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Topic: Pyrimethamine

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	Pyrimethamine - Drugs & Vitamins - Drug Library - DrugDigest
		Pyrimethamine can also be used to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, if you cannot take more standard treatment.
		High doses of pyrimethamine for toxoplasmosis can cause blood problems; visit your prescriber or health care professional for regular checks on your blood.
		It is important to keep pyrimethamine out of reach of children; overdose is dangerous.
	www.drugdigest.org /DD/DVH/Uses/0,3915,7443\|Pyrimethamine,00.html (602 words)

	Daraprim Tablets Drug Information Daraprim Tablets
		Microbiology: Pyrimethamine is a folic acid antagonist and the rationale for its therapeutic action is based on the differential requirement between host and parasite for nucleic acid precursors involved in growth.
		Pyrimethamine has been reported to produce a significant increase in the number of lung tumors in mice when given intraperitoneally at doses of 25 mg/kg.
		Pyrimethamine has also been shown to produce terata such as meningocele in hamsters and cleft palate in miniature pigs when given in oral doses 170 and 5 times the human dose, respectively, for chemoprophylaxis of malaria or for treatment of toxoplasmosis.
	www.drugs.com /PDR/Daraprim_Tablets.html (2159 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Sulfadoxine and Pyrimethamine (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine combination may also be taken with other medicines for malaria, or may be used for other problems as determined by your doctor.
		Since sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine combination may cause some serious side effects, it generally is used only to prevent or treat serious malaria infections in areas where it is known that other medicines may not work.
		Sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine combination may cause your skin to be more sensitive to sunlight than it is normally.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202534.html (2150 words)

	TAG: The OI Report - toxoplasmosis
		This is followed with a maintenance or secondary prophylaxis regimen of pyrimethamine 25 to 50 mg/day and sulfadiazine 2 to 4 gm/day.
		Pyrimethamine causes hematological toxicity, and a substantial number of patients are allergic to sulfadiazine, which also may cause crystalluria leading to kidney failure.
		The higher rate of mortality may have been due to pyrimethamine's antifolate activity, since the rate of death was much higher in those with low hemoglobin at baseline.
	www.aidsinfonyc.org /tag/comp/ois98/17.html (3715 words)

	Daraprim Side Effects, and Drug Interactions - Pyrimethamine - RxList Monographs
		With doses of pyrimethamine used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis, anorexia and vomiting may occur.
		Pyrimethamine may be used with sulfonamides, quinine and other antimalarials, and with other antibiotics.
		However, the concomitant use of other antifolic drugs or agents associated with myelosuppression including sulfon-amides or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combinations, proguanil, zidovudine, or cytostatic agents (e.g., methotrex-ate) while the patient is receiving pyrimethamine, may increase the risk of bone marrow suppression.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic2/pyrime_ad.htm (218 words)

	The Body: OI Update: Toxoplasmosis
		Pyrimethamine is the principal drug used to treat toxoplasmosis (Table 1).
		The combination of daily pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine and leucovorin is highly effective in preventing recurrences (7).
		Pyrimethamine, although it is the mainstay of acute treatment of toxoplasmosis, does not work as well when used as single-drug prophylaxis, and it should not be used for this purpose (10).
	www.thebody.com /hivnews/newsline/aug99/advances.html (2596 words)

	Pyrimethamine (Systemic)
		However, studies in animals have shown that pyrimethamine causes birth defects such as cleft palate, brachygnathia (abnormal shortness of the jaw bone), oligodactyly (fewer than 5 digits on a hand or foot), microphthalmia (abnormal smallness of the eye).
		Pyrimethamine has been used in children and, in effective doses, has not been shown to cause different side effects or problems in children than it does in adults.
		Pyrimethamine may be taken together with other medicines.
	allnutritionals.com /drugs/p/pyrimethamine-systemic.shtml (1553 words)

	NTP: Abstract for TR-77 - Pyrimethamine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A bioassay of pyrimethamine, a prophylactic antimalarial, for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administering the test chemical in feed to Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F
		Groups of 35 rats and 35 mice of each sex were administered pyrimethamine 5 days per week at one of two doses, either 200 or 400 ppm for the rats and either 500 or 1,000 ppm for the mice.
		It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, pyrimethamine was not carcinogenic for male or female Fischer 344 rats or for female B6C3F
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=0703B966-0C64-AC21-9140E1398DFDE0B7 (495 words)

	pyrimethamine of Augusta, Georgia
		Stop taking pyrimethamine and seek medical attention at the first sign of a skin rash, sore throat, paleness of the skin, unusual bruising under the skin, or swelling of the tongue.
		Pyrimethamine is in the FDA pregnancy category C. This means that it is not known whether pyrimethamine will be harmful to an unborn baby.
		Pyrimethamine passes into breast milk and may be harmful to a nursing infant.
	www.universityhealth.org /16861.cfm (1020 words)


		Pyrimethamine has also been used to treat diarrhea caused by various parasitic infections.
		Side effects include stomach irritation (which is lessened when the drug is taken with food), skin rashes similar to those seen in other sulfa-based drugs, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, bone marrow suppression, and liver damage.
		Most of these side effects are caused by the tendency of pyrimethamine to leach folic acid from the body.
	www.critpath.org /aric/gloss/body/pyrimethamine.htm (333 words)

	Azithromycin for ocular toxoplasmosis -- Rothova et al. 82 (11): 1306 -- British Journal of Ophthalmology
		Pyrimethamine concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid during treatment of acute toxoplasma encephalitis in patients with AIDS.
		Levels of pyrimethamine in sera and cerebrospinal and ventricular fluids from infants treated for congenital toxoplasmosis.
		Pyrimethamine for primary prophylaxis of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infecton: a double-blind, randomized trial.
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/82/11/1306 (1771 words)

	THE USE OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
		Sulfadoxine, sulfalene and pyrimethamine are highly bound to protein with relatively long mean elimination half-lives of around 180 h, 65 h and 95 h, respectively (143, 144).
		Pyrimethamine is extensively metabolized whereas only a small proportion of sulfadoxine is metabolized to acetyl and glucuronide derivatives.
		The mean elimination half-life of pyrimethamine has been reported to be as short as 23 h in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (83).
	www.who.int /malaria/cmc_upload/0/000/014/923/am2_1-3.htm (1531 words)

	Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine for congenital toxoplasmosis, Eastern Carolina
		Pyrimethamine (Daraprim) is an antibiotic that is commonly used to treat malaria.
		In combination with sulfadiazine, a sulfa-based antibiotic, pyrimethamine is used to prevent and treat severe toxoplasmosis infection.
		Because pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine block folic acid production, they are given with folinic acid during pregnancy to protect bone marrow function.
	www.uhseast.com /138372.cfm (279 words)

	Disposition of intravenous pyrimethamine in healthy volunteers.
		Pyrimethamine (1 mg/kg) was given to eight healthy male volunteers by i.v.
		Pyrimethamine levels in plasma were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.
		The maximum pyrimethamine concentration of 2,089+/-565 ng ml(-1) (mean +/- standard deviation) was achieved shortly after the end of the infusion; thereafter, concentrations declined in a log-linear manner, with a half-life of 140+/-31 h.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/2000/sep/A0090766.html (387 words)

	Clinical Trial: A Study of Pyrimethamine in the Treatment of Infection by a Certain Parasite in HIV-Positive Patients
		An important goal of this measurement is to establish the optimal dose of pyrimethamine necessary to prevent the development of toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients or delay the subsequent return of toxoplasmic encephalitis.
		Patients are given an initial dose of pyrimethamine followed by a lower dose given as a single oral daily dose for 21 days.
		Pyrimethamine pharmacokinetics in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii.
	clinicaltrials.gov /show/NCT00000973 (650 words)

	Azithromycin plus pyrimethamine a possible option for HIV-related toxoplasmosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Along with pyrimethamine as induction therapy, patients in group 1 received 900 mg/day azithromycin, patients in group 2 received 1200 mg/day azithromycin and those in group 3 received 1500 mg/day azithromycin.
		With 600 mg of azithromycin alone, the relapse rate during maintenance was 75%; when pyrimethamine 50 mg/day was used in both the induction and maintenance period the relapse rate dropped to under 50%, the investigators found.
		"Even though the combination of azithromycin and pyrimethamine is not as good as standard treatment for toxoplasmic encephalitis among HIV patients, it is an alternative for patients who are unable to tolerate sulfonamides and clindamycin," Dr. Jacobson told Reuters Health.
	www.aidsmeds.com /news/20010430clin014.html (486 words)

	PYRIMETHAMINE Faq
		Pyrimethamine is an antibiotic which is used to treat and prevent a variety of infections, including Toxoplasmosis, an infection of the brain.
		Pyrimethamine is available as round white tablets in a strength of 25 mg.
		Pyrimethamine is also usually given together with folinic acid (Leucovorin) to counteract the effects of pyrimethamine on the blood.
	www.tthhivclinic.com /treat_pyri.htm (488 words)

	Case 2: Discussion - Prophylaxis for Toxoplasma Encephalitis - Opportunistic Infections: Prophylaxis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Dapsone plus pyrimethamine was compared with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a head-to-head trial of 230 patients and found to be equally effective in preventing Toxoplasma encephalitis, although the number of patients at risk for Toxoplasma encephalitis was small (130 Toxoplasma-seropositive patients) [9].
		A meta-analysis of 22 trials of prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia and Toxoplasma encephalitis concluded that dapsone plus pyrimethamine was equivalent to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and both of these regimens showed a trend toward greater effectiveness than pentamidine [10].
		One, a prospective study of 349 patients randomized to receive either dapsone 50 mg/d plus pyrimethamine 50 mg/week or aerosolized pentamidine (300 mg/month), reported that Toxoplasma encephalitis developed in 19 (11%) of 173 patients receiving dapsone plus pyrimethamine compared with 32 (18%) of 176 patients receiving aerosolized pentamidine in an intent-to-treat analysis [12].
	depts.washington.edu /hivaids/opinfectpro/case2/discussion.html (1372 words)

	DHFR and DHPS genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Gabon correlate with in vitro activity of pyrimethamine ...
		in vitro susceptibility to pyrimethamine or cycloguanil was
		to pyrimethamine and 65.5% to cycloguanil, and whereas 64.3%
		Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa.
	jac.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/52/1/43 (4853 words)

	Buy Fansidar online for as low as US$0.25 per 500/25mg tablet.
		Sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine in combination is used to treat malaria.
		The sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine combination may cause serious side effects, and this medicine is generally used only to treat serious malaria infections where resistant strains of malaria reduce the usefulness of other medicines.
		Plicamycin (e.g., Mithracin)—Use of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine combination with these medicines may increase the chance of side effects affecting the liver and the blood.
	www.discount-anti-malaria-drugs.com /fansidar_price.html (600 words)

	Treatment of experimental Toxoplasma gondii infection by clarithromycin-based combination therapy with minocycline or ...
		The efficacy of clarithromycin combined with either pyrimethamine or minocycline for treatment of experimental Toxoplasma gondii infection was investigated.
		The in vitro potency of clarithromycin, pyrimethamine, or minocycline against T. gondii on a mouse macrophage monolayer was not predictive of the in vivo efficacy in mice.
		Clarithromycin combined with minocycline or pyrimethamine could allow greater flexability for treatment of patients predisposed to the toxicity associated with standard pyrimethamine-sulfonamide or pyrimethamine-nonsulfonamide therapy.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1995/jan/M9510468.html (465 words)

	1992 July, GMTI Vol 6, No 6 - Opportunistic Infections: European Conference Update (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		An equivalent percentage of participants taking pyrimethamine/ clindamycin switched over to the other treatment due to side effects, the most common of which were diarrhea and fever.
		Joseph Saba of France investigated the use of 500 mg/day of azithromycin and 75 mg/day of pyrimethamine in patients with toxoplasmosis.
		The overall feeling was that the combination of azithromycin and pyrimethamine was slightly inferior to the response rates which have been demonstrated with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine, but that further studies were required using participants who could not tolerate other drugs.
	www.hsph.harvard.edu /Organizations/healthnet/HIV/docs/ti/gmti0606c.html (1822 words)

	Disposition of Intravenous Pyrimethamine in Healthy Volunteers -- Almond et al. 44 (6): 1691 -- Antimicrobial Agents ...
		of pyrimethamine and characterize its disposition in healthy volunteers.
		Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered pyrimethamine in horses.
		Observations on the absorption of pyrimethamine from the gastrointestinal tract.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/44/6/1691 (1750 words)

	OI-17 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		On an intent-to-treat analysis, statistically equivalent rates of cerebral toxoplasmosis (12% on pyrimethamine and 13% on placebo) and survival (85% vs. 80%) were observed.
		Cotrimoxazole versus pyrimethamine in the primary prophylaxis of toxoplasmic encephalitis in HIV infected patients: a randomized prospective study.
		The standard therapy is a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine; a major drawback of this regimen is the frequency of side effects--more than 40 percent in people with AIDS.
	vhaaidsinfo.cio.med.va.gov /aidsctr/newsletters/oi/oi17.htm (7487 words)

	SULFADOXINE WITH PYRIMETHAMINE - ORAL (Fansidar) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.
		Tell your doctor immediately if the following rare but very serious side effects occur: signs of infection (such as persistent sore throat or fever), paleness, joint pain/aches, persistent cough, trouble breathing, easy bleeding/bruising, yellowing eyes or skin, persistent nausea/vomiting, unusual fatigue, dark urine.
		USES: Sulfadoxine with pyrimethamine is used to prevent and treat malaria.
		This medication should not be used in infants less than 2 months of age.
	www.medicinenet.com /sulfadoxine_with_pyrimethamine-oral/article.htm (361 words)

	Clinical Trial: Pyrimethamine to Treat Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
		Pyrimethamine is an orally administered antibiotic that has been used to treat or prevent malaria and toxoplasma, and may be effective in shrinking lymph nodes and spleen.
		Our own in vitro studies, however revealed that pyrimethamine and not sulfadoxine induces lymphocyte apoptosis and this observation has suggested to us that pyrimethamine may be beneficial alone, thus avoiding the added risks of allergy and hypersensitivity associated with the sulfa drugs.
		Six to 8 individuals, with ALPS will be treated for up to 3 months, initially, with twice-weekly pyrimethamine (Daraprim) at escalating doses adjusted by weight, with the addition of folinic acid when needed to aid management of marrow toxicity.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/gui/show/NCT00065390 (1674 words)

	Case 3: Discussion - A 36-Year-Old with Headache, Fever, and a Seizure - Opportunistic Infections: Treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The combination of pyrimethamine (Daraprim) plus sulfadiazine is the best studied and is the preferred therapy [7-9].
		Clindamycin (Cleocin) is considered an acceptable alternative for persons intolerant of sulfadiazine, but relapse of disease occurs at a higher rate with pyrimethamine plus clindamycin than with pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine [8-9].
		In addition, it is not clear whether adding pyrimethamine to atovaquone, azithromycin, or clarithromycin would provide enhanced efficacy, but it would seem reasonable to add pyrimethamine in this setting whenever possible.
	depts.washington.edu /hivaids/opinfecttreat/case3/discussion.html (1347 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Drug sensitivity assays[4],[13],[14] for pyrimethamine (Pyr) and sulfadoxine (Sdx) were done for all 40 isolates.
		In a recent study based on in vitro pyrimethamine sensitivity, a predictive hypothesis has been given for characterizing P. falciparum isolates with various DHFR mutations and their antifolate resistance.
		Plasmodium falciparum:rapid detection of dihydrofolate reductase mutants that confer resistance to cycloguanil and pyrimethamine.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?jp04006 (3094 words)

	ADAP drugs: pyrimethamine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Pyrimethamine is used for the treatment and prevention of malaria.
		Pyrimethamine is also used to treat AIDS-related diarrhea and as one of a combination of drugs to treat Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoal infection.
		Pyrimethamine comes in tablets combined with sulfadoxine called Fansidar.
	www.atdn.org /access/drugs/pyri.html (422 words)

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