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Topic: Qarakhanids

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	Tashkent.uz :: : Middle Ages : The State of Qarakhanids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Qarakhanids kingdom was spread from Kashgar to Amu Daria and included part of Eastern Turkestan, the Seven Rivers region, Shash, Fergana and ancient Sogd.
		Having conquered Maverranakhr, Qarakhanids destroyed the class of peasants and took their lands and waters, which were later given as an Ikta to army commanders and clergy.
		Qarakhanides were constantly fighting with neighboring state of Gaznavi for the lands of Amu Darya valley that made its negative impact on development of trade and economy.
	tashkent.uz /cmi/content.htm?short_name=/.../state_of_qarakhanids (254 words)

	History of Kazakhstan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the late 9h century, the Qarluq state was destroyed by invaders who established the large Qarakhanid state, which occupied a region known as Transoxiana, the area north and east of the Oxus River (the present-day Amu Darya), extending into what is now China.
		Beginning in the early 11th century, the Qarakhanids fought constantly among themselves and with the Seljuk Turks to the south.
		The Qarakhanids, who accepted Islam and the authority of the Arab Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad during their dominant period, were conquered in the 1130s by the Karakitai, a Turkic confederation from northern China.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan (3819 words)

	J281 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Qarakhanids were a Turkish confederation of Qarluqs, ruled by a Qaghan (Khaqan).
		In the 10th Century the Qarluq became Sunni Muslims and the Qarakhanids were divided into the western half in Transoxania based at Samarkand and Bukhra (Sughd or ancient Sogdiana), and the eastern half based in Balasaghun, Kashgar and Khotan.
		Samanid territory was divided along the Oxus river with Khurasan falling to the Ghaznavids and the Transoxanian provinces to the Qarakhanids.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /historia/coins/j2/j281.htm (336 words)

	Qarakhanid Literature and the Beginnings of Turco-Islamic Culture
		The Qarakhanid Turks converted to Islam in the middle of the tenth century.
		The ultimate reconciliation of the brothers, in the king's presence, demonstrates one of the deep rooted themes of the Irano-Islamic statecraft tradition: that just sovereignty and right religion are twins, born of the same womb, and cannot be separated.
		I have tried to show that the two major Qarakhanid literary monuments, judged on their own terms, were successful in laying a foundation for a Turkic adab: the one in the areas of linguistic scholarship and the recording of national lore; the other in the area of royal wisdom.
	www.ku.edu /carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-2/cam4.html (2629 words)

	The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire - Chapter 17
		After the fall of Khotan, the Qarakhanids could not press further eastward in their campaign to capture the rest of the southern Tarim.
		Although the Qarakhanids did not have the opportunity during this period to seize the southern Tarim east of Khotan, Sino-Khotanese trade, led by Turkic Muslim merchants, was never interrupted.
		Throughout this period, the Qarakhanids sent Muslim merchants from Khotan to the Northern Song capital via the southern Tarim route held by the Tanguts.
	www.berzinarchives.com /e-books/historic_interaction_buddhist_islamic/history_cultures_17.html (2118 words)

	The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire - Chapter 14
		During the 930s, Nasr bin Mansur, a prominent member of the Samanid royal family, defected to the Western Qarakhanids and was installed as the governor of Artuch, a small district north of Kashgar.
		Furthermore, if Satuq had ambitions of his own to turn the tide of Western Qarakhanid losses of territory and forge the Turks into a regional power, his move would be facilitated by unifying his people around a new religion.
		The Qarakhanids were the upholders of Turkic tradition, whereas the Ghaznavids favored Iranian culture.
	www.berzinarchives.com /e-books/historic_interaction_buddhist_islamic/history_cultures_14.html (1214 words)

	Qarakhanid Dynasty -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Early in the 11th century the unity of the Qarakhanid dynasty was fractured by constant internal warfare.
		At the end of the 11th century, the Qarakhanids were forced to accept Seljuq suzerainty.
		With a decline in Seljuq power, the Qarakhanids in 1140 fell under domination of the rival Turkic Karakitai confederation, centred in northern China.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9062103 (845 words)

	Iranica.com - GHAZNAVIDS
		Relations with the Qarakhanids of Transoxania were far from smooth.
		Ghaznavid vassal principalities on the upper Oxus, K¨ottal and Ùa@g@a@n^a@n, were harried by Qarakhanid raiders, and by 425/1034 the outlying province of K¨úa@razm had slipped from Ghaznavid control.
		But most serious for the stability of the empire was the appearance of the O@g@uz Turks or Turkmen, led by members of the Saljuq family.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v10f6/v10f608.html (3383 words)

	Personal Homepage-Cities: Buhara
		It was a leading centre of Islamic learning under the Arabs and the Persian Samanid dynasty, which held the city in the 9th and 10th centuries.
		It later was captured successively by the Qarakhanids and Tatars, and in 1555 it became the capital of an Uzbek emirate.
		The emirate was conquered in 1866 by Russia, which held it as a protectorate from 1868 to 1920; then the emir was removed, and the city was made the capital of the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic.
	www.geocities.com /manny1979/buhoro.html (197 words)

	::: PICTURES OF UZBEKISTAN: BUKHORO :::
		Founded by the 1st century AD, Bukhoro became an important trade and cultural center as well as a leading center of Islamic learning under the Arabs and the Persian Samanid dynasty, which held the city in the 9th and 10th centuries.
		It later was captured successively by the Qarakhanids and Tatars.
		In the 16th century it became the capital of an Uzbek khanate, and in the 18th century became an emirate.
	www.muslimuzbekistan.com /eng/ennews/special/uzbekistan/bukhoro003.html (122 words)

	[No title]
		The Turgish were replaced in Kyrghyzstan and Kazakhstan in the early eighth century by the Qarluq, an Eastern Turk tribe that also embraced Buddhism and also became an ally of the Tibetans.
		One branch of the Qarluqs, the Qarakhanids, established a kingdom in eastern Kyrghyzstan and the Kashgar region of southwestern East Turkistan in the mid-ninth century.
		Another group migrated at that time to the Kashgar region of East Turkistan and followed the Kashgari tradition of Buddhism that was also adopted by the Qarakhanid Turks who began to rule the area a century later.
	www.angelfire.com /vt/OkarResearch/uighur.html (3315 words)

	History of Iran: Ghaznavid Dynasty
		By diplomacy, he made a treaty with the Qarakhanids (Ilek Khanate) recognizing a boundary along the Oxus River that effectively split the territory of the Samanids.
		In 999 CE, the Ghaznavids defeated the Samanids (laying claim to Khurasan) and the Qarakhanids captured Bukhara, the Samanid capital.
		With his kingdom secure, and with encouragement from the Caliph, Mahmud turned his attentions eastward in 1001 CE, vowing to invade India once a year to bring the word of Allah to the Hindu kingdoms of India by fire and sword.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/ghaznavids/ghaznavids.php (1068 words)

	History
		In AD 932, the Turkic Qarakhanid Dynasty was established, with its initial center in Kashgar.
		In mid-10th cent, the Qarakhanids and Uyghurs converted from Buddhism to Islam under Satuq Bughra Khan (d.955): In 934, during the rule of Satuk Bughra Khan, the Karakhanids embraced Islam.
		In 1137, the Qarakhitai defeated the Qarakhanids (now vassals of the Seljuqs) at Khojent and in 1140/41 defeated the Seljuq Sultan Sanjar at the Battle of the Qatwan Steppe, thus gaining power in Transoxiana.
	www.oqya.5u.com /about.html (1483 words)

	De Bellis In Terra Sancta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In 1072 Alp Arslan was fatally wounded (by a disgruntled castellan) in a campaign against the Qarakhanids.
		The Qarakhanids were not content to remain beyond the Oxus.
		Alp-Arslan was forced to campaign against the Qarakhanids in 1072 but this was terminated by his death.
	users.actrix.co.nz /moyle/dbits/dbitsp1.html (2735 words)

	All Empires - The Samanid Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The successors of Ismail could not continue his policy, and they left under the influence of their Turkish guard, who became dominant in the court (Alp-Tegin and later established by him Ghaznawid dynasty), and alongside with the Qarakhanids ended the rule of the Samanids in 999.
		But the Turkish Qarakhanids, who then occupied the greater part of Transoxania, allied with Mahmud and deposed the Samanid Mansur II, taking possession of Khorasan.
		Bukhara fell in 999, and the last Samanid, Ismail II, after a five-year struggle against the Ghaznavid Mahmud and the Qarakhanids, was assassinated in 1005.
	yiannis95.brinkster.net /empires/samanid/samanid1.htm (3054 words)

	Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This is attested by the fact that in 436/1044 Bughra Khan, the ruler of the eastern Qarakhanid kingdom established over the lands of the middle Syr Darya valley, ordered the massacre of a large number of Ismailis who had been converted by the Fatimid da‘is operating in his territories.
		Khidr, the local Qarakhanid ruler, was executed in Samarqand in 488/1095 (or earlier in 482/1089) on the accusation of having converted to Ismailism.
		A new alien age, with the Turks replacing the Arabs, in the Islamic history of the Iranian world was definitely initiated by the coming of the Seljuqs, who threatened the revival of Persian culture and national sentiments.
	www.iis.ac.uk /research/academic_papers/medieval_ismailis/medieval_ismailis.htm (10655 words)

	Chronology
		The Turkic Qarakhanid dynasty is established, with its initial center in Kashgar.
		The conversion of the Qarakhanids and Uyghur from Buddhism to Islam under Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan (d.955).
		The Ghaznavids defeat the Samanids in Khurasan and the Qarakhanids capture Bukhara, the Samanid capital.
	users5.50megs.com /uyghur/History/chronology.html (3371 words)

	Qarakhanid Literature and the Beginnings of Turco-Islamic Culture - By Robert Dankoff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Diwan Lughat at-Turk by Mahmud al-Kashgari, probably completed in 1077, is an encyclopedic lexicon of the Turkic dialects, including citation of proverbs and poetry, with glosses and explanations in Arabic.
		By the eleventh century, ehile the Iranian component of Islamic culture was already well advanced, the Turkic one had yet to be created.
		The ultimate reconciliation of the brothers, in the king’s presence, demonstrates one of the deep rooted themes of the Irano-Islamic statecraft tradition: that just sovereignity and right religion are twins, born of the same womb, and cannot be separated.
	eurasia-research.com /erc/004cam.htm (2698 words)

	Islam Genealogy 6
		The Qarakhanid belonged to the Qarluq tribal confederation.
		At the end of the 11th century, the Qarakhanids were forced to accept Seljuk suzerainty.
		In 1211 the Qarakhanids were defeated by the Khwarazm Shah Ala'ad Din Muhammad.
	www.aoti76.dsl.pipex.com /islam_gen6.htm (169 words)

	FANTASIA -> Kazakhstan -> Culture -> History
		Samanid dynasty with their capital in Bukhara was inhabiting the very south of Kazakhstan in 9th century AD and developed here famous cities of Otyrar And Yassy (Turkistan) which became an important trade centers on the Great Silk Road.
		Other kind of Turks were Qarakhanids (Karahanids) who replaced Samanids but kept their settled lifestyle as well as religion Islam.
		In about 1130 Qarakhanids were displaced by Karakitais, a buddists moving from Mongolia and Northern China.
	www.fantasticasia.net /?p=244 (382 words)

	Samarkand
		Among other things, Samarkand was the first place where the Arabs experimented with making paper, a skill they learnt from the Chinese after defeating them at the Battle of Talas (751).
		The power of the caliph was subsequently replaced by a succession of dynasties: the Samanids (875), the Qarakhanids (999), the Seljuks (1073), the Qarakhitai (1141), and the Khwarezmians (1210).
		During this time, Samarkand was no mean city: it has been estimated that its population in the tenth century was over half a million.
	www.umid.uz /Main/Uzbekistan/History/Samarkand/samarkand.html (560 words)

	[No title]
		In Samarkand itself, even after the Arab conquest in 750, the centre of the city continued to be located on Afrasiyab but firm Arab control in the region was not established before the middle of the eighth century (CE).
		The Samanids, a dynasty of Persians or as the Russians call them, Tadzhiks, established Bukhara as their capital, and it was under their rule that the cities of Transoxiana became major centres of Muslim learning.
		The Samanids were in their turn replaced at the end of the tenth century by the Qarakhanids, and the city continued to grow and prosper.
	www.salaam.co.uk /themeofthemonth/july02/samarkand.html (918 words)

	[No title]
		Embroiled in family rifts and warring with the powerful Ghaznavid realm of Mahmud, the Qarakhanids of Transoxiana were also beset by the Khitans and then the powerful Seljuqs.
		By 1089, the Qarakhanids of Bukhara and Samarqand were in vassalage to the Seljuqs.
		Qarakhanid coinage has long been one of the least understood of the many Islamic series, largely as a result of the bewildering array of nomenclature cited on coins.
	www.russian-coins.net /auc7tob4.htm (2494 words)

	Central Asia: West (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In the 990s a powerful Karluk clan, the Qarakhanids, took control of northern Iran and parts of Turkestan, establishing an empire that lasted (though often under Seljuq or Qara-Khitai control) until the year 1212.
		It is unclear whether the Qarakhanids were originally ruling clan of the Karluks or whether they seized control.
		The Qarakhanids, or Ilig Khans, were an Uighur Karluk sept inhabiting the steppes to the north of Transoxiana.
	www.hostkingdom.net /centasia.html (2210 words)

	All Empires - The Seljuk Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Seljuks helped the Samanids in their struggle against the Western Qarakhanids, but the Samanid capital Bukhara fell and the Samanid lands were overrun by the Qarakhanids and Gaznavids.
		Armenians, Georgians, Abbasids, Qarakhanids and Gaznawids were now the vassals of the Seljuk sultans.
		While he was dealing with those rebels, the nomadic Kara-Khitais invaded from the East and destroyed the Eastern Qarakhanids, who were also important vassals of the Seljuks.
	yiannis95.brinkster.net /empires/seljuk/seljuk1.htm (1761 words)

	ONSNUMIS.ORG - Meeting of the Oriental Numismatic Society in Jena 17/18 April 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Analyses of fragments of Bukhar Khuda coins from the Kum Sovtan finds, which M. Ravich kindly undertook in 1989 at the request of the speaker, showed that this effect was achieved by the chemical process of surface enrichment.
		According to the coins, the city of Uzgend was in the hands of the Western Qarakhanid ruler ‘Adud al-Daula Kuch Tegin in the years 421/1030 to 423/1031-2.
		The coins of Akhsiket, Kasan, Marghinan and Khojend provide further interesting information on other Qarakhanid appanage rulers of the Ferghana region and their suzerains of this very period.
	www.onsnumis.org /news/jena99.shtml (3911 words)

	[No title]
		To shift one madhhab to another is like wise academically and theoretically possible;but in pratice it is not easy to be applied,even not advisable to the common type of muslims who have no solid background for their own ijtihad.
		Qarakhanids in the Islamic History are ones who favoured Hanefite madhhab and produced a tremendous amount of books on Hanefite School of Thought which today are first hand Fiqh sources.
		They produced marvellous literature of Fiqh not yet surpassed, I believe.Their books are today's best reference sources still held in the hands of Arab and non-arab muslim scholars all over the world.
	www.iant.com /imam/book.txt (13945 words)

	The Samanids (DBA III/43c)
		Mahmud of Ghazna declared himself Emir (in deference to the Caliph) but also took the title Sultan, declaring formal independence from the Samanids.
		He then struck a treaty with the Qarakhanids (Ilek Khanate) of Kashgaria recognizing a mutual boundary along the Oxus river that effectively split the territory of the Samanids in half.
		In 999 AD, the Ghaznavids defeated the Samanids (laying claim to Khorasan) and the Qarakhanids captured Bukhara, the Samanid capital, thus bringing an end to the Samanid list.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/III43c.html (621 words)

	Chronological Timeline
		The clan of Seljuq (SelchÅq), a chief of the Oghuz, having converted to Islam, support the Samanids against the Qarakhanids in the fight for Bukhara (Qarakhanid conquest 992).
		991-1124 The Turkish Qarakhanids (or llek-Khans) in Transoxiana (Bukhara) and eastern Turkestan.
		With the end of Samanid authority in central Asia, the Oxus becomes the dividing-line between the Qarakhanids and the Ghaznavids.
	www.princeton.edu /~batke/itl/chron.html (6732 words)

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