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Topic: Pyu

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		Archaeological evidence suggests that the Pyu were indeed an exceptionally cultured civilization with their own language, a highly developed urban culture, excellent craftsmen and their own advanced architecture.
		The Pyu were extremely skilled jewelers, and their gold jewelry in particular is magnificent.
		The pagodas and temples of the Pyu Kingdom were brick constructions of high quality and ingenious design; the vaulted arch system - a technique that was later employed regularly in temple architecture - appears for the first time in their construction.
	www.globalheritagefund.org /where/nomination_pyu.html (386 words)

	Kingdoms of South East Asia
		The Pyu lived in houses built of timber and roofed with tiles of lead and tin; they used golden knives and utensils and were surrounded by art objects of gold, green glass, jade, and crystal.
		Pyu sons and daughters were disciplined and educated in monasteries or convents as novices.
		In the 7th century the Pyu shifted their capital northward to Halingji in the dry zone, leaving Shri Ksetra as a secondary centre to oversee trade in the south.
	berclo.net /page00/00en-sea-history.html (5896 words)

	Theme - IIAS Newsletter Online
		Pyu civilization flourished during most of the first millennium AD at an urban and complex level, and three patterns established by the Pyu were to leave major imprints on the historical geography of Burma that endured until the late nineteenth century, when the colonial conquest transformed the country demographically and economically.
		The Pyus probably began to convert to Buddhism between the second to third century AD, and by the fourth century, at the latest, a major monastic building in fired brick was constructed at Beikthano.
		It is clear that the Pyu kingdoms were in contact with several Indian kingdoms in the south east as well as in North India, but stood in a tutelary relationship to none.
	www.iias.nl /iiasn/25/theme/25T6.html (987 words)

	Online Burma Library > Main Library > Archaeology > Archaeology - Pyu
		This paper will explore the possibility that the appearance early in the First Millennium AD of the walled Pyu cities of Maingmaw, Beikthano, Halin and Sriksetra, at remarkably consistent distances from the Samon Valley, may be a consequence of intra-regional population flow from the Samon area.
		The massive brick walls of Sriksetra, Beikthano and Halin are one of the principal features used to identify these sites as Pyu, although it is now accepted that their occupation pre-dates the construction of walls.
		Chinese emissaries in the 9th century AD described the city-wall of the P’iao (Pyu) capital as being faced with glazed bricks, part of a general perception that walls designate an area as urban.
	www.ibiblio.org /obl/show.php?cat=1415&lo=d&sl=0 (805 words)

	Myanmar History - The History of Myanmar
		The Pyu arrived in Myanmar in the 7th century and established city kingdoms at Binnaka, Mongamo, Sri Ksetra, and Halingyi.
		By 849, the Burmans had founded a powerful kingdom centered on the city of Bagan and filled the void left by the Pyu.
		The kingdom grew in relative isolation until the reign of Anawrahta (1044 - 77) who successfully unified all of Myanmar by defeating the Mon city of Thaton in 1057.
	www.myanmars.net /myanmar-history (297 words)

	Chapter II The Pre-Pagan Period: The Urban Age of the Mon and the Pyu
		Halin, a Pyu city in northern Burma, is located north of Mandalay about 12 miles southeast of Shwebo and seems to have flourished from the 2nd to the 6th century AD.
		The largest and most important of all the Pyu capital cites, Srikshetra, is located approximately five miles southeast of the modern city of Prome, 180 miles northwest of Rangoon, and a few miles inland from the left bank of the Irrawaddy.
		Pyu State so that by the ninth century the Burmese were able to move down into what had been Pyu territory and settle in Kyaukse and the Pagan region.
	www.seasite.niu.edu /burmese/cooler/Chapter_2/Chapter_2.htm (7658 words)

	BEIKTHANO, VISHNU CITY: AN ANCIENT PYU CENTRE (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Pyus were a civilized nation from the early years of the Christian era and have left behind many traces of their predominantly Buddhist culture.
		Throughout the central plains of the Ayeyawady and parts of the Sittaung valley the Pyus established, towns and cities, the principal ones being Thayekhittaya (Srikshetra) near Pyay (Prome), Beikthano and Halin (near Shwebo) in the north.
		Beikthano, to the Myanmar people is a legendary place recorded in our chronicles, a place which has at last been excavated, so that we can visit it to explore the ruins, with our minds conjuring up the rivalry between a beautiful princess and a powerful king, her half-brother.
	www.myanmar.gov.mm /Perspective/persp1997/10-97/pyu10-97.htm (1374 words)

	MODiNS [ Myanmar Online Information ]
		Tharekhittra was a city-state of the Pyu period.
		Though Hanlin was situated some distance from Vishnu and Tharekhittra, the layout of the city, the characteristics of its architecture and art, the design mould of its coinage, and the artifacts and tools of its people displayed general similarities.
		It was contemporaneous with the Pyu city-states of Middle Myanmar.
	www.modins.net /myanmarInfo/art/archaeological.htm (465 words)

	L'Asie Exotique - Buddha Images from Burma, Part II
		It is natural that the bronze statues from the Pyu period (circa A.D. 200-900), the earliest known civilisation of Burma, should bear the imprint of Indian craftsmanship.
		Two of the most prevalent are the bhurnisparsa (witness) mudra where the right hand is seen in the earth touching position with the left hand resting on the lap, with or without a bowl, and the dhyana (meditation) position with both hands resting palm upwards in the lap.
		As in Pyu times, a few seated Buddhas are backed by an elaborate reredos edged with wreaths of fire and flame, or crowned with a lion mask disgorging wreaths of foliation at the apex, ending in outward-facing hamsas (goose or swan emblems of Brahma) seated on makaras (a mythical crocodile-like creature) supported by ramp-ant lions.
	www.lasieexotique.com /mag_buddha_II.html (3685 words)

	Beikthano or the Vishnu City
		Hanlin, the last Pyu Kingdom was located farther north in the Shwebo District of Sagaing Division and was most probably the Pyu Kingdom that the Chinese chroniclers described in their dealings with the “Piao” and records of delegations from the Pyu kingdom to the Chinese court in 801-802.
		One mystery surrounding Pyu religious beliefs is that although they built hundreds of monasteries and were Buddhist attested by contemporary Chinese chronicles, there is a surprising dearth of Buddhist artifacts in all three Pyu Kingdoms.
		The Pyus also seem to have been adept at pottery making, judging from the 2060 pots and jars uncovered comprising pots for water carrying, jars for water storage, and cooking pots.
	www.myanmar-image.com /myanmar/history/pyu (1207 words)

	Pyu Coins - InfoHub
		It was one of the capitals of the Pyu culture that flourished during the 1st millenium A.D. The Pyus were an ethnic group that spoke a language related to Burmese.
		However, the Pyu language eventually fell out out disuse (no later than the 13th century) and the Pyus spoke Burmese from then on.
		By the 11th century, Pagan dominated Burma and the former territories of the Pyus were under Burmese rule.
	www.infohub.com /forums/showthread.php?t=5497 (482 words)

	Pumtek and Pyu - Tiger Tiger's Pyu & Pumtek Beads from Burma
		Pyu beads are generally made of some type of agate such as carnelian.
		The striped 'Military Beads' are said to have represented rank during that period, and are prized when the red color is deep and translucent.
		Of the Pyu animal beads, elephants are most common and are often found in jade, carnelian, or glass.
	www.tiger-tiger.com /catalog/beads/beadsburma/beadsburma.html (349 words)

	Pyu - Mirrorpedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pyu (also written Pyuu, or Pyus) refers to an ancient kingdom (and its language) found in the central and northern regions of what is now Burma.
		The people of Pyu are believed to have been ethnically different from the Burmese, although they may have inter-married with the Sino-Tibetan migrants who later became the Burmese ethnic group.
		Janice Stargardt: The ancient Pyu of Burma, Cambridge 1990, ISBN 1-873178-01-8de:Pyu
	www.mirrorpedia.com /wiki/Pyu (94 words)

	Pyu Cities: Beikthano-Myo, Halin, Tharay-Khit-taya (Sri Ksetra) - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
		The Pyu culture is characterized by um burial and specific artifacts (coins, ceramic, metalware).
		Archaeological evidence confirms the emergence of Buddhism in Myanmar during the Pyu period.
		The largest Pyu city, enclosed by a circular city wall in brick with a diametre of 4,4 km, contains several brick monuments (stupas and temples).
	whc.unesco.org /en/tentativelists/820 (292 words)

	Arts and Literature @ Myanmar.com
		Pyus were expert stone carvers, metal workers, musical instrumentalists, composers, dancers and choreographers.
		The Pyu Crown Prince Sunanda, who lived in Srikshetra, the second Pyu city, conducted a diplomatic mission, together with Minister Nakya Konsa and General Mahathena, to the court of a Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty (618-907 AD) at the capital Chang-an, the present day Xian.
		The account of the visit and spectacular performances of Pyu musicians and dancers at the Chinese court was graphically recorded in the Chinese historical archives of the Tang dynasty.
	www.myanmar.com /artsandliterature/index.html (330 words)

	The Myanmar Performing Arts Of Tthe Pyu Period
		In A.D.802 the King of Sri Kstra, a Pyu City Kingdom in Central Myanmar despatched a diplomatic mission to the Court of the Chinese Emperor of the Tang Dynasty (A.D.618 -907) at the Capital Chang-an.
		Led by the Pyu Crown Prince Sunanda who was accompanied by Minister Nakya Konra and General Maha Thena, the mission took with it a cultural troupe of 35 performing artistes.
		After fulfilling its assignment, the Pyu diplomatic mission returned home bringing with it complimentary letters and presents from the Chinese Emperor to be presented to the Pyu King.
	www.innwa.com /dev/qezine/news/get-news.asp?id=134 (1864 words)

	Burma
		For a very long time, it was believed that the iron age had directly followed the neolithic, but an important quantity of bronze artefacts have been discovered during the last 15 years, which leads the specialists to reconsider the possibility of a distinct bronze age in Burma between the neolithic and the iron age.
		The Pyu were soon converted to Buddhism by the local populations, notably the Thet and the Gadu, in the central plains.
		Many other details on the Pyu are available in the chinese annals, as they Pyu were living around one of the commercial roads between China and India: one of their traits seems to be that they were a pretty peaceful people, more interested in trading than fighting with their neighbors.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Places/Place/325105 (963 words)

	PYU PICTORIAL & ESSAY 1
		In 1988 pumtek beads had only been around for five years, having come out of the Indian Hill Tribe region--to an audience that was amazed by them, sometimes compared them to Tibetan zi beads, and had a variety of ideas about their age and origin.
		Pyu beads relate to pumtek beads, pumtek to zi, and zi to "etched" or "decorated agate beads" in general.
		I was first exposed to zi beads in 1970, reading The Universal Bead by Joan Erikson--who briefly mentioned the 'mysterious tzi beads of Tibet.' In 1974, in the premiere issue of The Bead Journal, Robert Liu wrote a piece on plastic imitations of zi beads.
	beadcollector.net /beadman2 (1255 words)

	Myanmar Travel : Ping Long Travel & Tours
		The Pyu possessed a brick based culture and early city states like Sri Ksetra outside modern Prome took the Stupa and Temple, the principle Buddhist forms of architecture that were to reach a high point later at Bagan period.
		After the Pyu civilization had collapsed due to the invasion of Nanchao Chinese in AD 832, a new tribe known as today Myanmar came to prominence.
		Their language also belonged to the same Tibeto-Burmese language family as Pyu and it is debatable whether they migrated down the Irrawaddy valley from the Himalayas or Yunan province, or they were the direct descendents of the fallen Pyu.
	www.myanmarplg.com /eng/history.htm (1146 words)

	Beikthano
		The Pyus were a civilized nation from the early years of the Christian era and have left behind many traces of their predominantly Buddhist culture.
		Throughout the central plain of the Ayeyawady and parts of the Sittaung vally the Pyus established towns and cities, the principle ones being Thayekhittaya (Srikshetra) near pyay (Prome), Beikthano and Halin (near Shwebo) in the north.
		Beikthano, to the Myanmar people is a legendary place recorded in our chronicles, a place which has at last been excavated, so that we can visit it to explore the ruins, which our minds conjuring up the rivalry between a beautiful princess and a powerful king, her half-brother.
	www.seasite.niu.edu /burmese/Culture/beikthano.htm (1352 words)

	shinpyu
		A common sight that visitor to Myanmar will see on the streets of cities and villages, particularly during the dry season, is a procession called ‘shin pyu’ procession.
		Therefore, a ‘shin pyu’ means initiating a boy into the Buddhist Order as a novice.
		As I said earlier, the ‘shin pyu’ procession is the introductory part of the main initiation ceremony.
	www.tbsa.org /articles/shinpyu.html (1747 words)

	Myanmar History
		The Pyu arrived in Myanmar in the 7th century and established city kingdoms at Binnaka, Mongamo, Sri Ksetra, and Halingyi.
		Chinese sources state that the Pyu controlled 18 kingdoms and describe them as a humane and peaceful people.
		The Pyu capital of Halingyi fell to the kingdom of Nanchao in the mid-9th century, ending their period of dominance.
	myanmartravelinformation.com /mti-myanmar-history/index.htm (2200 words)

	Southeast Asian History-Burma
		Pyus lived in wooden houses with roofing tiles of lead and tin, they used golden knives and surrounded themselves with art objects of gold, green glass, jade and crystal.
		From the 6th century onwards the Burmese grew to become the largest of the Pyu tribes.
		The first evidence of the Arakanese themselves dates to the tenth century, so they probably originated as one of the Pyu tribes, migrating as far west as possible when Pyu was destroyed.
	www.guidetothailand.com /thailand-history/burma.htm (723 words)

	A short history of Burma (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the fifth century BC the Pyu, a Tibeto-Burman tribe arrive in present-day Burma.
		The other tribes, including the Pyu and the Mon, move to the north of the country.
		In 1287 Pagan is liquidated by Mongolian invadors and the state desintegrates in divided territories dependent from China.
	www.electionworld.org /history/burma.htm (552 words)

	::: Palestinian Youth Union ::: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The PYU is a Palestinian Non-Governmental, Non-Profit Youth Organization that was founded in 1992.
		The Union was founded by a group of young men and women from the local communities who were active in the Voluntary Work Committees during the Occupation in the late Seventies up until the first Intifada.
		The establishment of the Union was a response to the urgent need of Palestinian Youth to concentrate their potentials and efforts in the reconstruction process after the signing of the Peace Agreement.
	www.pyu-pal.org /index.asp (82 words)

	A short history of Buddhism in Myanmar or Burma
		It should, of course, not be forgotten that the Pyu possessed an architecture of their own and a highly developed urban culture that had evolved quite independently of Indian influences.
		The Pyu culture of this period is well documented because of archaeological finds at Muanggan, a small village close to the ancient ruins of Hmawza.
		Both Buddhist cultures in the south of Myanmar, the Mon and the Pyu, were swept away in the eleventh century by armies of the Myanmar who had found a unifying force in their leader, the founder of Pagan and champion of Buddhism, Anawratha.
	www.hinduwebsite.com /sacredscripts/buddhism/buddhism_in_myanmar.asp (16766 words)

	Archaeological Sites, Goldenlandpages <http://www.goldenlandpages.com>
		Beikthano was earlier than Tharekhittra and Hanlin and was established in about the 1st Century A.D. It was traditionally called Beikthano and Pan Htwar city.
		With the extension of this 90 mile stretch between Pyay and Hsatthwa just south of Taungdwingyi it is now quite convenient to go by railway from Yangon to Taungdwingyi and from there travel by car twelve miles west to the ancient Pyu city of Beikthano (pronounced Peikthano), the old "Vishnu City".
		Hanlin was a significant cultural capital of the Pyu people for nearly 500 years from the 4th to the 9th century A.D. The center of the state of Suvanabhumi has been presumed to be in the vicinity of Bilin Township and Kelasa Hill in Mon State.
	www.goldenlandpages.com /hotspots/archae.htm (605 words)

	Myanmar Tour - Heritage Travels & Tours (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The earliest settlers in the country of Myanmar were a race of highly cultured people known as the Pyu, of Tibeto-Burman stock.
		Archeological findings prove that the Pyu, who were devout Buddhists, first settled in Myanmar in the 2nd century A.D. But the two better known are the cities of Sri Kshetra, close to what is now the town of Pyay by the Ayeyarwady River in central Myanmar, and Beikthano, some 90 miles north of Pyay.
		That may well be romantic fiction but it is a tragic fact that the Pyu race, which first settled in the 2nd century A.D, disappeared in the 9th century A.D, with their cities abandoned and their old graves deserted.
	www.heritage-myanmar.com /pyay.htm (245 words)

	1996 AAS Abstracts: Southeast Asia Session 64 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The first paper examines the Indian origins of the art of the early Pyu civilization and proposes that they are most similar to those for the Mon Dvaravati arts of Thailand during the seventh century.
		Turning to the east, I find that the Pyu sculpture can be related to the Mon Dvaravati of the seventh century in a number of specifically shared Southeast Asian characteristics, suggesting that Sri Ksetra and Dvaravati were using Indian sources in a similar manner.
		I end by suggesting that the seventh century is somehow a key century for Indianized art of Mainland Southeast Asia, and that it is Sri Lanka (or Southern India?) that supplies new artistic, religious, and cultural influences.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1996abst/seasia/sea64.htm (649 words)

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