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	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Pyrrhonism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pyrrhonism, or Pyrrhonian skepticism, was a school of skepticism founded by Pyrrho in 1st century Alexandria and recorded by Sextus Empiricus in the 3rd century.
		Pyrrhonism became influential during the past few centuries when the modern scientific worldview was born.
		Pyrrhonism is an argument of infinite regression, since each argument proving each premise must also be supported with a sound argument.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Pyrrhonism.html (248 words)

	Pyrrhonism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pyrrhonism, or Pyrrhonian skepticism, was a school of skepticism founded by Aenesidemus in the first century BCE and recorded by Sextus Empiricus in the 3rd century.
		Pyrrhonism became influential during the past few centuries when the modern scientific worldview was born.
		Pyrrhonian skeptics withhold assent with regard to non-evident propositions and remain in a state of perpetual inquiry.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pyrrhonism (221 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pyrrhonism
		Pyrrhonism is a system of scepticism, the founder of which was Pyrrho, a Greek philosopher, about whom very little is known except that he died in 270
		From this account of the principles of Pyrrhonism, it is evident that Pyrrho's aim was ethical.
		Pyrrhonism is, therefore, an abdication of all the supposed rights of the mind, and cannot be dealt with by the ordinary rules of logic or by the customary canons of philosophical criticism.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12587a.htm (514 words)

	M&D Chapter 8 - Pyrrhonism
		First, Pyrrhonism is investigative: The skeptic continues in his investigations but does not stop because he claims there is truth; to make such a claim would be dogmatic.
		Indeed, Pyrrhonism is a therapy: The illness is dogmatism and the cure or medicine is the Modes, while health is ataraxia.
		Pyrrhonism was a force in Hellenistic and later philosophy.
	members.cox.net /platos-academy/chapters/MD_08.html (7471 words)

	Sextus Empiricus's Outlines of Pyrrhonism
		Pyrrhonism was a form of extreme skepticism which held that judgment must be suspended about whether it is possible to know true reality.
		Pyrrhonism asserted that suspension of judgment (epoché, a Greek term which refers to a cessation) about the true nature of reality leads to serenity and equanimity (ataraxia) about what constitutes truth or falsehood.
		Skepticism must be careful to avoid self-contradiction, in that the rule that everything is susceptible to doubt is itself susceptible to doubt.
	www.angelfire.com /md2/timewarp/skepticism.html (991 words)

	[No title]
		Pappenheim quotes the remark of Cicero that Pyrrhonism was long since dead, and the sarcasm of Seneca, _Quis est qui tradat praecepta Pyrrhonis?_ as an argument against the knowledge of Pyrrhonism in Rome.
		At the time of the separation of Pyrrhonism from the Academy, no other force was as strong in giving life to the school as the systematic treatment by Aenesidemus of the Ten Tropes of [Greek: epochê].
		Pyrrhonism seems to have been originally a theory of life, like the philosophy of Socrates, to whom Pyrrho is often compared,[3] and Pyrrho, like Socrates, lived his philosophy.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /gutenberg/1/7/5/5/17556/17556-8.txt (11977 words)

	Ancient Skepticism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		In the Outlines of Pyrrhonism, he struggles to separate Arcesilaus' outlook and the Pyrrhonean point of view, suggesting that Arcesilaus' “Way” is “almost the same as ours” (1.234).
		This suggestion is plausibly interpreted as an attempt to drive a wedge between Pyrrhonism and a competing school of skepticism.
		Given the practical goals of Pyrrhonism, one might argue that the psychological force of Pyrrhonian arguments was as important as their logical force, for it was designed to constrain a Pyrrhonean's attachment to appearances.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/skepticism-ancient (9237 words)

	Sextus Empiricus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sextus Empiricus's three known works are the Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Πυῤῥώνειοι ὑποτύπωσεις), and two distinct works preserved under the same title, Against the Mathematicians (Adversus Mathematicos), one of which is probably incomplete.
		This view is known as Pyrrhonic skepticism (distinguished from Academic skepticism, which denies knowledge altogether).
		The legacy of Pyrrhonism is described in Richard Popkin: The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Descartes and High Road to Pyrrhonism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sextus_Empiricus (852 words)

	Pyrrhonism and Maadhyamika
		Pyrrhon is said by Diogenes Laertius to have studied first under some Megarian (hence skeptical antiphilosopher), [1] then under Anaxarchus the Democritean.
		Pyrrhon was educated in the lineages of both the great proto-Skeptics of the Greek Tradition, Socrates and Democritus.
		The Democritean tradition, aside from its noumenal atomism, is a phenomenalistic relativism; [58] Pyrrhon omitted the dogmatic atomism and retained the phenomenalism, as "Buddhism positively negated ontology and took to phenomenalism." [59] From the impossibility of a definite ontology comes the ethics of suspension or ataraxia.
	ccbs.ntu.edu.tw /FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/mcev.htm (13228 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2001.11.16
		The testimonies for early Pyrrhonism are few and often obscure so it is to be expected that modern interpretations differ and conflict with each other.
		It is informative and thought-provoking from start to finish, and his answers to the many problems of Pyrrhonism are always illuminating, although not such as to preclude dissent, as he acknowledges.
		Thus, the crucial issues in the history of Pyrrhonism, in particular the meaning of Aristocles' testimony and the nature of Aenesidemus' scepticism, continue to offer scope for disagreement, entirely in keeping with the subject-matter.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2001/2001-11-16.html (3638 words)

	Pyrrho (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		This later Pyrrhonism was one of the two major traditions of sceptical thought in the Greco-Roman world (the other being located in Plato's Academy during much of the Hellenistic period).
		Among these Aristocles counts Pyrrhonism, as represented by Pyrrho himself and by the initiator of the later Pyrrhonist tradition, Aenesidemus; Aristocles speaks of Aenesidemus as recent, and is apparently not aware of any subsequent members of the Pyrrhonist tradition.
		Given the importance of Pyrrhonism in earlier modern philosophy, Pyrrho's indirect influence may be thought of as very considerable.
	www.seop.leeds.ac.uk /entries/pyrrho (6605 words)

	Aporetic World - Official Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		When Scepticism was revived and reorganized under the name of «Pyrrhonism» its main task was to challenge this assumption and to mantain, if not the impossibility of knowledge, at least the impossibility of positively affirming its possibility.
		We are told also that he held that the primary world-principle is air, which he identified with time and number; and that he explained the origin of the world in all its variety from this unitary substance by supposing it to be receptive of opposite qualities, and every whole self-identical in all its parts.
		How we are to reconcile this hybrid dogmatism with the undoubted Pyrrhonism of Aenesidemus is a puzzling question which has much exercised the historians of philosophy.
	www.aporeticworld.com /historicalsources (2527 words)

	pyrrhoh
		Pyrrhonism was founded by the ancient Greek skeptic Pyrrho of Elis.
		It was a school of philosophy that was intended to provide a practical way of life as opposed to just a theoretical or academic pursuit.
		Pyrrhonism was criticized as impractical by people who confused the two issues of statements of dogma and reports about personal experience.
	www.etext.org /Poetry/Pyrrho/pyrrhoh.html (2842 words)

	New Statesman - Pyrrhic defeat
		And Pyrrhonism is no more appropriate to today than to yesterday.
		Post-9/11, especially, the world will not tolerate Pyrrhonism: we are forced to take a stand and decide whether or not our culture, our civilisation, is worth defending.
		It is precisely the relativist self-effacement of western culture which is hollowing out our capacity for survival; similarly, it is precisely the Conservatives' perceived lack of a sense of the common good, a positive belief in the "particular culture or society" we are part of, that has explained the party's electoral misfortunes.
	www.newstatesman.com /200504110044 (844 words)

	Scepticism - Lecture 5b
		Montaigne also presents Pyrrhonism as potentially serving a religious and moral function: it is recast as a preparation for receiving the word of God and a defence against heresy.
		However Sextus’ Pyrrhonism also strikes some people as itself offering a radical solution to the conflict between Protestantism and Catholicism: a solution that requires us to accept that mere human reason is wholly incapable of establishing any belief to be true.
		Montaigne compares Pyrrhonism favourably with the wavering and conflicting opinions of other philosophers, and he forcefully sets out a variety of grounds for agreeing with the Pyrrhonean conclusion that human reason is entirely unable to provide our beliefs with any positive justification.
	www.webspawner.com /users/alanbailey/sceptic5b.html (1730 words)

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	www.infinityessays.com /cat/paper/143/pyrrhonism-vs-hume.html (241 words)

	[No title]
		Second, philosophers should limit their inquiries so they will "never be tempted to go beyond common life, so long as they consider the imperfection of those faculties which they employ, their narrow reach, and their inaccurate operations" (E 162).
		Although Hume opts for moderate skepticism, he makes it quite clear that the moderate variety is "the result of this Pyrrhonism, or excessive scepticism, when its undistinguished doubts are, in some measure, corrected by common sense and reflection" (E 161).
		So far I have argued that the basis of Hume's Pyrrhonism is that contradictory ideas arise because of an inherent conflict with one or more principles of the imagination.
	www.utm.edu /staff/jfieser/vita/research/humepyrr.htm (6566 words)

	Skeptic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pyrrhonism stated that any assertion, if successful, shows the opponent’s ignorance; if unsuccessful, their own ignorance.
		Through Pyrrhonism the futility of human rationality is exposed, but Christian faith opens a door to redemption.
		Hume drew support from Pyrrhonism in his anti-causation claim: All our evidence of causation is based upon a conjunction at a given moment, but there is no rational basis to believe that this association have been constant in the past and will remain so in the future.
	seamonkey.ed.asu.edu /~alex/education/hps/skeptic.htm (6503 words)

	Skeptic
		Pyrrhonism stated that any assertion, if successful, shows the opponent’s ignorance; if unsuccessful, their own ignorance.
		Through Pyrrhonism the futility of human rationality is exposed, but Christian faith opens a door to redemption.
		Hume drew support from Pyrrhonism in his anti-causation claim: All our evidence of causation is based upon a conjunction at a given moment, but there is no rational basis to believe that this association have been constant in the past and will remain so in the future.
	www.creative-wisdom.com /education/hps/skeptic.htm (6503 words)

	Pyrrhonism
		Pyrrhonism's distinguishing feature lay in its application of scepticism to itself: not only could we not know anything, but we could not even know that we could not know anything.
		Unlike the 'dogmatic' sceptics of the Academy, therefore (who did claim to know this last fact), Pyrrho advocated complete suspension of judgment and hoped to obtain a tranquil peace of mind thereby - an outlook with echoes in the philosophy of David Hume (1711-1776).
		'Pyrrhonism' is occasionally used loosely for skepticism in general.
	www.philosophyprofessor.com /philosophies/pyrrhonism.php (179 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 97.11.08
		Unlike The Outlines of Pyrrhonism which argues that disagreement in ethical matter is unresolvable and so knowledge of what is in fact good or bad by nature is unobtainable, Against the Ethicists depends on what Bett calls "The Recognition Requirement".
		In this case it is intuitively plausible to hold that a pleasure is not beneficial unless it is recognized as such.
		And perhaps Sextus would claim, as he does in The Outlines of Pyrrhonism, that the skeptic uses arguments of varying quality depending on the "therapy" required to cure one of dogmatism.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1997/97.11.08.html (929 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sextus Empiricus and Greek Scepticism, by Mary Mills Patrick.
		Should we grant, however, that the statements of Cicero and Seneca prove that in their time Pyrrhonism was extinct in Rome, they certainly do not show that after their death it could not have again revived, for the Hypotyposes were delivered more than a century after the death of Seneca.
		I. The aim of Pyrrhonism was ataraxia in those things which pertain to opinion, and moderation in the things which life imposes.
		At the time of the separation of Pyrrhonism from the Academy, no other force was as strong in giving life to the school as the systematic treatment by Aenesidemus of the Ten Tropes of ἐποχή.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/17556/17556-h/17556-h.htm (11199 words)

	Walter Sinnott-Armstrong (ed.) - Pyrrhonian Skepticism - Reviewed by Juan ComesaÃ±a, University of Wisconsin, Madison ...
		Ken Winkler's essay, "Berkeley, Pyrrhonism and the Theaetetus," deals with Berkeley's reaction to the skeptic mode of "relativity," and argues that this reaction brought him closer to the rationalist tradition than is commonly thought.
		In ''''A Small Tincture of Pyrrhonism": Skepticism and Naturalism in Hume's Science of Man," Don Garrett distinguishes, following Fogelin, several varieties of skepticism and places Hume in the resulting matrix -- arguing that Hume's naturalism and his skepticism are mutually supporting.
		Stroud interprets the Pyrrhonian argument through the lens of his preoccupation with the project of "understanding human knowledge in general." What the skeptical argument shows, Stroud thinks, is that such a project is doomed, and that our various knowledge claims cannot be justified on the grounds that epistemologists think are available to us.
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=2781 (2761 words)

	Pyrrhonism - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Pyrrhonism : Encarta® World English Dictionary, North American Edition [home, info]
		Pyrrhonism : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
		Pyrrhonism : The Ism Book A Field Guide to the Nomenclature of Philosophy [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /cgi-bin/cgiwrap/bware/dofind.cgi?word=Pyrrhonism (153 words)

	Sextus Empiricus - Information from Reference.com
		Little is known of his life, but his extant writings, Outlines of Pyrrhonism and Against the Dogmatists, had an enormous influence when they were rediscovered and published in Latin translations in the 1560s.
		Sextus Empiricus's three known works are the Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Πυῤῥώνειοι ὑποτύπωσεις or Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis), and two distinct works preserved under the same title, Against the Mathematicians (Adversus Mathematicos), one of which is probably incomplete.
		The legacy of Pyrrhonism is described in Richard Popkin's The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Descartes and High Road to Pyrrhonism.
	www.reference.com /search?q=Sextus+Empiricus (987 words)

	Peter Suber, "Classical Skepticism"
		It is important to note that the history of ideas and the biographies of philosophers sheds no light on the question: no unambiguous cases of complete skeptics are known to us.
		There is an intriguing similarity between the questions of the attainability of pure Pyrrhonism and the attainability of certainty.
		And if the sediment of human nature will always hold us back from reaching the pitch of Pyrrhonism, then those who aspire to Pyrrhonism are tragic figures in a different sense.
	www.earlham.edu /~peters/writing/skept.htm (15610 words)

	Rhetoric, Skepticism and Sextus Empiricus
		When Scepticism was revived and reorganized under the name of "Pyrrhonism" its main task was to challenge this assumption and to maintain, if not the impossibility of knowledge, at least the impossibility of positively affirming its possibility.
		How we are to reconcile this hybrid dogmatism with the undoubted Pyrrhonism of Aenesidemus is a puzzling question which has much exercised the historians of philosopby.
		It has been suggested that Sextus has misunderstood or misrepresented Aenesidemus; or that Aenesidemus did ultimately pass over from the Sceptical to the Dogmatic position; or that his apparent Dogmatism can be explained away, as no real surrender of Scepticism but rather an unconscious yielding to the Eclectic influences of his intellectual environment.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Parthenon/8607 (16383 words)

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