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Topic: Qianlong Emperor of China

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	CHINA: THE THREE EMPERORS, 1662-1795: The Qianlong Emperor (r. 1736–95)
		Moreover the Qianlong Emperor saw himself in the role of preserver and restorer of the Chinese cultural heritage.
		The Emperor was also particularly interested in collecting ancient bronzes, bronze mirrors and seals, which he caused to be documented in comprehensive and lavishly presented catalogues.
		Most particular to the Qianlong Emperor is another type of inscription, revealing a unique practice of dealing with works of art that he seems to have developed for himself.
	www.threeemperors.org.uk /index.php?pid=19 (482 words)

	Qianlong Emperor of China
		The Qianlong emperor (Chinese: 乾隆; Wade-Giles: Ch'ien-lung), September 25, 1711-February 7, 1799, was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China.
		Under Qianlong, Chinese Turkestan was incorporated into the Qing dynasty's rule and renamed Xinjiang, while to the West, Ili was conquered and garrisoned.
		Qianlong was a prolific poet and a collector of ceramics, an art which flourished in his reign; a substantial part of his collection is in the Percival David Foundation in London.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/qianlong_emperor_of_china (519 words)

	Qianlong Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Qianlong Emperor (born Hongli, September 25, 1711–February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China.
		Qianlong again sent armies into Tibet and firmly established the Dalai Lama as ruler, with a Qing resident and garrison to preserve Chinese suzerainty.
		Emperor Kangxi chose the heir to his throne based not just on his son's capability to govern the Empire, but also whether his grandson was of no lesser calibre, to ensure the Manchus' everlasting reign over the country.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Qianlong_Emperor_of_China (1492 words)

	Wikipedia: Qianlong Emperor of China
		Qianlong (乾隆; Wade-Giles: Ch'ien-lung)(1711-1799), born Hongli (弘曆), was Emperor of China from October 18, 1735 to February 9, 1796 during the Qing Dynasty.
		Under Qianlong, the compilation of a catalogue of all important works on Chinese culture was made.
		Qianlong was a collector of ceramics, an art which flourished in his reign; a substantial part of his collection is in the Percival David Foundation in London.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/q/qi/qianlong_emperor_of_china.html (101 words)

	Encyclopedia: Qianlong Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Qianlong emperor from Palace Museum, Beijing The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years.
		The Kangxi Emperor (born Xuanye (çŽ„ç‡) May 4, 1654 â€“ December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over all of China, from 1661 to 1722.
		The emperor or huangdi (çš‡å¸ in pinyin: huang2 di4) of China was the head of government and head of state of China from the Qin dynasty in 221 B.C. until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Qianlong-Emperor (3577 words)

	Qianlong Emperor of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Qianlong emperor (Chinese: 乾隆; Wade-Giles : Ch'ien-lung) September 25 1711 - February 7 1799 was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China.
		Qianlong was a prolific poet and a of ceramics an art which flourished in his a substantial part of his collection is the Percival David Foundation in London.
		China's Emperor Qianlong (1736 - 1795) is remembered for many reasons, not the least of which is the priceless collection of treasures which he amassed during his 60 year reign.
	www.freeglossary.com /Qianlong_Emperor_of_China (691 words)

	History of Commerce in China - Metaweb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Yongzheng (Wade-Giles:Yung-cheng) (1678 - 1735), born Yinzhen was Emperor of the Qing Dynasty from1723 to 1735.
		That China survived as a more-or-less independent state owes much to the resilience of her social and administrative structures, but can also be seen as a reflection of the limitations to which imperialist governments were willing to press their ambitions in the face of similar competing claims.
		China, for instance, was not a backward country unable to secure the prerequisite stability and security for western-style commerce, but a highly advanced empire unwilling to admit western (often drug-pushing) commerce, which may explain the West's contentment with informal "spheres of Influences".
	www.metaweb.com /wiki/wiki.phtml?title=History_of_Commerce_in_China (1905 words)

	Encyclopedia: Qianlong Emperor of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Qianlong Emperor (September 25, 1711–February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China.
		The Qianlong emperor acceded to the dragon throne at the age of 24, when his father, the Yongzheng Emperor, died suddenly.
		The Yongzheng Emperor, hoping to avoid repetition of the succession crisis that had tainted his own accession to the throne, had the name of his successor placed in a sealed box secured behind the tablet over the throne in Qianqing Hall.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Qianlong-Emperor-of-China (1236 words)

	Qing Tombs Tell Tales
		As China's longevous emperor, Qianlong's reign lasted 60 years, and even after abdicating to his son, he continued to rule for an additional three years.
		Qianlong was laid to rest in a giant coffin placed in the center of the burial chamber - his portrait placed above the coffin, and his empress and four concubines surrounding him.
		When Emperor Xianfeng died unexpectedly in 1861, his widow, Cixi, wrested power from the eight principal ministers, and Tongzhi (to whom the emperor had bequeathed the throne) was still a child.
	www.china.org.cn /english/TR-e/33170.htm (1005 words)

	Facts About China: Chinese Government
		On the left, is a portrait of Qing Dynasty Emperor Qianlong, painted in 1736 by an Italian Jesuit missionary.
		Qianlong was Emperor from 1736 to 1799 and during his long reign China was probably the most stable and richest kingdom in the world.
		But Qianlong's reign was the apex of the Qing Dynasty and after he died the ancient structures that supported Chinese imperial government began to disintegrate.
	www.sinomania.com /facts_about_china/chinese_government.html (645 words)

	Krone - Forbidden City
		China was at peace and prospered under his enlightened rule.
		Qianlong’s great gift was a genius for organization and administration, and while he retained much of the government structure established by his Ming Dynasty predecessors, he made two fundamental changes that would become one of his great legacies.
		Qianlong enjoyed hunting as a respite from the rigors of government and politics.
	www.kronepen.com /le/imagery/forbidden.html (579 words)

	Qianlong
		He was born in the 50th year of Emperor Kangxi's reign (1711), and died in the 4th year of Emperor Jiaqing's reign at the age of 89.
		Qianlong was a keen poet, writer and calligrapher: he produced three collections of essays and five albums of poetry, making him one of the most prolific poets and calligraphers in ancient China.
		Emperor Qianlong's reign marked the peak of feudalism in China and, together with the reign of Emperor Kangxi, this period is known as Kang Qian Sheng Shi (the Great Prosperity of Emperor Kangxi and Qianlong).
	www.chinaculture.org /gb/en_aboutchina/2003-09/24/content_22924.htm (438 words)

	Exhibition on Treasures of Qianlong Emperor Opens in Scotland
		Qianlong Emperor, an art collector of tremendous charm and influence, was China's greatest patron of the arts and he had an enormous impact and influence on Chinese cultural history.
		During the Qianlong reign, China was one of the wealthiest nations in the world.
		The Emperor loved extensive displays of military and imperial might and this is reflected in some of the impressive court paintings he commissioned.
	www.china.org.cn /english/FR/36338.htm (335 words)

	China today
		It was here that the Qing emperors went in high summer to escape the heat of the capital and handle state affairs in the comparative cool of Chengde.
		The Summer Resort is composed of the palace, which housed the offices and living quarters of the emperor and his imperial family, and its surrounding lake, plain and hilly scenic areas.
		Emperor Qianlong would meet nobles, religious leaders of minority ethnic groups and foreign envoys in the largest (24 meters in diameter) of the 28 Mongolian yurts of varying sizes spread over the area.
	www.chinatoday.com.cn /English/e20038/8p32.htm (1784 words)

	Qing Dynasty - China History - China
		Emperor Kangxi commanded the most complete dictionary of Chinese characters ever put together at the time, and under Emperor Qianlong, the compilation of a catalogue of the important works on Chinese culture was made.
		China, for instance, was not a backward country unable to secure the prerequisite stability and security for western-style commerce, but a relatively stable empire unwilling to admit global commerce.
		During the Qianlong Emperor's reign, for example, members of his family were distinguished by garments with a large circular emblem on the back, whereas a Han could only hope to wear clothing with a square emblem; this meant effectively that any guard in the court could immediately distinguish family members from the back view alone.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Qing_Dynasty (4919 words)

	Emperor Qianlong's painting to the 6th Panchen Erdeni
		Emperor Qianlong received him and the 6th Panchen Erdeni presented a hada scarf to the emperor.
		Emperor Qianlong wrote inscriptions for the stone tablet, and the inscription was carved in the four languages of Chinese, Manchurian, Mongolian and Tibetan.
		Emperor Qianlong's painting is today preserved in the Tibet Museum as witness to the close ties between the Central Government and the local government of Tibet.
	en.tibet.cn /art/scu/t20050617_37496.htm (1158 words)

	Oboi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After the demise of Emperor Shunzhi, he together with Sonin, Ebilun and Suksaha were appointed senior ministers to assist in the day to day runing of the imperial court until young emperor, Hiowan Yei (Kangxi Emperor) reached sixteen.
		The Kangxi Emperor forgave the crime in 1713.
		The Yongzheng Emperor gave the rank of the first-class duke and the posthumous title Chaowu (超武) but the Qianlong Emperor demoted him to the first-class baron after reviewing his merits and demerits.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oboi (228 words)

	WMF in China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Qianlong was emperor when China was the largest and richest nation in the world and was engaged in extensive interactions with the West in trade, politics, aesthetics and ideas.
		Qianlong’s status as a great Chinese emperor rests on his scholarship and patronage of the arts, including publication of the renowned Four Treasuries, a 36,000-volume compilation of classics, history, philosophy and belles lettres collected by 15,000 scholars.
		The Lodge was built for Emperor Qianlong, at the time of his retirement, circa 1796; he spent three years there until his death in 1799.
	www.wmf.org /html/programs/ChiLodge032202.html (729 words)

	Trip around the world
		China is one of the oldest civilizations in the world and historically was a dominant society of the east Asia strongly influencing development and culture in other countries such as Japan, Korea or Vietnam.
		Since the 1980s China started to open itself to the world and steps were made towards the support of free market economy and foreign investments.
		China is a very interesting country and there are innumerable big and small differences in culture and habits.
	www.jitka-marek.com /en/diary/China.htm (4035 words)

	Royalty.nu - The History of China - Chinese Royalty
		Emperor Huizong and Late Northern Song China: The Politics of Culture and the Culture of Politics edited by Patricia Buckley Ebrey and Maggie Bickford.
		A commoner's presentation to the emperor of a lucky omen from his garden and several retellings of the incident provide the background for an introduction to Ming society, culture, and politics, including discussions of the founding of the Ming dynasty, the character of the first emperor, and the role of omens in court politics.
		Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K'Ang-Hsi by Jonathan D. Spence uses original documents to tell the life story of Manchu emperor K'ang-Hsi, who ruled China from 1661 to 1772.
	www.royalty.nu /Asia/China/index.html (2091 words)

	Qianlong Emperor Biography and Summary
		Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China.
		Qianlong (1711-1899) was the emperor of China and an ideal Confucian ruler during the height of the last dynasty, the Qing (Ch'ing).
		The Qianlong Emperor (born Hongli, September 25, 1711 – February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China.
	www.bookrags.com /Qianlong_Emperor (169 words)

	Qianlong Emperor of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Qianlong emperor (Chinese: 乾隆; Wade-Giles : Ch'ien-lung), September 25, 1711 - February 7, 1799, was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qingemperor to rule over China.
		The Qianlong emperor was a successful military leader, presiding over a huge expansion in the territory controlled by the Qingdynasty, especially to the north and west.
		He was a prolific poet and a collector of ceramics, an art which flourished in his reign; a substantial part of his collection is in the Percival DavidFoundation in London.
	www.therfcc.org /qianlong-emperor-of-china-11569.html (154 words)

	Your favourite Chinese Emperor - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		China History Forum is an online chinese history forum, discussion board or community for all who are interested in learning and discussing chinese history from prehistoric till modern times, including chinese art of war, chinese culture topics.
		Emperor Taizong was also a man of great strategy and tactics, especially during his campaign war against the Tujue (Turks), which allowed him to conquer Mongolia and Central Asia.
		Emperor Xuan of the Han (Liu Bingji aka Liu Xun) is indeed one of the humblest emperors the Chinese have ever had.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=24 (1192 words)

	CHINA: THE THREE EMPERORS, 1662-1795: China: The Three Emperors, 1662—1795
		This magnificent exhibition is devoted to the artistic and cultural riches of Imperial China.
		Spanning the reigns of three Emperors, Kangxi (1662—1722), Yongzheng (1723—35) and Qianlong (1736—95), it focuses on the most powerful rulers of China’s last dynasty: the Qing.
		China: The Three Emperors, 1662—1795 features over 370 treasures, including precious robes and palace furnishings, paintings and painted scrolls, weapons and ceremonial armour, clocks and astronomical instruments, antique jades and bronzes, ingenious scientific instruments, the finest porcelain, carvings and lacquer ware, elegant furniture, a sedan chair and an imperial throne.
	www.threeemperors.org.uk (127 words)

	chinatml4
		Furthermore, China experienced a phenomenal population explosion after 1680, creating "an unwieldy society with vast problems of literacy, hygiene, food supply, local justice, and order that began to be unmanageable because of their unprecedented style.
		British embassy to Qianlong Emperor; Qing China resists Western missionaries and trade, refuses European ambassadors, treats "southern barbarians" with contempt; Qing Empire is corrupt, the economic/social system can't carry the empire’s population (410-415 million); and the empire is threatened by social unrest and economic disruption.
		China had taken it for granted that its relations with Europeans would be conducted according to the tributary system that had evolved over the centuries between the emperor and representatives of the lesser states on China's borders as well as between the emperor and some earlier European visitors.
	web.cocc.edu /cagatucci/classes/hum210/tml/ChinaTML/chinatml4.htm (1900 words)

	ArtScope.net: Splendors of China's Forbidden City (book review )
		Qianlong himself, a Manchu, was twenty-six when he assumed the throne of the Qing dynasty in 1736 -- an eager young regent taking up the reins of government from two capable forebears, his grandfather Kangxi and his father Yongzheng, both emperor before him.
		The last example of full-scale feudal rule in China, Qianlong's reign was a period of unprecedented cultural flowering, supported by the economic stability of his government and with much of it being the direct result of his personal interest in the arts.
		Although Qianlong had a definite political advantage in appealing to both his constituencies, in neither of these areas was he merely being 'politically correct': he was a genuinely skilled hunter as befit his Manchu roots, as well as an ardent follower of the scholarly pursuits so valued by the Han Chinese.
	www.artscope.net /VAREVIEWS/forbiddencitybook0904.shtml (1905 words)

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