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Topic: Qarakhanid state

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History of Kazakhstan

Kalmyks

William Blake

Vanilla Ice

Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu

1993

	History of Kazakhstan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The earliest well-documented state in the region was the Turkic Kaganate, or Gokturk, Köktürk state, established by the Ashina clan, which came into existence in the 6th century AD.
		In the late 9h century, the Qarluq state was destroyed by invaders who established the large Qarakhanid state, which occupied a region known as Transoxiana, the area north and east of the Oxus River (the present-day Amu Darya), extending into what is now China.
		The Qarakhanids, who accepted Islam and the authority of the Arab Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad during their dominant period, were conquered in the 1130s by the Karakitai, a Turkic confederation from northern China.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan (3819 words)

	The Uighurs / History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Territory of the state was approximately 500,000 sq.km.
		Its borders laid to the west of the town of Qoutchar and far to the East of the town of Khami, to the north of Urumchie and in the south at Khotan.
		The epoch of the Uighur Kingdom Kocho in the east and the Qarakhanid khanate in the west of Qashqar region appeared to be the Golden Age for the Buddhist culture of the Uighurs and for Muslim culture of the related Turks in towns of Qashqar, Yarkend, Khotan, Qouchar and Aqsu.
	the_uighurs.tripod.com /hist.htm (3727 words)

	Tajikistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Of the five Central Asian states that declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Tajikistan is the smallest in area and the third largest in population.
		By the early nineteenth century, the lands of the future Tajikistan were divided among three states: the Uzbek-ruled Bukhoro Khanate, the Quqon (Kokand) Khanate, centered on the Fergana Valley, and the kingdom of Afghanistan.
		State spending for health care and medical equipment in Tajikistan was a fraction of the average for the Soviet Union.
	www.world-news-watch.com /profiles/tajikistan/all.html (17980 words)

	Kazakstan
		The earliest well-documented state in the region was the Turkic Kaganate, which came into existence in the sixth century A.D. The Qarluqs, a confederation of Turkic tribes, established a state in what is now eastern Kazakstan in 766.
		In the late ninth century, the Qarluq state was destroyed by invaders who established the large Qarakhanid state, which occupied a region known as Transoxania, the area north and east of the Oxus River (the present-day Syrdariya), extending into what is now China.
		Prior to that revision, the largest contributions to state income were business-profit taxes (15 percent); a uniform, 20 percent value-added tax (see Glossary), a personal income tax (ranging from 12 to 40 percent and accounting for 16 percent of tax income); and special-purpose revenue funds (17 percent).
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/kazakstan/all.html (17620 words)

	Document - Core Document - Kyrgyzstan
		State policy to protect the reproductive health of the population focuses on maintaining the optimum inter-pregnancy interval and is resulting in a reduced incidence of childbirth in families in risk groups in particular.
		In the tenth century A.D. Kyrgyzstan was the core territory of the Qarakhanid State.
		In the Declaration on the State independence of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan solemnly proclaimed the country to be an independent sovereign State.
	www.hri.ca /fortherecord1999/documentation/coredocs/hri-core-1-add101.htm (4221 words)

	Qarluq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Anonymoused]
		Famed for their woven carpets in the pre-Muslim era, they were considered a vassal state by the Tang Dynasty after the final conquest of the transoxania regions by the Chinese circa 744.
		In the 900's, the Qarakhanids (Kara-Khanid), reputedly a senior Qarluq clan, took over the region held by the old Khanate and created an empire spanning modern northern Iran and parts of Turkestan.
		This region remained under Qarakhanid (and for varying periods Seljuq and Qara-Khitai) control until 1206 when it reverted to a Mongol vassal state.
	anonymouse.org /cgi-bin/anon-www.cgi/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluks (262 words)

	Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		At the same time, the fragmentation of the ‘Abbasid state and the various peripheral challenges posed to the authority of the ‘Abbasid caliph by a number of new dynasties, such as the Saffavids of Sistan, had made it possible for the Ismailis and others to launch their own insurrectional activities.
		Khidr, the local Qarakhanid ruler, was executed in Samarqand in 488/1095 (or earlier in 482/1089) on the accusation of having converted to Ismailism.
		This state, with its central headquarters at the mountain fortress of Alamut, was founded in the midst of the Seljuq sultanate by Hasan-i Sabbah, and it lasted for some 166 years until it collapsed under the onslaught of the Mongol hordes in 654/1256.
	www.iis.ac.uk /research/academic_papers/medieval_ismailis/medieval_ismailis.htm (10655 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Asia - Kazakstan
		Formal responsibility for observation of the republic's laws and for protection of the state's interests is divided among the National Security Committee (successor to the Kazak branch of the KGB), the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the Office of the Procurator General.
		The Constitution states that "no one must be subject to torture, violence or other treatment and punishment that is cruel or humiliating to human dignity;" however, police tortured, in the form of beatings, and otherwise abused detainees, often in order to obtain confessions.
		NGO activists and prison officials stated that domestic violence was a significant factor in the majority of cases of women serving sentences for murder.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/asia_pacific/kazakstan.html (9160 words)

	Tashkent.uz :: : Middle Ages : The state of Khorezmshahs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In 11th and the first part of the 12th centuries Khorezm was a part of the state of Seljuks.
		The advance of Khorezm in 11th century was closely related to the policy of Khorezmshahs from the Turkish dynasty, ascending to Anush-tegin, who was a high ranked official of Amir of Seljuks.
		The interference of Turkish generals in the state affairs considerably contributed to the downfall of the Khorezm nation during the reign of Khorezmshah Mukhammad, the son of Tekesh.
	www.tashkent.uz /cmi/content.htm?short_name=/articles/history/middle_ages/khorezmshah (382 words)

	Tajikistan: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		With the fall of his empire in the 3rd century, the Greco-Bactrian State and the Kingdom of Kushan emerged, and subsequently fell to the onslaught of the advancing Yuechzhi and Tojar steppe tribes.
		The Government decreed a state of emergency, which remained in effect during that yearâs Supreme Soviet (Parliament) elections, in which the Communist Party won 90 per cent of the available seats.
		The Islamic Renaissance Party proposed that the state allow political and religious freedom, but that it be based on Islam, with Sharia (Islamic law) as the law of the land.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=161 (2000 words)

	[No title]
		One branch of the Qarluqs, the Qarakhanids, established a kingdom in eastern Kyrghyzstan and the Kashgar region of southwestern East Turkistan in the mid-ninth century.
		Their fate was to be that of so many of the states which emerged in Mongolia, for their power lasted less than a century and they were driven west by the next nomadic federation to emerge.
		One can imagine how the T'ang were more than pleased to seize the moment of their dissolution in the early 840s to attack their Soghdian Manichaean allies, who had helped the Uighurs put the squeeze on the T'ang treasury.
	www.angelfire.com /vt/OkarResearch/uighur.html (3315 words)

	Articles - Qarluq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In the 600's, the Qarluq tribes formed a Khanate under the rule of a Yagbhu (prince) but were overun by the nasent GokTurks empire in the later stages of the 7th century.
		Famed for their woven carpets in the pre-Muslim era, they were considered a vasal state by the Tang Dynasty after the final conquest of the transoxania regions by the Chinese circa 744.
		This region remained under Qarakhanid (and for varying periods Seljuq and Qara-Khitai) control until 1206 when it reverted to a Mongol vasal state.
	www.quickize.com /articles/Qarluq (249 words)

	[No title]
		An extensive guide to identification of coins of German states, with history and rulers of cities and states and a general monetary history of Germany.
		A catalogue of talers issued by the rulers of German states in the 17th century.
		A discussion of the attribution of copper coinage from the early seventh century AH of the Kharizmshah Muhammad bin Tekish and contemporary Qarakhanids.
	islamiccoinsgroup.50g.com /Jims_Bibliography.txt (16790 words)

	De Bellis In Terra Sancta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Shi'ite state, established in Egypt in the 10th C to challenge the authority of the Sunni Abbasid Caliphate.
		Samanid territory was divided along the Oxus river with Khurasan falling to the Ghaznavids and the Transoxanian provinces to the Qarakhanids.
		The Qarakhanids were not content to remain beyond the Oxus.
	users.actrix.co.nz /moyle/dbits/dbitsp1.html (2735 words)

	The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire - Chapter 14
		During the 930s, Nasr bin Mansur, a prominent member of the Samanid royal family, defected to the Western Qarakhanids and was installed as the governor of Artuch, a small district north of Kashgar.
		Furthermore, if Satuq had ambitions of his own to turn the tide of Western Qarakhanid losses of territory and forge the Turks into a regional power, his move would be facilitated by unifying his people around a new religion.
		The Qarakhanids were the upholders of Turkic tradition, whereas the Ghaznavids favored Iranian culture.
	www.berzinarchives.com /e-books/historic_interaction_buddhist_islamic/history_cultures_14.html (1214 words)

	CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS Journal of Social and Political Studies
		Despite the formal recognition of the authority’s theocratic character, the spheres of activities of the state and spiritual figures were actually separate in the Muslim states of Central Asia.
		Although such a position did not always suit the rulers, we know of cases where some faqihs were arrested and executed, but in the periods of the weakening of state power they used to become leaders of self-government bodies of central cities.
		It should be noted that once the state of a bitter stand-off between the Hanafites and Shafi’ites ceased from the 14th century, the Hanafites came to study Ash’arite and Maturidite works in schools.
	www.ca-c.org /dataeng/09.muminov.shtml (4800 words)

	Qarluq confederation -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The formation of the confederation was preceded by French encroachment in Germany beginning in 1792: all territory west of the Rhine River was annexed outright, and the first steps...
		The document was not fully ratified by the states until March 1, 1781, and it remained in...
		The Dominion's first secretary of state, Archibald was born in Truro, N.S. A lawyer, he sat in the provincial Assembly in 1851–67.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9062105?&query=qarakhanid (664 words)

	History
		After the fall of the Kok Turk Empire in Central Asia, the Uyghurs established their first state in Mongolia in 744, with the city Karabalgasun, on the banks of the Orkhun River, as its capital.
		In AD 932, the Turkic Qarakhanid Dynasty was established, with its initial center in Kashgar.
		In mid-10th cent, the Qarakhanids and Uyghurs converted from Buddhism to Islam under Satuq Bughra Khan (d.955): In 934, during the rule of Satuk Bughra Khan, the Karakhanids embraced Islam.
	www.oqya.5u.com /about.html (1483 words)

	Boris Kochnev
		At the age of 6, he moved with his family from Moscow to Kirghizia where he had his first archaeological experience and fell in love with the ancient history of Central Asia.
		His principal work entitled Qarakhanid Coins: Research into Sources and History and defended as a full doctorate in Moscow in 1993 has become a prominent milestone on the way of oriental numismatics, enabling many t’s in the study of the political, economic, social and cultural history of mediaeval Mawara’annahr and Turkestan to be crossed.
		Boris was a grand master of Qarakhanid numismatics, but no less great was he as a man — smart, courteous, invariably benevolent and responsive, a genuine friend towards his friends.
	info.charm.ru /library/Kochnev-obituary-en.htm (785 words)

	Kara-Khanid Khanate - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Prior to the Qarluk-Uygurs' migration to Turkestan, the great Uygur Khanate of Mongolia, with its Manichaean state religion, its capital in Karabalgasun in northern central Mongolia and its vibrant Sogdian-Chinese hybrid high culture, was destroyed by Khakas, or Kyrgyz nomads from the Baikal region.
		Kushlug, a sworn foe of Genghis Khan, was crushed by the advancing Mongol army along with his Kara-Khitan military state.
		The nomadic elements of the Kara-Khanid and Kara-Khitan states, the Qarluk and Naiman hordes, laid foundation for the modern Kypchak Turkic-speaking cultures of the Kazaks, Kyrgyz and Tatars.
	www.free-definition.com /Qarakhanid-state.html (1131 words)

	The Politics of History in Tajikistan
		Because of the civil war and the ensuing fragility of the centralized state, the ruling elite of Tajikistan has been slow to develop a comprehensive ethno-historical paradigm with elaborate mythology, didactic overlay, and a cohort of martyrs, prophets, and champions of the National Idea.
		They are imbued with the 'Tajik Idea', and all their conquests and territorial acquisitions are regarded as a mission to bring unity, prosperity, and security to the ancient Aryan land: "The Samanid epoch is comparable to European Renaissance in its significance to the Tajik people.
		Bobojan Ghafurov, who served as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Tajikistan between 1946 and 1956, is regarded as a patriot who stood up to Moscow and Tashkent in the noble cause of advancing his republic's culture and composed the first comprehensive history of his people.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~asiactr/haq/200101/0101a003.htm (5600 words)

	Iranica.com - FAÚ÷EQ K¨AÚS®S®A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Fa@÷eq became governor of Balkò and Termedòò, and, when the Qarakhanid Bog@ra@ Khan Ha@ru@n occupied Bukhara, the Samanid capital, in 382/992, he confirmed Fa@÷eq in his post.
		Sebüktigin defeated them in 384/994 and a second time in 385/995, so that Fa@÷eq was forced to flee to the Qarakhanids.
		Treadwell, "The Political History of the Sa@ma@nid State," Ph.D. diss., University of Oxford, 1991.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v9f2/v9f227.html (295 words)

	Central Asian History, Part 1
		The Turkic Qarakhanid dynasty is established, with its initial center in Kashgar.
		The conversion of the Qarakhanids and Uighurs from Buddhism to Islam under Satuq Bughra Khan (d.955).
		The Ghaznavids defeat the Samanids in Khurasan and the Qarakhanids capture Bukhara, the Samanid capital.
	www.oxuscom.com /cahist1.htm (1988 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Topics
		The abundance of public libraries and of schools, even those devoted to higher education, is a shining witness of this attitude and of the extent to which a goal so difficult to be attained was realized in practice.
		In addition, in Islam the promotion of education came to be considered a duty of the state.
		It was developed in the region of Transoxiana and Khorasan, where Turks constituted a significant part of the population, and Turkish kings of the Qarakhanid, Ghaznawid, and Seljuq dynasties were the founders of the earliest of such schools.
	www.muslimheritage.com /topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=436 (986 words)

	Central Asia - East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A local Tibetan state in the highlands astride the Nepalese frontier, north of Katmandu.
		"Poros" was the leader of a local state in the Lahore-Kashmir region who strongly resisted the onslaught of the Macedonian invasion.
		The Purus were a tribe known to have been active in that general region about the same time.
	www.hostkingdom.net /Centasia2.html (1549 words)

	Iranica.com - NUH® (II) B. MANSáUR (I)
		Bog@ra Khan seems also to have received an invitation from some of the local dehqa@ns (q.v.), and to have enjoyed at least the passive acquiescence of the ulema when he invaded Transoxania.
		The Amir could only engage Fa@÷eq K¨a@sásáa to defend his capital, but Fa@÷eq could not withstand the Turkish hordes, and Bog@ra Khan entered Bukhara in 382/992; despite the financial crisis of the later Samanid period, he is said to have found the state coffers full.
		With few forces at his disposal, Nuhá could only call on Sebüktegin again, but the latter, from his position of strength, imposed stringent conditions, and in the end made an agreement with the Ilig Nasár b.
	www.iranica.com /articles/sup/Nuh_b_Mansur.html (1008 words)

	History Forum > From Belief to Enlightenment
		Faith is the state of being confirmed in ignorance.
		In fact it is stated explicitely in the Quran that he was a mere mortal that could make mortal mistakes.
		The Volga Bulgar Khanate was the earliest Turkic state to accept Islam as it's official religion, and the Qarakhanid Empire founded by the Qarluqs followed a few decades later.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t645.html (7201 words)

	Central Asian History, 552 CE - 1157 CE: A Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Their state seems to have been a confederation of various tribal groupings, including the Qarluq, Yaghma, and Chigil, originally occupying an area that encompassed Semireche, present-day Kyrgyzstan, and the western parts of Sinkiang, with Kashgar as its urban center.
		Under Mahmud and his successors Muhammad and Masud (1030-1041), the Ghaznavid state becomes a stable and respected player in the international politics of Inner Asia, enjoying ceremonial summit meetings, concluding treaties, and variously forming marital alliances or fighting battles with the adjoining dynasties of the Qarakhanids and later the Seljukids.
		Bukhara and Samarkand pass from the suzerainty of the Seljuqs to that of the Kara-Khitai, although the practical consequences of this for the native population were limited, since the Kara-Khitai accepted the vassalage of many of the Karakhanid princes who were already ruling there.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/494394 (2305 words)

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