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	Etymological Conduit to the Land of Qanat by Dr. V. Sankaran Nair
		Qanat is an ancient system found in arid regions that bring groundwater from the cliff, or base of a mountainous area, following a water-bearing formation (aquifer) or rarely from rivers, and emerge at an oasis, through underground tunnel or a series of tunnels.
		Floods and cave-ins in the qanat tunnels are frequent, and deaths among muqannis occur.
		The word qanat, pronounced as ‘kanat’ in Arabic and karez in Pashto is kanerjing in China, qanat romani in Jordan and Syria.
	www.boloji.com /environment/24.htm (2687 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Qanat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Qanats are constructed as a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping tunnels.
		The air from the qanat was drawn into the tunnel at some distance away and is cooled both by contact with the cool tunnel walls/water and by the giving up latent heat of evaporation as water evaporates into the air stream.
		Qanat is from the Persian word qanÄt, pronounced as âkanatâ in Arabic and âkarezâ in Pashto.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Qanat (3348 words)

	ICARDA Annual Report 2001
		Qanats are underground tunnels that tap groundwater and direct it to human settlements or agricultural land.
		Teheran, capital of Iran, was fed by twelve qanats until 1930 and the ancient city of Palmyra in Syria grew and prospered because of its reliable qanat water supply.
		A cross-section of the Qanat of Shallaleh Sakhireh, south-west Aleppo, Syria.
	www.icarda.cgiar.org /Publications/AnnualReport/2001/portfolio/themep4-1b.htm (834 words)

	Goldsmith: The qanats of Iran.
		The qanats are underground conduits which collect the water from an aquifer on the slope of a hill and exploit the natural gradient of the land to transport the water underground to the agricultural areas below.
		Qanats were first developed in Iran but their use spread to India, Arabia, Egypt, North Africa, Spain and even to the New World.
		The 36 qanats in Tehran - some of them built more than 250 years ago - were quite capable of satisfying the domestic needs of a city with a population of 1.5 million - in addition to irrigating neighbouring gardens and farmlands.
	www.edwardgoldsmith.com /page162.html (1711 words)

	Waterway 14. SOUTH-CENTRAL ASIA
		A qanat is a horizontal underground gallery that conveys water from aquifers in the highlands to lower level surfaces.
		Qanats are built by specialists called muqanni (qanat diggers), who have a great deal of experience and a very good knowledge of qanats - this knowledge is usually transmitted from father to son.
		Qanats are made of soil and stone, and mineral and salt deposits accumulate on the channel bed which necessitates periodical cleaning and repair by the muqanni.
	webworld.unesco.org /water/ihp/publications/waterway/wat14/Sca.html (1041 words)

	The Aqueducts of Iran - (CAIS)©
		Qanats have been found throughout the regions that came within the cultural sphere of ancient Persia: in Pakistan, in Chinese oasis settlements of Turkistan, in southern areas of the U.S.S.R., in Iraq, Syria, Arabia and Yemen.
		Not until the qanat has been completed and has operated for some time is it possible to determine whether it will be a continuous "runner" or a seasonal source that provides water only in the spring or after heavy rains.
		If the qanat is owned by a landowner who has tenant farmers, he usually appoints a water bailiff who supervises the allotment of water to each tenant in accordance with the size of the tenant's farm and the nature of the crop he is growing.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Science/aqueducts_iran.htm (3494 words)

	Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)
		Qanats are owned communally, and their water is distributed on a rotational basis (‘madaar') over a period (10-14 days) to community members.
		Qanat irrigated agriculture is threatened by silt sedimentation in canals, moving sand dunes, urban migration of youth, and decline of experts for managing such systems.
		Qanats are a relic form of underground irrigation important for dryland agriculture, and have been introduced in many parts of the world.
	www.fao.org /sd/giahs/other_iran1_desc.asp (407 words)

	Qanat Summary
		Qanats are constructed as a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping tunnels.
		The air from the qanat was drawn into the tunnel at some distance away and is cooled both by contact with the cool tunnel walls/water and by the giving up latent heat of evaporation as water evaporates into the air stream.
		Qanat is from the Persian word qanāt, pronounced as ‘kanat’ in Arabic and ‘karez’ in Pashto.
	www.bookrags.com /Qanat (3720 words)

	Iran - Water
		The chief disadvantages of the qanat's are the costs of construction and maintenance and a lack of flexibility; the flow cannot be controlled, and water is lost when it is not being used to irrigate crops.
		Qanat water is distributed in various ways: by turn, over specified periods; by division into shares; by damming; and by the opening of outlets through which the water flows to each plot of land.
		So important is the qanat system to the agricultural economy and so complex is the procedure for allocating water rights (which are inherited), that a large number of court cases regularly deal with adjudication of conflicting claims.
	countrystudies.us /iran/74.htm (779 words)

	ifoam'96 - Book of Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Qanat are composed of two main components: vertical dug wells which collect water, and gently sloping tunnels which channel the water from higher terrain down in the directions of plains.
		Qanat digging was a skill and some people were linked with the construction of this structure for their livelihood.
		Qanat system comprises a human culture as well as physical ecosystem and the nature of qanat supplies set a rhythem to life in the village.
	ecoweb.dk /english/ifoam/conf96/abs093.htm (235 words)

	Qanat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A qanat (from Arabic: قنات‎) or kareez (from Persian: كاريز‎) is a water management system used to provide a reliable supply of water to human settlements or for irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates.
		The technology is known to have developed in ancient Persia, and then spread to other cultures, especially along the Silk Road as far east as China as well as by Arabic cultures as far west as Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula.
		An Ab Anbar is a traditional qanat fed reservoir for drinking water in Persian antiquity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Qanat (3385 words)

	India Centric Hydraulic Civilization of the Old World by Dr. V. Sankaran Nair
		Qanat, typical of the desert environment, serves as an integral part of agricultural landscape in the arid regions of the world for centuries.
		The two main components of the Qanat are the vertical dug well that tap water, and the gently sloping tunnels that conduct the water from higher lands down to the place where it is required.
		Qanat, a multi-mile subterranean structure, was invented about 750 B.C. for transporting water efficiently in the dry desert climes of the Middle East.
	www.boloji.com /environment/33.htm (1842 words)

	WaterHistory.org
		Most of the evidence we have for the age of qanats is circumstantial; a result of their association with the ceramics or ruins of ancient sites whose chronologies have been established through archeological investigation, or the qanat technology being introduced long ago by people whose temporal pattern of diffusion is known.
		Qanats are still found throughout the regions that came under the cultural sphere of the Persians, Romans, and Arabs.
		Qanats are to this day the major source of irrigation water for the fields and towering hillside terraces that occupy parts of Oman and Yemen.
	www.waterhistory.org /histories/qanats (3031 words)

	SharjahCityGuide.com - Qanat Al Qasba hosts musical concert in aid of Lebanon
		Qanat Al Qasba will host a charity musical concert by ALMA guitar duet on Saturday, September 16th in aid of Lebanon.
		Marwan Al Sarkal, CEO of Qanat Al Qasba Development Authority said "The concert comes after the success of the charity musical concert by renowned Portuguese singer Glenn Perry, where all the proceeds of the concert were allocated for war victims in Lebanon".
		Qanat Al Qasba is always enthusiastic to hold charity activities, and largely contributes in supporting humanitarian projects" Al Sarkal added.
	www.dubaicityguide.com /sharjah/concert.asp (373 words)

	Sapiens Productions produced “Tunnel Vision” a BBC World Earth Report for the Television Trust for the Environment
		Qanats are underground tunnels that tap the groundwater and lead the water artificially to a human settlement and agricultural lands using gravity flow conditions.
		Qanats are not dug anymore because of the dangers that accompany the digging.
		During the First International Conference on Qanats, held in the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2000 by UNESCO and the Yazd Water Authority, one of the main recommendations was the establishment of the Regional Centre for Water Management in Tehran.
	www.sapiensproductions.com /qanats.htm (840 words)

	Saudi Caves - DAHL ABULHOL: THE SPHINX
		Qanat engineering, however, was brought to perfection in Persia, and modern Iran still has over 160,000 kms of qanats, the longest system containing some 27 kms of tunnels.
		Studying aerial photographs, Chris Beekman estimates that La Venta's qanat system was originally 7.8 kilometers long, representing a radiation network meant to tap ground water from at least three sources and conduct it to an old estancia at La Venta where it probably played a major role in the early agriculture of the area.
		Water from the qanat would have allowed year-round farming in an area with a six-month dry season, where the water table is fairly low and the porous jal soaks up surface water like a sponge.
	www.saudicaves.com /saudi/qanat.html (3113 words)

	ICQHS - Mr. Ali Moghani Bashian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Qanat was introduced to Africans by Muslims and Yafuga (a Qanat) was created in Madrid by Muslims about 750 BC.
		Index > Qanat experts > A chat with the qanat practitioner Mr.
		He is legally been elected as a qanat expert as well.
	www.qanat.info /en/moghani.php (232 words)

	Freshwater Fishes of Iran, Introduction - Habitats
		The streams may have their origin in a mountain, a spring or a qanat, but they hold in common a clarity of water, a bare pebble bed, small dimensions (one to a few metres wide and a few centimetres deep) and often a short course.
		Qanats are now rapidly being replaced by pump-wells which are faster and easier to excavate but do not provide fish habitat.
		The qanat fauna is a subset of the basin in which the qanat occurs, comprising small species, broadcast spawners, lacking in specialised food requirements (usually scrapers of aufwuchs or feeding on invertebrates), non-migratory, and widely tolerant of environmental conditions.
	www.briancoad.com /Introduction/Habitats.htm (2835 words)

	Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)
		The ancient Qanat system, which originated in Iran around 800 BC, is a unique methodology to irrigate arid and semi-arid regions.
		Qanats are owned communally; the Qanat water, which is of high quality, is distributed on a rotational basis.
		In order to preserve these benefits it is necessary to maintain the ancient Qanat irrigation systems including their agro-biodiversity on a sustainable basis.
	www.fao.org /sd/giahs/other_iran1.asp (132 words)

	Qanat
		Qanat: type of underground irrigation canal between an aquifer on the piedmont to a garden on an arid plain.
		To make a qanat, one needs a source of water, which may be a real well, but can also be an underground reservoir (e.g., a cave with a lake) or a water-bearing geological layer, which can be recognized as a damp area in an otherwise arid region.
		As the ceramics of the farms at the exit of a qanat offer an indication of its age, it is possible to date the first qanats to the late second millennium B.C.E.; they were constructed in the country that was once known as Maka and is now called Oman.
	www.livius.org /q/qanat/qanat.html (647 words)

	Aflaj Irrigation System
		Qanat in Persia was described in-depth in many literature and have been studied in term of geological, hydrological and social effects on the settlements of the arid regions.
		The falaj system is known in as karez in southeast Asia, foggara in North Africa, and qanat in Persia and west and central Asia reported that the qanat system is associated with Persia, however, under Arab influence this system introduced to North Africa and even to remote places such as Madrid.
		The qanats or aflaj had revolutionized the conditions for agriculture by providing access to groundwater and thereby opening up for colonization of the arid alluvial fans along the inner slops of the mountains.
	www.nizwa.net /agr/falaj/chapter1.html (573 words)

	Qanat Trivia
		The channels of the qanat will be about four feet wide, and muqannis will walk them regularly, cleaning them as sewers are cleaned--and ducking, for bats with eight-inch wingspans live in the qanat tunnels and fly in and out at every exit.
		In the nineteen-fifties, Iranian peasants believed that qanat fish lived forever, needing no nourishment but their own eggs; but then they also believed that the snails which lived in the qanats were actually fish eggs.
		The furthest-west qanats were probably in southern Spain, dug by the Moors: buried watercourses served to irrigate Andalusia, and buried watercourses supplied all the water used by the city of Madrid.
	www.iras.ucalgary.ca /~volk/sylvia/qanat.htm (1532 words)

	The quanats of Iran
		Remnants of the qanat are still in operation.
		TILE HOOPS are piled up near one of the vertical shafts that lead to the conduit tunnel of a qanat under construction in rural Iran.
		MASONRY MOUTH of an Iranian qanat is equipped with a pair of sluice gates that allow diversion of the water into separate canal systems.
	users.bart.nl /~leenders/txt/qanats.html (3445 words)

	One of the Oldest Iranian Qanat Found in Bam - CAIS Archaeological & Cultural Daily News of Iran©
		The oldest qanat (aqueduct) of Iran, dating to the time of the Achaemenids, was discovered during the preliminary studies in a historical city which surfaced near Bam as a result of the earthquake of 26th of December 2003.
		The discovered qanats were systematically constructed in areas where water existed underneath and they routed water toward the farms and residential areas, therefore Adl considers their discovery of importance.
		Iran has many ancient qanats, the construction date of some, such as that of Gonabad, goes back to the Achaemenid era; however none of them have been seriously studied so far.
	www.cais-soas.com /news/2004/june2004/02-06.htm (258 words)

	MENAFN - Middle East North Africa . Financial Network News: Qanat Al Qasba in Sharjah hosts dinner for local media (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Qanat al Qasba and 'Sharjah Tatweer Forum' hosted a dinner for members of the local media to share with them the attractions and activities taking place at Qanat Al Qasba during the Holy Month of Ramadan.
		Sharjah is known for its rich cultural heritage and diversity, and Qanat Al Qasba is committed to portray this to the present generation, leveraging the reach of the media.
		Qanat Al Qasba will also include a total of 58 retail and food and beverage outlets that are based on the ground and first floor of the Northern and Southern Quarters.
	www.menafn.com /qn_news_story_s.asp?StoryId=110556 (505 words)

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