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Topic: Pytheas of Massilia

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	Pytheas - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		PYTHEAS, of Marseilles (Massilia), a celebrated Greek navigator and geographer, from whom the Greeks apparently derived their earliest definite information concerning western Europe, and especially the British Islands.
		Of course this would be true had Thule been situated under the Arctic Circle, which Pytheas evidently considered it to be, and his skill as an astronomer would lead him to accept as a fact what he knew must be true at some point as a voyager proceeded onwards.
		Pytheas's notice of the depth of the Bay of Biscay, of the length of the projection of Brittany, of Ushant under the name of Uxisama, and of three promontories of Britain, two of which seem to correspond to Land's End (Beler'ion), and North Foreland (Kantion), must not be forgotten.
	64.1911encyclopedia.org /Pytheas (1109 words)

	Pytheas
		Pytheas was a Greek geographer and explorer, born: circa 380 B.C. Massilia[?] (today Marseilles, southern France), died: circa: 310 B.C. He made a voyage of exploration to northwestern Europe around 325 BC.
		Pytheas travelled to Cornwall, important because it was the main source of tin, and studied the production and processing of tin.
		Pytheas says that Thule was an agricultural country, and that it produced honey.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/py/Pytheas_of_Massilia.html (476 words)

	Pytheas Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Pytheas was the first Graeco-Roman to describe the Midnight Sun, the aurora and Polar ice.
		Pytheas was not the first person to sail the seas around Britain.
		The term used for "marine lung" actually means jellyfish, and modern scientists believe that Pytheas here tried to describe the formation of pancake ice at the edge of the drift ice, where sea, slush, and ice mix, surrounded by fog.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/p/py/pytheas.html (748 words)

	Pytheas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		He made a voyage of exploration northwestern Europe around 325 BC He traveled over a considerable part Britain circumnavigating it between 330 and 320 Pytheas was the first Graeco-Roman to describe Midnight Sun the aurora and Polar ice.
		The term used for "marine lung" actually jellyfish and modern scientists believe that Pytheas tried to describe the formation of pancake at the edge of the drift ice sea slush and ice mix surrounded by fog.
		Whether one many none of Pytheas' own writings remain extant accounts of his voyage are primarily in Strabo Diodorus of Sicily and Pliny the Elder.
	www.freeglossary.com /Pytheas (908 words)

	Wikinfo \| Pytheas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		He is quoted as referring to the British Isles as the ??Isles of the Pretani??.
		Probably Thule was (part of) the Norwegian coast, although Iceland, the Shetland Islands and Faroe Islands have also been suggested by historians.
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.internet-encyclopedia.org /wiki.php?title=Pytheas (814 words)

	PYTHEAS - Online Information article about PYTHEAS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		treatise, in which Pytheas had embodied the results of his observations, rather than to a continuous narrative of his voyage.
		The countries visited, and to a certain extent explored, by Pytheas, were previously unknown to the Greeks—except, perhaps, by vague accounts received through the Phoenicians—and were not visited by any subsequent authority during more than two centuries.
		Pytheas was also the first among the Greeks who arrived at any correct notion of the tides, and not only indicated their connexion with the See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PYR_RAY/PYTHEAS.html (2163 words)

	Pytheas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pytheas described his travels in a periplus titled On the Ocean (Περὶ τοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ).
		Pytheas may have returned the way he came; or by land, following the Rhine and Rhône rivers.
		Frye, J. and Frye H. North to Thule: An imagined narrative of the famous lost sea voyage of Pytheas of Massalia in the 4th century B.C. Chevallier, R. (1984) The Greco-Roman Conception of the North from Pytheas to Tacitus (in Arctic, vol.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pytheas (999 words)

	Pytheas
		Der englische Archäologe Barry Cunliffe nimmt sogar an, dass Pytheas nicht mit einem eigenen Schiff reiste, sondern zunächst über Aude und Garonne an die gallische Atlantikküste gelangte und von dort aus mit einheimischen Seefahren seine Reise etappenweise fortsetzte, wozu auch Strabons Bemerkung, Pytheas habe Britannien „durchwandert“, passen würde.
		Dass Pytheas in den hohen Norden gefahren ist, lässt sich allerdings nicht bezweifeln, denn eine Tagesfahrt nördlich von Thule stieß er laut Solonius auf das „träge und geronnene Meer“ (lat.
		Ebenso möglich ist, dass Pytheas nicht selbst an der jütischen Bernsteinküste oder in der Ostsee gewesen ist, sondern Erzählungen über eine mythische Toteninsel (vgl.
	www.all2know.com /de/wikipedia/p/py/pytheas.html (946 words)

	PYTHEAS, of Marseilles
		The countries visited, and to a certain extent explored, by Pytheas, were previously unknown to the Greeks — except, perhaps, by vague accounts received through the Phoenicians — and were not visited by any subsequent authority during more than two centuries.
		Of course this would be true had Thule been situated under the Arctic Circle, which Pytheas evidently considered it to be, and his skill as an astronomer would lead him to accept as a fact what he knew must be true at some point as a voyager proceeded onwards towards the north.
		Pytheas was also the first among the Greeks who arrived at any correct notion of the tides, and not only indicated their connexion with the moon, but pointed out their periodical fluctuations in accordance with the phases of that luminary.
	www.ermeland.de /pytheas.htm (1094 words)

	Pytheas Summary
		Pytheas sailed from Brittany to Belerium (Land's End) in Cornwall, the southwestern tip of Britain, which was the source of tin.
		Pytheas also stated that Thule had 19 hours of sunlight in summer and claimed that further north was a region of semicongealed water—possibly referring to the combination of ice sludge and fog found near drift ice.
		Pytheas also correctly described Britain as triangular, accurately estimated its circumference at 4,000 miles (6,400 km), and approximated the distance from northern Britain to Massalia at 1,050 miles (1,690 km), slightly less than the actual distance of 1,120 miles (1,800 km).
	www.bookrags.com /Pytheas (2075 words)

	Iron Age - Pytheas of Massilia - The Gallic Wars - Arras Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In about 330-320BC a Greek navigator called Pytheas, from Massilia, a port on the Mediterranean Sea (now Marseilles; the oldest town of France, it was settled by Phocaean Greeks from Asia Minor c.600BC), embarked on a voyage to explore the northern coasts of Europe.
		Pytheas' outward journey took him up the west coast of Britain, possibly going as far north as Iceland and the Arctic Circle, returning down the east coast of Britain, possibly making an excursion to Jutland en route.
		On his return to Massilia, Pytheas wrote a book, 'Peritou Okeanou' (On The Ocean), which, unfortunately, is no longer in existence.
	www.stephen.j.murray.btinternet.co.uk /iron.htm (4210 words)

	Discoverers Web: Pytheas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Pytheas was a Greek geographer from Massilia (Marseille), living around the second half of the 4th century BC.
		Pytheas heared of an island six days sailing to the north of Britain, called Thule, and visited it.
		Pytheas also studied the tides, and determined the exact location of the North Pole in the sky.
	www.win.tue.nl /~engels/discovery/pytheas.html (489 words)

	Pytheas of Massilia (World Conflicts Forum) (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Pytheas (c.380 — c.310 BC) was a Greek merchant, geographer and explorer from the Phocaean colony Massilia (today Marseille).
		Frye, J. and Frye H. (1985) North to Thule: An imagined narrative of the famous lost sea voyage of Pytheas of Massalia in the 4th century B.C. Chevallier, R. (1984) The Greco-Roman Conception of the North from Pytheas to Tacitus (in Arctic, vol.
		Pytheas of Massilia, (the century BC) On the Ocean (Ðåñé ôïõ Ùêåáíïõ), has not survived; only excerpts remain, quoted or paraphrased by later authors.
	s7.invisionfree.com.cob-web.org:8888 /worldconflictsforum/ar/t3230.htm (4259 words)

	Pytheas (c. 330-280 B.C.)
		Strabo criticizes Pytheas severely: but in some important points is inferior to him in accuracy: as, for instance, in denying the projecting outline of the land of the Ostimii (Britanny), which Pytheas had indicated.
		He describes the gradual disappearance of certain kinds of grain as the traveller moves northwards; the use of fermented liquors made from corn and honey; the thrashing of corn in barns instead of open floors, as usual in drier and warmer climates.
		But Pytheas is also known for having led the way in the application of the new science of Astronomy to the accurate determination of the earth's surface, which we call Geography.
	www.usefultrivia.com /biographies/pytheas_001.html (477 words)

	Pytheas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Pytheas was the first Graeco-Roman to describe the Midnight Sun, the aurora and Polar ice, and the first to mention Germanic tribes.
		He is quoted as referring to the British Isles as the "Isles of the Pretani." Pytheas visited an island six days sailing north of Britain, called Thule.
		Chevallier, R. (1984) The Greco-Roman Conception of the North from Pytheas to Tacitus (in Arctic, vol.
	pytheas.iqnaut.net (899 words)

	PYTHEAS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Pytheas was a navigator and explorer from Massilia (Marseilles), who was the first Greek to visit and describe the British Isles, and the Atlantic coast of Europe.
		The merchants of Massilia wanted to find a sea route to the source of amber, which was used for jewelry.
		His writings reveal also a scientific interest; he observed that the Pole star is not at the true pole and that the moon affects the tides.
	www.hyperhistory.com /online_n2/people_n2/persons2_n2/pytheas.html (104 words)

	Pytheas von Massalia
		Pytheas ist der erste Astronom, der Messungen durchführt, um die geographische Breite eines Ortes auf der Erde zu bestimmen und dies mit erstaunlicher Genauigkeit!
		Jahrhundert) zitiert Pytheas folgendermaßen: "Weiter über Thule hinaus stoßen wir auf das träge und geronnene Meer (pigrum et concretum mare)." Dieser Satz lässt den Rückschluss zu, dass er mit seinem Schiff bis in Treibeisgewässer gelangt sein könnte.
		Da aber Pytheas viele Geschichten über das Nordmeer von den Eingeborenen gehört haben könnte, ist es eher wahrscheinlich, dass die Weitererzählung der Reise von Pytheas durch griechische oder phönikische Vorstellungen gefärbt ist.
	www.bujack.de /berichte/historie/pytheas.htm (1328 words)

	Clinton Goveas :: Wikipedia Reference
		The first historical mention of the region is from the Massaliote Periplus, a sailing manual for merchants thought to date to the 6th century BC, although cultural and trade links with the continent had existed for millennia prior to this.
		Pytheas of Massilia wrote of his trading journey to the island around 325 BC.
		Later writers such as Pliny the Elder (quoting Timaeus) and Diodorus Siculus (probably drawing on Poseidonius) mention the tin trade from southern England but there is little further historical detail of the people who lived there.
	www.clintongoveas.com /wikipedia/?title=History_of_England (5776 words)

	Pytheas \| THG Lexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Pytheas gelangte möglicherweise durch die Straße von Gibraltar.
		Die Annahme eines Zinnmonopols Karthagos und einer Blockade der Meerenge zur Aufrechterhaltung dieses Monopols sind äußerst zweifelhaft, entsprechende Mutmaßungen, Pytheas Schiff wäre durch ein Kontrollsystem geschlüpft daher ebenso.
		Dies folgt aus den oben genannten Zitaten und Breitengradangaben antiker Astronomen, die auf Sonnenstandsmessungen Pytheas’ zurückgehen sollen und in etwa mit der Nordküste der Bretagne, der Insel Man und der Hebrideninsel Lewis übereinstimmen.
	www.tomshardware.de /lexikon/Pytheas (1045 words)

	Discoverers Web: Greece
		His empire was split apart after his death, but the mixture of Greek and eastern influences that is now called 'Hellenism' was to remain the main cultural force in the region for centuries to come.
		Pytheas travelled from his native Massilia (a Greek colony, now Marseille) to the Atlantic and reached England.
		Pytheas may also have visited the North Sea coast, and some even believe he went as far as the Baltic.
	www.win.tue.nl /~engels/discovery/greece.html (830 words)

	Orkneyjar - Early Historical References to the Orkney Islands
		Diodorous's account is based on a report by the Greek sailor Pytheas of Massilia, who is thought to have sailed around Britain in 325 BC.
		Pytheas' account of this journey, Concerning the Ocean, has since been lost, but was extensively quoted from over the following centuries.
		The three points of this triangle, he wrote, was Cantium, Belerium and, jutting out into the open sea, Orkas - a place of immense waves.
	www.orkneyjar.com /history/earlyrefs.htm (468 words)

	Britain - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Greek geographer Pytheas of Massilia visited the island, which he called Albionon, c.
		Pytheas reported that he circumnavigated the island in forty days, noted the tidal phenomena of the Atlantic coast, and claimed to have found an island north of Britain where days and nights were six months long, which he identified as Ultima Thule.
		The inhabitants spoke a Celtic language and retained close ties with their fellow Celts in Gaul: the names of several nations are attested in both lands.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/index.php?title=Britain&redirect=no (1379 words)

	Pytheas - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		BC A native of the Greek colony of Massilia (modern Marseilles), he explored the Atlantic coasts of Spain and France, circumnavigated Britain, and sailed to Thule (perhaps the Shetlands or Iceland) and to the Baltic.
		His account of his voyage, now lost, is referred to by Strabo and Pliny the Elder.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Pytheas" at HighBeam.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-pytheas.html (249 words)

	Ancient Discovery Before Christ
		On his return from his involuntary voyage he was able to tell his astonished countrymen of the extraordinary rising and falling of the oceanic tides.
		It was seventy years later when the Phoceans of Massilia (present Marseilles), got courage to follow the Colaeus' path and to visit the Atlantic port of Tartessus.
		The town of Massilia had honor to have a great traveler Pytheas, the Marco Polo of ancient civilization.
	www.sevenoceans.com /MaritimeDiscovery/AncientDiscoveryBeforeChrist.htm (1658 words)

	Northvegr - Roman Scandinavia - Primary Sources
		At the summer solstice, when the sun is borne toward the celestial pole, it bathes the regions that lie beneath in continuous daylight; but when it makes its wintry descent, it causes northern regions to shiver in darkness that lasts six months.
		Pytheas of Massilia reported that he found such a condition on the isle of Thule.
		But the one region, adorned with the luster of Septentrio, and the other, with the star Canopus, have no acquaintance with the remaining portions of the sky.
	www.northvegr.org /lore/scansource/014.php (458 words)

	Lattitude and the Shape of the Earth
		In other words, he conceived of a hydrographic cycle.
		Pytheas of Massilia, the greatest navigator of his age, explored the eastern North Atlantic in 325 B.C. The claim that he reached Iceland, which he called Thule, is well supported by his accurate description of the conditions of these northern waters (Sarton).
		Pytheas developed the method by which latitude is determined from astronomical observations.
	server1.fandm.edu /academics/foundations/NTW114/sca/Height-vs-Area/sca-hva-earthlat.html (211 words)

	NOW-The North Water polynya-Welcome
		n his quest for the mythical Thule "where night did not exist during the summer and winter never knew of daylight", Pytheas of Massilia (Marseilles) was perhaps the first European to encounter sea ice.
		Since the pioneering voyages of Pytheas, countless explorers, fascinated by the ice-covered seas and lands that laid to the North, have braved the harsh Arctic environment.
		Recent tradition situates Thule in Avanersuaq (the place in the farthest north) on the northwest coast of Greenland.
	www2.fsg.ulaval.ca /giroq/now/wel.htm (390 words)

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