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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Qalawun
		Qalawun was a Burj Oghlu Kipchak Turk, and became a Mameluk in the 1240s after having been purchased for 1000 dinars by a member of the household of sultan al-Kamil.
		As Baibars had done, Qalawun made treaties with the remaining Crusader states, and often with the military orders and individual lords who wished to be independent; he recognized Tyre and Beirut as separate from the Kingdom of Jerusalem, now centred on Acre.
		In 1281 Qalawun also negotiated an alliance with Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus against Charles of Anjou, who was threatening both the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Qalawun (1889 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, Alabama (AL)
		Qalawun was a Kipchak Turk who became a Mamluk in the 1240s after being sold for 1000 dinars to a member of sultan al-Kamil's household.
		The treaties were always in Qalawun's favor, and his treaty with Tyre mandated that the city would not build new fortifications, would stay neutral in conflicts between the Mamluks and other Crusaders, and Qalawun would be allowed to collect half the city's taxes.
		In 1281 Qalawun also negotiated an alliance with Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus to bolster resistance against Charles of Anjou, who was threatening both the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Qalawun (774 words)

	Notes on Professor Peter Malcolm Holt
		Holt, P. "Qalawun's Treaty with the Latin Kingdom (682/1283): Negotiation and Abrogation" in Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras.
		Qalawun (684-741/1285-1341): His Ancestry, Kindred, and Affinity" in Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras.
		Qalawun as-Salihi wa-Auladihi, by Barbara Schäfer" in Der Islam.
	www.spongobongo.com /cz9991.htm (2876 words)

	Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures
		The Complex of Sultan Qalawun in Cairo, view of the mausoleum dome and the minaret.
		The Complex of Sultan Qalawun in Cairo, detail of the external facade with its gothic influences.
		The Complex of Sultan Qalawun in Cairo, main or eastern iwan in the madrasa with its tripartite arched opening.
	web.mit.edu /4.614/www/complexqalawun.html (132 words)

	Qalawun Madrassa and Maristan
		Madrassa and Maristan of Sultan Qalawun - Islamic Cairo
		The madrassa of Qalawun included a public library, where public lectures were held.
		The fountain was added to the structure in 1366 by Qalawun's son, Sultan Nasr Muhammad.
	exceltrvl.net /article/Egypt/places/qalawun.htm (148 words)

	Egypt's History
		After Baybar's death, his sons were quickly deposed and one of Baybar's generals, Qalawun was elected as sultan.
		Qalawun bought Circassian rather than Turkish Mamelukes and housed them in the great circular keep in the Citadel.
		Qalawun was followed by his son Khalil in 1290, who captured the Christian port of Acre, razed the Crusaders' castles and drove them to Cyprus.
	www.bpeah.com /EgyptHistory.htm (3608 words)

	Bahari Mamluks ... youregypt.com
		However, power struggles on the throne erupted until Qalawun finally seized the throne and declared himself a sultan.
		Qalawun carried on successful campaigns against Mongols in the east until he completely drove them away off the region.
		Qalawun was succeeded by his son, Al-Ashraf Khalil, in 1291.
	www.youregypt.com /ehistory/history/islamic/bahari (665 words)

	Complex of Qalawun (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The clear Gothic shaped windows on the facade were inspired by Crusader architecture from Qalawun's military campaigns in Syria.
		At the center of the chamber is a mashrabiya wooden screen enclosing the cenotaphs of al-Sultan Qalawun and his son al-Nasir Muhammad whose
		madrasa is adjacent to Qalawun's on Sharia al-Muizz.
	www.aucegypt.edu /walking_tours/cairo/walk1/qalawun/qalawun.html (188 words)

	Qalawun - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Qalawun was a Burj Oghlu Kipchak Turk, and became a Mameluk in the 1240s after having been purchased for 1000 dinars by a member of the household of sultan al-Kamil.
		As Baibars had done, Qalawun made treaties with the remaining Crusader states, and often with the military orders and individual lords who wished to be independent; he recognized Tyre and Beirut as separate from the Kingdom of Jerusalem, now centred on Acre.
		In 1281 Qalawun also negotiated an alliance with Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus against Charles of Anjou, who was threatening both the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Qalawun (597 words)

	CalendarHome.com - 1280s - Calendar Encyclopedia
		Across the continent in the Middle East, the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt continued to extinguish crusader states under the leadership of Qalawun, capturing Margat, Latakia, and the County of Tripoli.
		1281 - October 29 - Mamluk sultan Qalawun defeats an invasion of Syria by Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa Khan at the Battle of Homs.
		1285 - April 25 - Mamluk sultan Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat (in present-day Syria), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller thought to be impregnable; he captures the fortress a month later.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /1280s.htm (2840 words)

	Khalil at AllExperts
		Khalil was the son of Qalawun, and was named co-sultan with his father when his older brother as-Salih Ali died in 1288.
		Qalawun conquered the County of Tripoli in 1289, and in 1290 marched on Acre, the capital of the remnant of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
		He died in November and was succeeded by Khalil, who continued the attack in 1291, assembling the forces of Egypt and Syria at Hisn al-Akrad in May, 1291.
	en.allexperts.com /e/k/kh/khalil.htm (401 words)

	Qalawun - infos.aus-germanien.de
		Saif ad-Din Qalawun ibn Alfi diente schon unter Sultan Ayyub asch-Schalih (1240-1249) und zeichnete sich während der Feldzüge unter Baibars (1260-1277) aus.
		Gegenüber den Kreuzfahrern in Palästina und Syrien wurde nunmehr eine kompromisslose Politik der Vertreibung betrieben, um den Il-Khanen in Syrien potentielle Verbündete zu entziehen.
		Noch unter Qalawun wurde Tripolis (1289) und mehrere wichtige Festungen erobert.
	infos.aus-germanien.de /Qalawun (268 words)

	County of Tripoli
		The death of the unpopular Count Bohemund VII in 1287 led to a dispute between his heir, his sister Lucia, and the city's commune, which put itself under the protection of the Genoese.
		Eventually, Lucia came to an agreement with the Genoese and the Commune, which displeased the Venetians and the ambitious Bartholomew Embriaco, the Genoese mayor of the city, who called in the Mameluke Sultan Qalawun[?] to their aid.
		Qalawun captured the city after a siege in 1289, bringing the history of the County to an end.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/co/County_of_Tripoli.html (467 words)

	Qalawun - Enzyklopädie, Geschichte, Geographie und Biografie
		Saif ad-Din Qalawun ibn Alfi diente schon unter Sultan Ayyub asch-Schalih (1240-1249) und zeichnete sich während der Feldzüge unter Baibars (1260-1277) aus.
		Gegenüber den Kreuzfahrern in Palästina und Syrien wurde nunmehr eine kompromisslose Politik der Vertreibung betrieben, um den Il-Khanen in Syrien potentielle Verbündete zu entziehen.
		Noch unter Qalawun wurde Tripolis (1289) und mehrere wichtige Festungen erobert.
	www.arikah.net /enzyklopadie/Qalawun (295 words)

	Fatimid and Mamluk Cairo, Ted Thornton, NMH, Northfield Mount Hermon
		In 1284, work was completed on Mamluk Sultan Qalawun's maristan ("hospital") in Cairo, to which is connected a mosque, a madrassa ("school"), and the sultan's own tomb.
		The madrassa of Qalawun was built with stone cannibalized from the pyramids and other buildings, and included a public library.
		The Qalawun complex is one of the most interesting of all Mamluk building complexes in Cairo.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/fatimid_mamluk_architecture_cairo.htm (1178 words)

	Kamus Islam - Kamus
		Nama sebenar: Khalil bin Qalawun (666 - 693 Hijrah / 1268 - 1294 Masehi).
		Nama sebenar: Muhammad bin Qalawun yang bergelar sebagai al-Malik an-Nasir, (684 - 741 Hijrah / 1285 - 1294 Masehi) (memerintah pada tahun: 693 - 694 Hijrah / 1293 - 1294 Masehi) (698 Hijrah / 1298 Masehi) dan terakhir (709 - 741 Hijrah / 1308 - 1340 Masehi.).
		Nama sebenar: Solih bin Muhammad bin Qalawun (738 - 761 Hijrah / 1337 - 1335 Masehi).
	dictionary.al-islam.com /ENG/Dicts/SelDict.asp?Lang=Mal&DI=32&Theme=48 (1017 words)

	Qalawun \| THG Lexikon (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gegenüber den Kreuzfahrern in Palästina und Syrien wurde nunmehr eine kompromisslose Politik der Vertreibung betrieben, um den Il-Khanen in Syrien potentielle Verbündete zu entziehen.
		Noch unter Qalawun wurde Tripolis (1289) und mehrere wichtige Festungen erobert.
		Zur Führung der Feldzüge wurden unter Qalawun zunehmend kaukasische Mamelucken (Tscherkessen, Adygen) eingestellt.
	www.thgweb.de /lexikon/Qalawun (296 words)

	Lucia of Tripoli at AllExperts
		The Venetians and Pisans, who also had trading links with Tripoli, were shocked at this and supposedly conspired with the Mameluk sultan Qalawun to attack the city.
		Lucia allied with the Mongols, who, knowing that Tripoli was too weak to defend itself even with their help, asked for support from Europe, although no aid was to be found there.
		Qalawun besieged Tripoli for one month in 1289 and captured it on April 26.
	en.allexperts.com /e/l/lu/lucia_of_tripoli.htm (358 words)

	[Islam-Online- Science, Ideas & Technology]
		King Al-Mansur Qalawun was an officer in the Muslim Arabian army fighting the Crusaders.
		It is now used for ophthalmology and renamed Qalawun Hospital.
		Its magnificent ancient door is preserved in the Islamic Museum of Cairo.
	www.islamonline.net /iol-english/dowalia/techng-2000-oct-07/techng2.asp (1167 words)

	Madrasa Khanqah of Sultan al-Zahir Barquq
		Barquq was freed in 1363 AD he established his dominance in the Mamluk government in 1382 when he seized power through a series of intrigues and assassinations.
		Just as in the Qalawun mausoleum, the facade of the minaret on its lower part has columns attached to the wall.
		This is a tripartite sanctuary, like that of Sultan Qalawun's mosque, with two pairs of granite columns on each side separating the central, large aisle from the side aisles.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/barquq.htm (1324 words)

	Luxory Tours
		Baybars, one of the great Ayyubid commanders, seized power in the aftermath of Shajarat Ad-Durr's murder but his heirs were murdered by Qalawun, another Mamluke who established the Bahri Mamluke dynasty, named after the Mamluke garrison along the Nile River (Bahr Al-Nil).
		During his reign Sultan Qalawun became a great patron of architecture and constructed mosques, fortresses and other buildings in Cairo.
		Qalawun's son and successor, Mohammed An-Nasir who reigned for nearly half a century, from 1294-1340, was also a great patron of architecture.
	www.experience-egypt.com /aboutegypt_history_mamluke_period.html (392 words)

	Egypt: History - Bahri Mameluke Period
		Qalawun had been bought for one thousand gold dinars and was known as "the Thousand Man".
		He was also from Kipchak and was said to have been a handsome man. One of his sons, Malik Salih, died of dysentery and Qalawun was heartbroken.
		He ordered court mourning in which no one was to change their clothes or cut their hair until Qalawun said so.
	touregypt.net /hbahrima.htm (1357 words)

	Ninth Crusade information - Search.com
		In 1289, Sultan Qalawun gathered a large army and invested the remnants of the county of Tripoli, ultimately laying siege to the capital and taking it after a bloody assault.
		The attack on Tripoli however was particularly devastating to the Mameluks as the Christian resistance reached fanatical proportions and Qalawun had lost his eldest and most able son in the campaign.
		Qalawun died during the siege, leaving Khalil as the sole surviving member of Qalawun's family and Mameluk Sultan.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Ninth_Crusade (1183 words)

	swuklink: Searchable Time-Line (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Battle of Homs; the Mamluk sultan Qalawun defeats an invasion of Syria by Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa Khan
		Qalawun, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, signs a ten-year truce with the Crusader city of Acre
		Mamluk sultan Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat (in present-day Syria), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller and thought to be impregnable
	www.swuklink.com /BAAAGDJA.php?srchstr=Qalawun (873 words)

	A General History of the Near East, Chapter 12
		Qalawun won the first round, but Sunqur fled north and called for help from the Mongols (Sunqur had a Mongol wife).
		Qalawun waited for them at the city of Homs, and while waiting he persuaded Sunqur to switch sides by promising him land in northern Syria.
		Qalawun paid for this by raising taxes, and by levying a heavy tribute on King Leo II of Lesser Armenia, an ally of the defeated Mongols.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /neareast/ne12.html (11143 words)

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