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Topic: Qianlong Emperor

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List of Emperors of the Qing Dynasty

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Jiaqing Emperor of China

	Qianlong Encyclopedia Article @ Endured.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Qianlong Emperor (born Hongli, September 25, 1711 – February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China.
		Qianlong was a prolific poet and a collector of ceramics, an art which flourished in his reign; a substantial part of his collection is in the Percival David Foundation in London.
		Qianlong was the son of Chen Yuanlong of Haining.
	www.endured.net /encyclopedia/Qianlong (2028 words)

	CHINA: THE THREE EMPERORS, 1662-1795: The Qianlong Emperor (r. 1736–95)
		Moreover the Qianlong Emperor saw himself in the role of preserver and restorer of the Chinese cultural heritage.
		The Qianlong Emperor was a passionate poet and essayist.
		Most particular to the Qianlong Emperor is another type of inscription, revealing a unique practice of dealing with works of art that he seems to have developed for himself.
	www.threeemperors.org.uk /index.php?pid=19 (482 words)

	ArtScope.net: Splendors of China's Forbidden City
		Qianlong's grandfather, the emperor Kangxi, had begun the consolidation of this diverse China after the Manchu conquest; Yongzheng, Qianlong's father, continued that consolidation with economic reform.
		Emperor Qianlong's Pleasure during Snowy Weather is a successful blending of Eastern and Western aesthetics, as evidenced in the contrast between the traditional ink-wash 'screens' of pine branches and ornamental stone framing the right side of the image, and the realistic architecture and individualized portraits of the twelve subjects.
		Emperor Qianlong's Pleasure during Snowy Weather shows the hybrid effect when the two visual systems were combined: on the one hand, the solid, Western architecture; on the other, the pine branches and distant rooftops, here floating in a mist.
	www.artscope.net /VAREVIEWS/forbiddencity0804.shtml (2980 words)

	Jiaqing Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Jiaqing Emperor (November 13, 1760 – September 2, 1820) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1796 to 1820.
		Son of the famous Qianlong Emperor, he is remembered for his prosecution of Heshen (和珅), the infamously corrupt favorite of Qianlong Emperor (Gaozong), as well as for attempts to restore the state and curb the smuggling of opium inside China.
		This novelty was introduced by his father the Qianlong Emperor who thought it not proper to have a whole generation of people changing their names on his son's accession to the throne.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jiaqing_Emperor (879 words)

	Qing art
		The emperors represented themselves at the centre of the universe in the eyes of their courtiers and subjects: as rulers, patrons of the arts and conquerors, as the creators of a great state, as ardent Buddhists and as eminent figures within China's ancient scholarly traditions.
		Court robes worn by the emperors, a carved lacquer throne and screen, incense burners and metalwork cranes are arranged in a formal court setting typical for the Qing dynasty; cranes are the symbols of long life and the word for "crane" is a homonym for the word for "harmonious".
		However, the Kangxi Emperors initial toleration of the Jesuits was eroded by papal envoys' insistence on overall papal authority over Chinese Catholics; the Yongzhen Emperor banned Christianity altogether, as did his son, the Qianlong Emperor.
	www.cosmopolis.ch /english/art/68/qing_art.htm (1027 words)

	Qing1
		Qianlong collected with obsession, he inscribed paintings with his personal calligraphy, had his poems carved on ancient jade objects, and finally “embodied” paintings as bodhisattva Manjushri, the bodhisattva of endless wisdom and enlightenment.
		Qianlong’s wish to be seen as the reincarnation of Manjushri may not have been an exclusively political tactic as some historians believe.
		The emperor had converted to Tibetan Buddhism in 1745 and is said to have studied the sutras daily.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~inaasim/qinglong/MingQing/Qing1.htm (613 words)

	Qianlong and Wenmiao
		Qianlong's conception of wen in this inscription is based on the theory of Su Shi, whom he quotes, and in one respect is contrary to the Cheng/Zhu orthodoxy that dominated the bureaucracy and the imperial Hanlin academy during the Qing.
		Qianlong's view of himself as a sage in the ancient, superhuman sense should be seen alongside the other models of sacred rulership on which he drew: the Mongol / Manchu khan, the Buddhist chakravartin / dharmaraja, and the Tibetan Buddhist bodhisattva incarnation.
		Qianlong, though--despite (or because of?) having been rigorously schooled in the Confucian classics and the Cheng/Zhu commentaries--seems to have used Confucianism mainly as a way of controlling and legitimating Qing rule to the Han literati and bureaucratic establishments.
	www2.kenyon.edu /Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Wenmiao.htm (5488 words)

	Splendors of China's Forbidden City
		Qianlong himself was one of China’s great art collectors and the works from the Palace Museum give a vivid sense of court life in 18th-century China and of Qianlong’s personal tastes, including his religious interests.
		To fully explore the ways in which the emperor’s various roles, interests and his careful balancing of power were expressed in the artworks of his time, the exhibition curators have laid out the exhibition in five themes that unfold as the visitor moves from room to room.
		Qianlong remained devoted to his wife Xiaoxian, even after her untimely death; the way he valued her can be seen in the unusual way the empress raises her hand in a gesture of power, rather than folding it, and in the fact that she sits on a dragon throne, rather than the female phoenix throne.
	www.asianart.com /exhibitions/forbiddencity/intro.html (1702 words)

	Krone - Forbidden City
		Emperor Qianlong ruled China for sixty years, from 1735 to 1795.
		Qianlong’s great gift was a genius for organization and administration, and while he retained much of the government structure established by his Ming Dynasty predecessors, he made two fundamental changes that would become one of his great legacies.
		Qianlong enjoyed hunting as a respite from the rigors of government and politics.
	www.kronepen.com /le/imagery/forbidden.html (579 words)

	The carved rock crystals of Emperor Qianlong Magazine Antiques - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Qianlong, who reigned from 1736 to 1795 and died in 1799, was one of the greatest patrons and collectors of Chinese rock crystal carvings ever.
		The myth exemplifies how from the earliest dynastic times, emperors perceived such treasures as bronzes, paintings, calligraphy, and hardstone carvings to be emblems of imperial authority that helped legitimize their position as rulers.
		Emperor Qianlong's interest in Chinese art and connoisseurship followed those established by his father and grandfather, but he played an even more active role in the arts than they had.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1026/is_3_157/ai_60370497 (866 words)

	ArtScope.net: Splendors of China's Forbidden City (book review )
		Qianlong himself, a Manchu, was twenty-six when he assumed the throne of the Qing dynasty in 1736 -- an eager young regent taking up the reins of government from two capable forebears, his grandfather Kangxi and his father Yongzheng, both emperor before him.
		Although Qianlong had a definite political advantage in appealing to both his constituencies, in neither of these areas was he merely being 'politically correct': he was a genuinely skilled hunter as befit his Manchu roots, as well as an ardent follower of the scholarly pursuits so valued by the Han Chinese.
		Castiglione was the emperor's main portrait painter, and the works illustrated in Splendors of China's Forbidden City include the splendid inaugural portrait Portrait of the Qianlong emperor at the age of twenty-five (Color on silk: 95-3/8 x 70-1/2 in.: c.
	www.artscope.net /VAREVIEWS/forbiddencitybook0904.shtml (1905 words)

	Soulstealers - China History Forum, chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong ruled from 1644, with the capture of Peking, to 1799 with the death of Qianlong.
		Qianlong was obsessed with literature, classics, philosophy, prose, poetry and was also interested in the advancements of sciences such as mathematics, astronomy, and geography (Spence 100, 102).
		Qianlong did as much as he could to create a functional and efficient government which focused on minimizing corruption, however “China in the Qianlong period was being reshaped by economic and demographic forces of which the emperor and his court were aware but which were far beyond their control” (Wills 232).
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=2951 (3655 words)

	Qing Dynasty - China History - China
		Emperor Kangxi commanded the most complete dictionary of Chinese characters ever put together at the time, and under Emperor Qianlong, the compilation of a catalogue of the important works on Chinese culture was made.
		The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor, the mother of child emperor Tongzhi Emperor of ChinaTongzhi, and Aunt of Guangxu Emperor of ChinaGuangxu successfully controlled the Qing government and was the de facto leader of China for close to 40 years.
		During the Qianlong Emperor's reign, for example, members of his family were distinguished by garments with a large circular emblem on the back, whereas a Han could only hope to wear clothing with a square emblem; this meant effectively that any guard in the court could immediately distinguish family members from the back view alone.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Qing_Dynasty (4919 words)

	USF Center for the Pacific Rim :: Pacific Rim Report No.27
		Qianlong was twenty-four when he came to the throne, and Lang Shining by this time was a venerable court servant of forty-seven.
		Qianlong from the very beginning of his reign was warm and solicitous of them, fascinated by the skill of his workers.
		Qianlong and Lang Shining were both at their best when they were doing what they loved: the emperor receiving his subjects and their gift horses; the artist painting the beautiful, spirited tribute horses that were brought to Qianlong [Figure 9].
	www.pacificrim.usfca.edu /research/pacrimreport/pacrimreport27.html (6764 words)

	Association for Asia Research- Qianlong exhibition: every artifact tells a story
		In the painting "Qianlong Hunting Tiger" he show his fearlessness that underscored the daunting character of a Manchu leader, a minority ethnic group in China.
		As commander and chief of the army, Qianlong expanded the empire to become the largest in history.
		Behind the priceless objects lies the persona of Qianlong, who chose the path of peace, which resulted in prosperity, allowed religious freedom that led to harmony for the 300 million people he ruled, and challenged the people of China to explore the many aspects of life, resulting in innovative and technological advances during his reign.
	www.asianresearch.org /articles/2061.html (640 words)

	Mini biographies and paintings of Qing officers... - China History Forum, chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Qianlong Emperor was not only the patron of this mammoth project, but also carefully supervised the whole process involved in the genesis of these paintings.
		The Qianlong Emperor was fascinated by the true perspective and by the play of light and shadow (chiaroscuro), which made figures in engravings and woodcuts as well as in oil paintings so much more substantial and lively.
		As the Emperor abhorred spotted faces and allowed oil colours, because of their glossy surface, to be used only for sketches, almost all surviving portraits of the imperial family and officers are executed in ink and colours and in a Chinese-Western style, which achieves plasticity by modelling the faces through shading.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=3598 (4741 words)

	Qianlong Meets Macartney: Collision of Two World Views. A One Act Play. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		For example, the Qianlong Emperor was exceedingly devoted to his mother and went to extraordinary lengths to exhibit his filiality.
		The Qianlong emperor studied Tibetan and Sanskrit with a Mongolian representative of the Tibetan Yellow (Gelugpa) sect and was depicted in Tibetan sanctuaries as a universal Buddhist peacemaker.
		I’ve reported to the Emperor that they are deeply ashamed of their loutish behavior and are practicing the kneelings and prostrations—well, sort of.
	www.aasianst.org /EAA/watt.htm (7010 words)

	Sotheby's - Services & Information - Press Releases
		The Qianlong reign (1736-1795) was the most splendid era of the Qing dynasty, and perhaps the most luxurious in all Chinese history.
		Qianlong was a collector of works of art as well as a poet and scholar in his own right.
		Qianlong was also extremely interested in Western science and art and invited foreign missionary artists to work at his court.
	www.shareholder.com /bid/news/20030404-105701.cfm (915 words)

	Generic Template
		The 2nd saber is named "Tai-ah", a name given by Qianlong, the same name as that of a famous sword forged by the legendary swordsmith "Ouye" of the Warring States Period.
		The 4th saber is one of Emperor Qianlong's goosequill sabers (yanmaodao) with gold beads embedded in the shark-skin wrapping over the scabbard, shaped like dragons; intricate rubies also adorn the fittings.
		This saber appears to be one of the several Imperial sabers, commissioned by Emperor Qianlong and by other high-ranking officials, and made by the Imperial Workshops, which have the ridged cross-section and 2 fullers, one short and one long, on both sides of the blade.
	thomaschen.freewebspace.com (374 words)

	Splendors of China’s Forbidden City: The Glorious Reign of Emperor Qianlong
		Emperor Qianlong (cheeyen-loong) ruled for 60 years (1736–1795), during China’s last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty.
		The emperor is best known to art historians as a collector who amassed the largest collection of art known up to that point in China.
		Qianlong is credited with pacifying the warring territories of western China, fostering innovation in the arts, and commissioning a comprehensive edition of all existing Chinese literature.
	www.travellady.com /Issues/December04/1118SplendorsofChina.htm (726 words)

	Qinglong's Letter to King George (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Another custom of theirs was that whoever approached the throne of the emperor must perform the kowtow, that is, must kneel three times, and at each kneeling must bow three times till his head touched the floor.
		This was the way in which the greater idols were approached and signified that the emperor was a god.
		The emperor finally agreed to admit the ambassador, who bent his knee, as he would have done before his own sovereign.
	www.wellesley.edu /Polisci/wj/China/qianlong.html (2156 words)

	Envisioning Yuan Ming Yuan (Garden of Perfect Brightness) Xing Xing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Emperor himself either took the dragon boat, decorated with red lanterns, or rode on the back of a white horse, with long tail and body, and long hair, too, on its belly and legs, while the ladies-in-waiting sang the songs and played the harps, with flowers white as snow under the moonlight.
		It explains that if the ruling emperor is not selfish in three ways of being like the sky, the earth, and the sun and moon, he is sure determined to do good things, understands peoples problems, then deserves a good political record.
		As far as known from the court records when the Emperor prepared for a nocturnal boat ride, the dragon boat he took measured almost more than thirty meters long and was covered with fish scales made of gold, with paws sticking out and moving around.
	www.cs.ubc.ca /spider/wang/ymy/whole-map.html (5443 words)

	TIME Europe Magazine: The Art Of Power -- November 28, 2005 / Vol. 166, No. 22 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In fact, the subjects of this exhibition are a father, his son and grandson — the Qing Emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong — who ruled the Middle Kingdom for 133 consecutive years and expanded China even beyond its present-day borders.
		A sedan chair used by Qianlong is placed before an enormous painting, Imperial Banquet in the Garden of Ten Thousand Trees, in which a similar chair, borne by 16 eunuchs, ferries Qianlong to a celebration with Torghut Mongols who kneel before him.
		A circle framing the portrait of Qianlong writing calligraphy on an enormous banana leaf is echoed in an intricate jade carving of a round moon gate — as well as in an architectural moon gate that separates two rooms in the exhibition.
	www.time.com /time/europe/magazine/printout/0,13155,1132776,00.html (1452 words)

	Hu Shaped Jade Vase - 2059
		This vase is executed from a boulder of Khotanese nephrite of light celadon coloration with white mottling and specks of fl throughout and is meticulously polished, which is characteristic of Eighteenth century jades.
		The coloration of this vase is recorded as being the favorite of the Qianlong Emperor.
		The Qianlong Emperor's connoisseurship and influence on the arts of the period are discussed in Jade.
	www.bernsteinjadeart.com /sc_03.htm (396 words)

	Xu Yang: The Qianlong Emperor's Southern Inspection Tour, Scroll Six: Suzhou (1988.350) \| Object Page \| Timeline of Art ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The court painter Xu Yang, a native of Suzhou, was commissioned by the Qianlong emperor (r.
		This scroll, the longest of the twelve, chronicles the lavish pageantry of the emperor's arrival in Suzhou.
		The influence of Western art on court taste is evident in the use of perspective and foreshortening in architectural details.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/qing_1/hod_1988.350.htm (293 words)

	World Monuments Fund (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Built between 1771 and 1776, the Qianlong Garden is one of the most historically significant and architecturally rich sites in the Forbidden City.
		Designed for the anticipated retirement of Emperor Qianlong, it is the private imperial creation of China's longest reigning sovereign who was renowned for his aesthetic taste as well as his political leadership.
		The Qianlong Garden is an exquisite four-courtyard design in the northeast quadrant of the Forbidden City.
	www.wmf.org.uk /qianlonggarden.htm (466 words)

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