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Topic: Pyrrolysine

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	Pyrrolysine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pyrrolysine is a lysine derivative encoded by the UAG codon in methylamine methyltransferase genes of Methanosarcina barkeri.
		Pyrrolysine is an amino acid used by some methanogenic (organisms that produce methane) archaea in enzymes that are part of their methane-producing metabolism.
		It is also of interest to note that UAG appears to be used as a stop codon very less compared to the other stop codons and whenever it is found in an open reading frame it is always followed shortly by one of more of the other two stop codons.
	en.wikipedia.org /?title=Pyrrolysine (404 words)

	C&EN: TODAY'S HEADLINES - 22nd AMINO ACID IDENTIFIED
		Chan and graduate student Bing Hao identified pyrrolysine in the 1.55-Å crystal structure of monomethylamine methyltransferase (MtmB) from the microbe
		But the mechanism of pyrrolysine biosynthesis and incorporation is still uncertain, he cautions.
		Chan's lab is working to confirm the structure of pyrrolysine and to chemically synthesize pyrrolysine for labeling studies.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/topstory/8021/8021notw1.html (501 words)

	New amino acid discovered in Methanosarcina barkeri (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Pyrrolysine is found in at least one bacterium and certain species of Archaea—the domain of life separate from plants, animals, and bacteria.
		Based on the fact that pyrrolysine is not present in most bacteria or Archaea, Krzycki hypothesizes that the amino acid was transferred from one species to another during evolution.
		The initial analyses of pyrrolysine suggested that it was amino acid lysine.
	www.genomenewsnetwork.org /articles/05_02/amino_acid.shtml (467 words)

	Pyrrolysine: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Pyrrolysine is a naturally occurring genetically coded amino acid (amino acid: Organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group).
		Pyrrolysine is a lysine (lysine: An essential amino acid found in proteins; occurs especially in gelatin and casein) derivative encoded by the UAG codon in methylamine (methylamine: methylamine is a primary amine with a formula of ch3nh2....
		Pyrrolysine is an amino acid used by some archaea (archaea:...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/pyrrolysine (547 words)

	PMID: 15450490 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The amber codon is decoded by a dedicated tRNA, and corresponds to the novel amino acid pyrrolysine in one of the methyltransferases, indicating pyrrolysine to be the 22nd genetically encoded amino acid.
		Pyrrolysine has the structure of lysine with the (epsilon)N in amide linkage with a pyrroline ring.
		The reactivity of the electrophilic imine bond is the basis for the proposed function of pyrrolysine in activating and optimally orienting methylamine for methyl transfer to the cobalt ion of a cognate corrinoid protein.
	lethargy.swmed.edu /cgi-bin/etblast/abstract_local?pmid=15450490&user_id=1015797425 (171 words)

	News Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Interestingly, pyrrolysine is encoded by the RNA nucleotide triplet UAG, which normally signifies a command to stop mRNA translation.
		This mechanism —whereby the stop codon is redefined to mean go — is similar to that used by selenocysteine the 21st amino acid, which was discovered in 1986 and is encoded by the ‘stop’ codon UGA.
		While pyrrolysine is thought to be a very rare amino acid, Dr Joseph Kryzcki believes it is likely to be found in other organisms aside from methanogens.
	www.mediscover.net /related.cfm?Hnid=657 (536 words)

	amino: University of Utah News Release: May 23, 2002
		Discovery of the 22nd amino acid - named pyrrolysine - was reported in two studies in Science led by Joseph Krzycki and Michael Chan at Ohio State University.
		The microbes belong to the group of organisms known as Archaea, which are single-celled organisms that tend to live in extreme environments such as hot springs and are distinct from bacteria, plants, animals, fungi and other forms of life.
		The 1986 discovery of selenocysteine represented the 21st "genetically encoded natural amino acid," and pyrrolysine is the 22nd.
	www.utah.edu /unews/releases/02/may/amino.html (825 words)

	分子細胞学I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Identification of the enzyme that mediates insertion of a rare amino acid, pyrrolysine, into protein solves a puzzle and expands the rules of the genetic code established nearly half a century ago.
		Pyrrolysine (pLys) is a non-canonical amino acid that is found in certain methyltransferase enzymes of archaea
		These are proposed to signal for pyrrolysine to be inserted in the methyltransferase peptide at the UAG codon (also usually a stop codon) in a manner similar to SECIS.
	www.sci.saitama-u.ac.jp /~ohnishi/Lec/pyrrolysine.htm (1363 words)

	C&EN: LATEST NEWS - 22nd Amino Acid Made Directly
		Scientists have shown that the 22nd genetically encoded amino acid, pyrrolysine, is biosynthesized as a free amino acid—something that hasn’t been seen before outside of the standard 20 amino acids.
		Previous work had suggested that pyrrolysine was not likely to be synthesized as a free amino acid, as the 20 standard amino acids are.
		Instead, scientists figured pyrrolysine biosynthesis would parallel biosynthesis of selenocysteine, the 21st amino acid: A lysine would be attached to the pyrrolysine tRNA and then derivatized to give pyrrolysine.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/news/8233/8233amino.html (254 words)

	New word in life's lexicon
		They are put into proteins by a change in the meaning of a DNA sequence that normally halts protein manufacture.
		The Ohio team also found a gene for a pyrrolysine-containing protein in a bacterium, but the amino acid is probably not widespread, says geneticist John Atkins of the University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
		Srinivasan, G. James, C. and Krzycki, J. Pyrrolysine encoded by UAG in Archaea: charging of a UAG-decoding specialized tRNA.
	www.angelfire.com /folk/benjo4u/Science/22nd_Amino_Acid.htm (551 words)

	Joseph A Krzycki--OSU Department of Microbiology
		The residue corresponding to the UAG codon is not one of the normal twenty amino acids, but instead is a derivative of lysine we called pyrrolysine.
		We study how amber codon readthrough occurs, how the amber encoded pyrrolysine is made and inserted into protein, and what is the function of this novel amino acid in these methyltransferases.
		The demonstration that pyrrolysine corresponds to a UAG codon in some genes, and that an amber decoding tRNA is found in organisms containing these genes, show us that pyrrolysine is the twenty-second genetically encoded amino acid to be identified in nature.
	www.osumicrobiology.org /faculty/jkrzycki.htm (870 words)

	HELYXZION: Helyxzion: THE 21ST AND 22ND AMINO ACID:
		Our results indicate that pyrrolysine is the 22nd genetically encoded natural amino acid.
		A novel amino acid was observed at the amber codon position whose structure is lysine with the epsilon nitrogen in amide linkage with a pyrroline ring.
		Taken together, these data indicate that pyrrolysine is a novel genetically encoded amino acid, the first discovered since selenocysteine was found to be encoded by UGA in 1986.
	helyxzion.blogspot.com /2005/04/helyxzion-21st-and-22nd-amino-acid.html (791 words)

	[No title]
		Pyrrolysine is the 22nd amino acid to be discovered.
		The amino acid is a component of an enzyme found in bacteria and bacteria-like organisms that helps them make methane, a gas found throughout nature.
		The story of the discovery of pyrrolysine begins when one of the study authors who sequenced the methane-producing enzyme, and found it contained instructions that normally tell the protein-making cellular machinery to stop making amino acids.
	www.mercola.com /2002/jun/8/pyrrolysine.htm (420 words)

	National Synchrotron Light Source
		The UAG-encoded amino acid, called pyrrolysine, lies at the bottom of a cleft, shown as a ball-and-stick model in figure 2.
		Fitting of the electron density from the two different crystal forms suggests that the UAG encoded amino acid is described by the chemical formula: 4-substituted-(4R,5R)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, with the carboxylate of the modifying group attached to the epsilon nitrogen of lysine (figure 3).
		By showing that pyrrolysine corresponds to a UAG codon in some genes, and that an amber decoding tRNA is found in organisms containing these genes, the researchers demonstrate that pyrrolysine is the 22nd genetically encoded amino acid to be identified in nature.
	www.nsls.bnl.gov /newsroom/science/2002/10-Chan.htm (651 words)

	22nd amino acid synthesized and added to genetic code of e. coli bacteria
		The genetic instructions to put pyrrolysine into proteins follows a traditional path that many scientists had not predicted.
		For decades following the discovery of the structure of DNA, the dogma was that the genes in the DNA were decoded to produce proteins built from only 20 "canonical" amino acids.
		Following their joint discovery of L-pyrrolysine, Krzycki's colleague Michael Chan, an associate professor of biochemistry and chemistry at Ohio State, began the laborious process of synthesizing the actual chemical compound.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-09/osu-2aa091304.php (679 words)

	The Hindu : Amino acid arangetram
		Thus when selenocysteine or pyrrolysine is to be coded and incorporated, it will have to be through a `sleight of the arm', as it were of one of these t-RNAs.
		In the case of selenocysteine, the t-RNA specific to the amino acid serine is used; the serimne that it carries is enzymatically modified while still attached to the t-RNA.
		With pyrrolysine, it appears to be the lysine, attached to its own lysyl t-RNA, which is modified to pyrrolysine on site.
	www.hindu.com /thehindu/seta/2002/07/18/stories/2002071800010200.htm (1381 words)

	Scientific American: Scientists Discover Additional Amino Acid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the new work, Joseph A. Krzycki and his colleagues at Ohio State University were investigating a so-called amber codon in Methanosarcina barkeri, organisms that produce natural gas.
		The researchers found that the codon, which should have signaled a halt to protein production, instead acted as the blueprint for a previously unknown amino acid, pyrrolysine.
		Considering how long it took scientists to identify it, pyrrolysine is most likely a very rare amino acid, according to Krzycki.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=00079FB7-F71D-1CF3-93F6809EC5880000 (287 words)

	Columbia Newsblaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		T wo complementary reports, on pages 1459 and 1462 of this issue, provide compelling evidence that the genetic code of certain Archaea and eubacteria encodes a 22nd amino acid.
		As pyrrolysine illustrates, nature may yet surprise us with more directly encoded amino acids.
		Pyrrolysine Encoded by UAG in Archaea: Charging of a UAG-Decoding Specialized tRNA (Science Magazine 05/24/2002)
	newsblaster.cs.columbia.edu /archives/2002-05-27-04-49-17/web/summaries/05_27_02_36.html (210 words)

	Atypical archaeal tRNA pyrrolysine transcript behaves towards EF-Tu as a typical elongator tRNA -- ...
		Atypical archaeal tRNA pyrrolysine transcript behaves towards EF-Tu as a typical elongator tRNA -- Théobald-Dietrich et al.
		pyrrolysine is restricted to certain archaea and the eubacterium
		Polycarpo,C., Ambrogelly,A., Ruan,B., Tumbula-Hansen,D., Ataide,S.F., Ishitani,R., Yokoyama,S., Nureki,O., Ibba,M. and Söll,D. (2003) Activation of the pyrrolysine suppressor tRNA requires formation of a ternary complex with class I and class II lysyl-tRNA synthetases.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/32/3/1091 (3023 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Srinivasan, Gayathri
		The residue encoded by the amber codon, has been found to be a novel amino acid, pyrrolysine in MtmB.
		Multiple copies of monomethylamine methyltransferase genes (mtmB) containing a single amber codon within their open reading frames, along with the genes encoding their cognate corrinoid proteins (mtmC), exist within the genomes of the members of the Methanosarcinaceae family.
		Charging tRNA(CUA) with lysine by PylS is possibly an initial step in the mechanism of readthrough of UAG (amber) codons and encoding pyrrolysine within methylamine methyltransferases in Methanosarcinaceae.
	www.ohiolink.edu /etd/view.cgi?osu1072732858 (370 words)

	Aminoacyl-tRNAs: setting the limits of the genetic code -- Ibba and Söll 18 (7): 731 -- Genes and Development
		Hypothetical scheme for the cotranslational insertion of pyrrolysine in response to a context-dependent UAG codon.
		Srinivasan, G., James, C.M., and Krzycki, J.A. Pyrrolysine encoded by UAG in Archaea: Charging of a UAG-decodong specialized tRNA.
		Theobald-Dietrich, A., Frugier, M., Giege, R., and Rudinger-Thirion, J. Atypical archaeal tRNA pyrrolysine transcript behaves towards EF-Tu as a typical elongator tRNA.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/18/7/731 (4455 words)

	New Amino Acid Discovered \| nodalpoint.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		And I remember the debates when somebody said there were 22 amino acids.
		Researchers at the Ohio State University claim to have discovered the 22nd known amino acid, pyrrolysine.
		And now we have this pyrrolysine, from the methanogenic Archaea, I'm delighted to say.
	www.nodalpoint.org /node/434 (503 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Hao, Bing
		Instead it appears consistent with a lysine in amide-linkage to 4-substituted-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, which is named as L-pyrrolysine.
		Current data support the idea that pyrrolysine represents the 22nd genetically encoded amino acid.
		A model for how pyrrolysine participates in activating the methyl group of methylamine for transfer to corrinoid proteins is suggested.
	www.ohiolink.edu /etd/view.cgi?osu1039029484 (523 words)

	HEALTH TALK - Dr. Bob Martin
		NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Ohio State University scientists have discovered a new amino acid, which they have dubbed pyrrolysine.
		They report their findings in the May 24th issue of the journal Science.
		The story of the discovery of pyrrolysine begins when one of the study authors, Dr. Joseph A. Krzycki, sequenced the methane-producing enzyme, and found it contained instructions that normally tell the protein-making cellular machinery to stop making amino acids.
	www.doctorbob.com /2002k_05_23news02.html (399 words)

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