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	Qian Xuesen - alleged spy and father of China's space program
		Vilified as a spy by the United States, Qian Xuesen was accused, detained and deported by Washington before becoming the father of China's rocketry and space program.
		Now 92, Qian, who has always denied the allegations, will no doubt be watching with satisfaction as China finally prepares to send its first man into orbit, 42 years after the Soviet Union and the Americans.
		Born in Shanghai in 1911, he was a brilliant student, graduating from the Mechanical Engineering Department of Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1934 before enrolling in Beijing's Tsinghua University for studying abroad with public funds.
	www.spacedaily.com /2003/031014044755.dafsbhp5.html (315 words)

	C-SPAN: Report on Chinese Espionage
		Qian Xuesen was a Chinese citizen who was trained in the United States and who worked on classified programs including the Titan ICBM program.
		Qian Xuesen became instrumental in the PRC's ballistic missiles program, where he is known as the "father of China's ballistic missile force." A biography of Qian published in the PRC states that he "made significant contributions to the rapid development of Chinese rockets [and] missiles, as well as space flight." 3
		Qian was invited back to the PRC and, after negotiations between the U.S. Government and the PRC, Qian was allowed to return to the PRC in 1955.
	www.christusrex.org /www2/china/Missiles/page1.html (2083 words)

	Shuguang 1
		Qian Xuesen was charged by Chairman Mao to determine which institutes would be charged with developing the rocket, the unmanned satellite, and the manned spacecraft.
		Qian Xuesen was reduced to the status of ordinary worker.
		Qian Xuesen was appointed Assistant Director to the National Defence Science Committee for the project.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/shuuang1.htm (4743 words)

	Chinese Father of Missile -- Qian Xuesen
		Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist in modern China, is a member of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering.
		In 1939, Qian received PhD degrees of both aerospace and mathematics and left the school to be a teacher, as well as a researcher studying the applied mechanics and rocket and missile theories.
		Qian is a forerunner pioneering the development of China's aerospace science and technology.
	www.chinaculture.org /gb/en_aboutchina/2003-09/24/content_26404.htm (307 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: China: Missile Chronology
		Qian Xuesen enrolls at the California Institute of Technology to pursue a doctorate in aerospace and mathematics.
		Qian Xuesen is accused of being a communist and arrested during the McCarthy-led anti-communism crusades.
		Qian Xuesen is deported back to China as part of a prisoner exchange for 74 American Prisoners of War from the Korean War.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/China/Missile/5657.html (2131 words)

	main (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chinese scientific and technological circles convened Monday to celebrate the 90th anniversary of the birth of the well-known scientist Qian Xuesen.
		Qian's personal development has mirrored the advancement of the country's science and technology, Song said, stating that Qian is an outstanding example of a modern day gifted Chinese.
		Qian was awarded the CAS top prize for natural sciences in 1957 and its top prize for national scientific and technological advancement in 1985.
	www.tibetinfor.com.cn /en/news/2001/12/c126251.htm (182 words)

	Premier Wen calls on scholoars in hospital
		Qian, one of China's most prominent scientists and founders of space science, is also 94 years old.
		Wen told Qian that China is now busy with the drafting of a development program for science and technology, which has defined the key development areas and technologies in addition to a dozen special projects of vital importance.
		Qian, who is knowledgeable in quite a few areas, urging great attention being given to training talents with innovative capabilities.
	www2.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2005-07/31/content_464924.htm (459 words)

	New Scientist Premium- Chinese scientist speaks out for freedom - This Week
		Qian's statements are being seen in the West as one of the first signs of open disagreement with the Chinese authorities since last year's events in Tiananmen Square.
		Qian was speaking to an audience of several hundred scientists who were brought together on 22 February during a meeting of the Chinese Association of Science and Technology, of which he is the honorary president.
		Qian also said that he hoped that research institutions in his country would 'play to the full the democracy of ideas' - a position which is similar to that of Fang Lizhi.
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg12517070.600.html (277 words)

	Qian Xuesen, father of US and Chinese rockets - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Qian Xuesen became instrumental in the PRC's ballistic missiles program, where he is known as the "father of China's ballistic missile force." A biography of Qian published in the PRC states that he "made significant contributions to the rapid development of Chinese rockets [and] missiles, as well as space flight."
		Qian was also the first director of the PRC's Fifth Academy, which was responsible for aeronautics and missile development research.14 Today, the Fifth Academy is known as the China Aerospace Corporation (CASC), and its current Director is PRC Minister Liu Jiyuan.
		Qian Xuesen is an outstanding scientist of China and one of the founding fathers of the country's space science.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=6648 (7941 words)

	China Space Program: Brief History From Qian Xuesen To Project 921
		Qian Xuesen (usually printed Tsien Hsue-Shen) leaves Shanghai for graduate studies at MIT and later, at the urging of renowned rocket scientist Theodor Von Karman, himself only recently arrived in the USA from Hungary, continuing studies and research at Cal Tech.
		Qian Xuesen and Von Karmen went to Germany at the end of World War II and helped coordinate "Operation Paperclip" that brought the Nazi rocket scientists, particularly the famous Werner Von Braun, to the United States.
		A victim of this unhappy period was Qian Xuesen who became a virtual prisoner after he was accused of being a communist conspirator.
	www.sinomania.com /CHINANEWS/Chinese_Space_Program_In_Historical_Perspective.htm (718 words)

	Made in China: The Revenge of the Nerds - Asia News - TIME Asia Web Exclusive, Wednesday, Jun. 27, 2001
		Qian Xuesen, a protégé of Theodore von Karman and the father of the Chinese space program, taught at MIT in 1940s and returned to China in 1955.
		In the early 1980s Qian proposed that by the year 2000, all cadres should be college graduates, that all leaders at county and bureau level should hold masters degrees, and all full or deputy ministers and provincial governors should hold PhDs.
		Qian also likened the government to the design department in an aerospace engineering outfit: He said it should be mainly composed of scientists and engineers.
	www.time.com /time/asia/news/column/0,9754,165453,00.html (1014 words)

	Forum Held To Mark 90th Birth Anniversary of Qian Xuesen
		Chinese scientific and technological circles convened here Monday to celebrate the 90th anniversary of the birth of the well-known scientist Qian Xuesen.
		Qian's personal development has mirrored the advancement of thecountry's science and technology, Song said, stating that Qian is an outstanding example of a modern day gifted Chinese.
		Qian was awarded the CAS top prize for natural sciences in 1957and its top prize for national scientific and technological advancement in 1985.
	www.cctv.com.cn /english/news/20011210/75261.html (191 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Opinion
		It was actually Qian Xuesen who laid the scientific and technological foundations of China’s space programme.
		Ironically, in the midst of the McCarthy hysteria that had gripped the US in the mid-Fifties, Qian was expelled from the US in 1955 after staying and prospering in that country for twenty years.
		Qian, who was a rocket specialist with several theoretical contributions still standing to his name, had also served in the US army.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1031016/asp/opinion/story_2463532.asp (1141 words)

	Qian Xuesen - alleged spy and father of China's space program
		BEIJING, Oct 15 (AFP) - Vilified as a spy by the United States, Qian Xuesen was accused, detained and deported by Washington before becoming the father of China's space program.
		But, despite excelling in his field, founding the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of Pasadena, and being commended by the US Air Force for his contributions, intelligence agencies in the United States were suspicious of the brilliant scientist.
		Qian was accused of harboring Communist sympathies and stripped of his security clearance in 1950, although he was never actuallycharged with espionage.
	quickstart.clari.net /qs_se/webnews/wed/ag/Qchina-space-father.RFZm_DOE.html (321 words)

	Asteroid Named After Rocket Pioneer
		Jiang Ying, Qian's wife, and nearly 200 scientists and technology specialists from throughout the country attended the ceremony.
		Born in Shanghai on December 11, 1911, Qian obtained his Ph.D. at the California Institute of Technology in the United States.
		Qian was awarded the CAS top prize for natural sciences in 1957 and a top prize for national scientific and technological advancement in 1985.
	www.cctv.com.cn /english/news/20011221/76755.html (158 words)

	[FPSPACE] Chinese contributions to MRE success...from spacedaily (People's Daily)
		As Shen Yuxian, JPL communications and radar expert introduced, Qian = Xuesen, the famous physicist who was dubbed as "Father of Rocket", is = just one of the three founders of JPL.
		Shen said that Qian was in charge = of the department responsible for ballistic simulation with mathematics.
		Shen said that Qian was in charge of the = department=20 responsible for ballistic simulation with mathematics.
	www.friends-partners.org /pipermail/fpspace/2004-January/011055.html (826 words)

	Asiaweek.com
		Qian went to the U.S. in 1935 as a student and stayed to work in the rocket program.
		Though he never was a communist in America, Qian later made the necessary compromises and a grateful Chinese leadership has showered him with honors.
		In some ways, this is the sad story of a scientist who probably wanted nothing more than to work peacefully in the lab and classroom, but was pushed one way and another by the great political currents of his era, from McCarthyism to Maoism.
	www.pathfinder.com /asiaweek/96/0315/feat1.html (574 words)

	India-China Trade Relations
		Ironically, in the midst of the McCarthy hysteria that had gripped the USA in the mid-1950s, Qian was expelled from the USA in 1955 after staying and prospering in that country for twenty years.
		Prior to that, he was highly distinguished member of the faculty of the prestigious California Institute of Technology (Caltech) at Pasadena where he was a co-founder of the famous Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
		While other noted scientists and technologists of his generation spent their time in political parikramas in New Delhi, Dhawan never moved out of Bangalore, insulated ISRO from political and bureaucratic interference and enhanced the institutional character and strength of ISRO by the manner in which he conducted himself in retirement.
	www.asiasource.org /trade/thirteen.cfm (1201 words)

	Go Taikonauts! - News Archive
		Qian is one of the pioneers of China's space science.
		During the meeting, the Chinese president and Qian shared a lively chat on the trial flight of the Shenzhou spacecraft and the new developments in China's science and technology.
		Qian, who is about to celebrate his 88th birthday, agreed, and made some suggestions on the further developments of science and technology, and national defense.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/launchpad/1921/news-18.htm (1344 words)

	University of Science and Technology of China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hua Luogeng (1910-1985) - Pioneer of modern mathematics research and edcation in China, former Chairman of the Department of Mathematics and Vice-president of USTC.
		Qian Xuesen (1911-) - Father of missiles of China, former Chairman of the Department of Mechanics with USTC.
		Qian Linzhao (1906-1999) - Famous physicist and educator, pioneer of scientific history and education in China, former Vice-president of USTC.
	72.51.33.237 /cgi-bin/nph-surf.cgi/010110A/uggc/ra.jvxvcrqvn.bet/jvxv/Havirefvgl_bs_Fpvrapr_naq_Grpuabybtl_bs_Puvan (2175 words)

	Stefan Landsberger's Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages--Qian Xuesen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Qian Xuesen (1911, Zhejiang Province) is widely considered as the father of the Chinese space program.
		After his return in 1956, Qian became director of the Fifth Academy under the Ministry of National Defense and helped reverse-engineer a Soviet R-2 rocket, an improved version of the German V-2 developed by Werner von Braun that had been left behind by Soviet advisers.
		On the basis of the work Qian did under marshal Nie Rongzhen, head of the PLA military industrial complex, China's first ICBMs were developed, which helped launch the first satellite in 1970.
	www.iisg.nl /~landsberger/qxs.html (257 words)

	Renowned Scientist Qian Xuesen Views 'Three Represents'
		At an old age, lying in his bed, Comrade Qian Xuesen began reading those books in real earnest, reflecting on the theory.
		Comrade Qian noted: In his speech, General Secretary Jiang stated that with the arrival of the new century, China has entered a new stage of development, with stress on comprehensively building a comparatively well-off society and expediting a socialist modernization drive.
		Comrade Qian Xuesen stated: In one word, General Secretary Jiang Zemin's important thinking of "Three Represents" is rich in content.
	www.fas.org /news/china/2002/062402qian.html (3099 words)

	Iris Chang and the Cox Report, also Kashiwashobo
		Qian got prominent mention in the Cox Report on Chinese espionage.
		Japanese publisher Kashiwashobo cancelled publication of a translation of Chang's "Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II" when Chang refused to make changes that were being pushed by Japanese nationalists disputing Chang's book that presses on Japan's raw nerve of World War II crimes.
		Chang had choice words for the Cox Report and the Committee and was more or less told by the Committee to take their word that Qian was a spy.
	www.mail-archive.com /fukuzawa@ucsd.edu/msg07267.html (208 words)

	TIMEasia.com
		But in 1955, Qian suspiciously loses his security clearances and is fired from U.S. ballistic-missile programs.
		Once home, he takes charge of ballistic-missile development, and today he is regarded as the father of China's missile force, awarded the highest honors a scientist can achieve.
		Qian is the brains behind the 20-odd '50s-era ICBMs, including those Beijing currently targets at the U.S. Was he a spy?
	www.time.com /time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990607/cover1.html (620 words)

	The New York Review of Books: Washington: The Yellow Peril
		In the early 1950s, at the height of the McCarthy era, 'allegations arose' (as the Cox report so vaguely and aptly puts it) that Qian Xuesen, a Chinese-born American rocket scientist, was a spy for the People's Republic of China.
		Qian had fled the Japanese invasion of China in 1935, emigrated to the United States, and earned a master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a doctorate from the California Institute of Technology.
		He was recognized as one of the world's foremost experts on jet propulsion, commissioned as a colonel in the US Air Force, and honored for the pioneering work he had done for his adopted country, including development of the Titan intercontinental ballistic missile.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/article-preview?article_id=421 (378 words)

	Pravda.RU:Chinese space exploration: When will a Chinese cosmonaut fly into space?
		Xuesen was released only after five years only, after the 'quarantine' during which he was not allowed access to the secret information.
		Xuesen became the supervisor of the research works in the field, but the Chinese spaceships of the Shenzhou type looked like the Russian Soyuz, specialists say.
		At the same time, when the Chinese von Broun managed to reach China, there were other bearers of fresher secrets there - from the country, which could 'launch ambassador Liu Xiao into space.' The Chinese students who graduated from Russian universities and Soviet experts of nuclear and missile technologies.
	newsfromrussia.com /main/2002/04/03/27327_.html (782 words)

	Secrecy News 07/26/02
		Qian Xuesen, the scientist who was deported from the United States in the 1950s under suspicion of espionage and who went on to become the architect of the Chinese ballistic missile program, surfaced last month in the Chinese press to endorse President Jiang Zemin's quasi-neo-Marxist doctrine of "the three represents" (don't ask).
		"The allegations that [Qian] was spying for the PRC are presumed to be true," the congressional Cox Committee on Chinese espionage declared in 1999.
		Scientists are grappling with the question of their responsibility for the consequences of the research that they publish, according to a July 26 report in the New York Times.
	www.fas.org /sgp/news/secrecy/2002/07/072602.html (849 words)

	Chinese contribute to US Mars explorations
		The report cited the three experts on Mars research as saying that Chinese scientists made tremendous contribution to the Mars exploration, which can be traced back to half a century ago.
		As Shen Yuxian, JPL communications and radar expert introduced, Qian Xuesen, the famous physicist who was dubbed as "Father of Rocket", is just one of the three founders of JPL.
		Shen said that Qian was in charge of the department responsible for ballistic simulation with mathematics.
	www2.chinadaily.com.cn /en/doc/2004-01/07/content_296533.htm (507 words)

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