dalmatian pyrethrum was found to be more effective, and it has become one of the best-known, non-chemical pesticides for controlling aphids on both outdoor and indoor plants.
		Pyrethrum is native to coastal areas of Yugoslavia and its islands.
		Pyrethrum is cultivated commercially in Japan, South Africa, and California.
	www.herbs2000.com /herbs/herbs_pyrethrum.htm (175 words)

	BUGFREEBACKYARDS - Safely & Effectively Eliminating Outdoor Insects
		Pyrethrum is a natural, botanical insecticide that is environmentally friendly and has several major advantages over chemically synthesized insecticides including its rapid breakdown in the environment and its lack of insect resistance.
		Pyrethrum is extracted from a particular type of Chrysanthemum known as the African Daisy (Chrysanthemum cineraria folium).
		For pyrethrum to be fully lethal to insects, it is generally combined with a 'synergist', a chemical that enhances the pyrethrins action on the nervous system.
	www.bugfreebackyards.com /pyrethrum.htm (1155 words)

	* Pyrethrum - (Gardening): Definition
		Pyrethrum, extracted from the dried flowers of the pyrethrum daisy, has a rapid "knockdown" effect on many insects.
		Extracted from pyrethrum daisies, this pesticide acts on contact; used for crawling and flying insects on plants, pets, in structures, indoors and outdoors.
		Pyrethrum, discovered around 1800 in the Transcaucasian region of Asia, is the ground-up flowers of the daisy.
	en.mimi.hu /gardening/pyrethrum.html (593 words)

	Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease Management
		Pyrethrum is the generic name given to a plant based insecticide derived from the powdered, dried flower heads of the pyrethrum daisy, chiefly Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, but also in C.
		Pyrethrum is used widely throughout the world to control many human and household pests such as mosquitoes and houseflies.
		Pyrethrum is extremely toxic to fish such as bluegill and lake trout, while it is slightly to moderately toxic to bird species, such as mallards and bobwhite quail.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /pp/resourceguide/mfs/10pyrethrum.php (1969 words)

	Pyrethrum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pyrethrum is the most widely used natural insecticide in the U.S. The active ingredient, pyrethrin, is extracted from the chrysanthemum plant, Dendranthemum (Chrysanthemum) cinerariaefolium, which is grown primarily in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Ecuador.
		Pyrethrums are primarily effective as a contact poison, which affects the central nervous system of insects.
		Pyrethrum is non-toxic to most mammals, making it among the safest insecticides in use.
	www.yardener.com /Pyrethrum.html (355 words)

	Pyrethrum: the natural insecticide
		Pyrethrum is a natural plant oil that occurs in the pyrethrum daisy, Tanacetum cinerariaefolium, a member of the chrysanthemum family.
		Pyrethrum is made up of six complex chemical esters known as pyrethrins which work in combination to repel and kill insects.
		Pyrethrum is a unique insecticide in that, used correctly, it is relatively non toxic to humans and warm blooded animals.
	www.lcmcd.org /pyrethrum.html (553 words)

	Home production of pyrethrum
		The term "pyrethrum" refer to the powder made with the dried flowers of the chrysanthemum, whereas the term "pyrethrins" refer to the six insecticide components occurring naturally in the powder.
		Although pyrethrum is highly biodegradable and has a short-term effect, it is nonetheless a nonselective insecticide that affects a large number of beneficial species.
		Pyrethrum is effective against a large number of adult insects, but it is much less effective against larvae.
	www.eap.mcgill.ca /AgroBio/ab360-02e.htm (1701 words)

	Permethrin and Pyrethrum Insecticide - What's The Difference?
		Pyrethrum is a natural insecticide made from the flowers of certain species of chrysanthemum.
		Pyrethrum is still widely used today in household insect sprays.
		Natural pyrethrum is a relatively low toxicity insecticide and, since it breaks down quickly, generally has low environmental impact as well.
	www.livingwithbugs.com /permethr.html (457 words)

	OSHA Content Document
		Because the recovery of pyrethrum from the samples was high and approximately equal to the detection limit of the analytical procedure, the detection limit of the overall procedure and reliable quantitation limit are the same.
		The precision of the analytical procedure is defined as the pooled coefficient of variation determined from replicate injections of pyrethrum standards at 0.5, 1 and 2 times the PEL by using the summed area counts for the peaks of cinerin I and II and jasmolin I. Based on the data of Table 4.4.
		The amount of pyrethrum found on the "B" sections of all nine sampling tubes was fairly constant throughout this test and is probably due to the aerosol coating the inside of the glass tube with pyrethrum.
	www.osha.gov /dts/sltc/methods/organic/org070/org070.html (3644 words)

	Pyrethrum Insecticide Spray, Insect Control Products Houston, Texas - Mosquito Pro
		Pyrethrum is a botanical insecticide produced primarily in the flowers of Tanacetum cinerariaefolium, a species of the chrysanthemum plant family.
		Pyrethrum affects and inhibits the nervous system of insects by causing multiple action potential in the nerve cells by delaying the closing of an ion channel.
		Pyrethrum, when combined with a synergist that works by restrictng an enzyme insects use to detoxify it, then becomes one of the fastest acting insecticides known.
	www.mosquito-pro.com /html/pyrethrum.html (529 words)

	Copperfield Mosquito Systems Naples Florida Mosquito Mist Away
		Pyrethrum (Tanacetum Coccineum) is one of the most important cash crops of Kenya, Africa.
		The pyrethrum seeds are first cultivated in nurseries then transplanted to plots of land, where they must be kept weed-free.
		In the factory, the pyrethrum is crushed into powder and subsequently into active liquid form, and packaged for distribution.
	www.copperfieldmosquito.com /pyrethrum.htm (492 words)

	Pyrethrum - from ancient discovery to advanced agriculture
		Pyrethrum is used in insecticidal preparations from the simple mosquito coil to household aerosols to sophisticated ultra low volume foggers and sprays.
		Pyrethrum was widely used to delouse armies from the time of Napoleon, and the flower was introduced into Kenya to produce insecticide for the allied armies around the time of WWII.
		Pyrethrum in East Africa is grown mainly by subsistence farmers who supplement their food crops with a cash crop of the daisies.
	www.new-agri.co.uk /03-6/develop/dev04.html (843 words)

	About Pyrethrum
		Apparently small amounts of pyrethrum can jam the "fl box" of the insects' food searching mechanism: The insect forgets to eat, as it were, because of this effect, low level pyrethrum.
		Intense study of the pyrethrum molecule has produced the related synthetic materials, pyrethoids But so far science has not devised a synthetic that combines the speed, effectiveness, activation effects and biodegradability of natural pyrethrum.
		Pyrethrum is the country's fourth largest export and forms an important part of its mixed agricultural economy.
	www.totalmosquitocontrol.com /pyrethrum-article.html (937 words)

	About Pyrethrum
		According to an article published in the November 2003 New Agriculturist, Napoleon used the pyrethrum daisy to delouse troops, and later, the flower was introduced as a crop plant in Kenya specifically to be used as a repellent for WWII allied forces.
		Pyrethrum is used safely on delicate grape vines and in organic farming.
		Wine makers are especially fond of pyrethrum for their grape crops as it decomposes quickly in the environment, within a period of only a few days, and leaves no residue.
	www.totalmosquitocontrol.com /about-pyrethrum.html (605 words)

	Pyrethrum
		Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium)is a perennial temperate plant with small white, daisy-like flowers from which natural insecticides, the pyrethrins, are derived.
		Demand for pyrethrum based insecticides is on the rise because of its long safety record, very low toxicity, and rapid breakdown.
		Three cultigens of pyrethrum (from Chile, Holland, and Germany) are being grown at research stations in Fletcher, Laurel Springs, Salisbury, and Kinston, NC.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /fletcher/staff/jmdavis/pyrethrm.html (970 words)

	:Welcome to Quality Mosquito Systems :
		Pyrethrum is a source of natural insecticides that are widely used in agriculture and for domestic purposes; the active constituents are recovered from the dried flower-heads.
		Pyrethrums also are highly irritating to insects, so they may be used as a "flushing agent" or irritant to make them come out of hiding.
		Pyrethrum is nontoxic to most mammals, making it among the safest insecticides in use.
	www.qualitymosquito.com /pyrethrum.html (228 words)

	Buy Pyrethrum Insecticide & Insect Pest Control Products In Houston, Texas - Mosquito Management
		Pyrethrum is an ancient insecticide that has been used effectively to control insects for decades and is non-persistent, decomposing rapidly in the environment.
		Pyrethrum is non-toxic to humans and other mammals and is considered biodegradable as well as water soluble.
		Pyrethrum is so safe that the U.S. Government approves its use on such insect-prone foods as tomatoes, even while they are on their way to the supermarket or processing plant.
	www.mosquitomanagement.com /html/pyrethrum.html (565 words)

	Southern Mosquito Systems, Inc. Pyrethrum Information
		The Pyrethrum flower is nature's answer to controlling insect predators because oils from the seeds of the flower provide a highly effective protection against mosquitos- carriers of deadly diseases such as Malaria, Yellow Fever and West Nile virus.
		Pyrethrum has a broad spectrum of activity because it consists of a group of related compounds, which give it a wider spectrum of activity against more insect species than many other single insecticides.
		Pyrethrum is a powerful insect repellent, and when combined with its low mammalian toxicity, it has become the insecticide of choice in many commercial and residential applications, such as food and grain storage protection, livestock protection, and personal protection against biting insects.
	www.southernmosquitosystems.com /interiorpage.htm (381 words)

	New Disease Reports - A root rot & wilt disease of pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cineraefolium) caused by Rhizoctonia ...
		Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cineraefolium) is cultivated on a large scale in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Uttranchal in north India, where root rot and wilt disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 was recorded for the first time in 1999-2000.
		In pathogenicity tests, inoculum from one of the isolates recovered from pyrethrum was multiplied on a soil:sand:cornmeal mixture (6:3:1 v/v) for 10 days at 25°C and 20 g was added to soil around the basal portion of plants in 10 cm pots.
		Pyrethrum cultivation has been affected by root rot caused by Fusarium solani in Kashmir valley (Thakur and Husain, 1971) and wilt caused by Phytophthora cambivora and Rhizoctonia solani in Palni Hills of southern India (Ramakrishnan and Soumini, 1948).
	www.bspp.org.uk /ndr/jan2005/2004-86.asp (374 words)

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