
	Where results make sense

Topic: Quadrupedal

	Iowa County Humane Society - ICHS Quadrupedal Century bicycle ride
		Sunday, May 6, 2007 is the 4th Annual QuadruPedal Century.
		West of Madison, WI 2.5 hours NW of Chicago, IL 45 minutes East of Dubuque, IA 4.5 hours SE of Twin Cities, MN The ride will be held at Dodgeville Middle School in Dodgeville, WI.
		The above link will also provide additional QuadruPedal Century information including directions to the Dodgeville Middle School, a schedule of events, area accommodations, campgrounds and attractions.
	www.ichs.net /quadrupedal.html (650 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Quadrupedal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		While the argument may be made that "every limb, including an arm or wing, is just a modified leg", such a sense of "quadruped" is better described as a tetrapod, evoking the taxonomic unit tetrapoda the vertabrates with quadruped ancestors, including mammals, some reptiles, amphibians, and birds.
		The distinction is particularly important in the context of bipeds having two legs, adapted in gross anatomy and neurology a bipedal gait, and of quadrupeds having, in their arm- and wing-homologous forelimbs, markedly different characteristics that a leg must have, whether adapted to a role in a bipedal or quadrupedal gait.
		A phylogenetic tree of five morphologically and behaviorally distinct desert lizards used in studies of high-speed kinematics and bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Quadrupedal (237 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Quadrupedalism (from Latin, meaning "four legs") is a form of land animal locomotion using four legs.
		A few birds may use quadrupedal movement in some circumstances, for example the shoebill will sometimes use its wings to right itself after lunging at prey [1].
		Although arms and wings are, in the evolutionary sense, modified legs, four-limbed animals are in fact classed as tetrapods – members of the taxonomic unit Tetrapoda.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=quadruped (443 words)

	[No title]
		Quadrupedal dinosaurs appear a little later in the fossil record than the bipedal dinosaurs, but are equally interesting and considerably more varied.
		This is accounted for by the fact that the stomachs of plant eaters need to be very large and, unless the body is specially modified as in ornithopods, this inevitably pitches the body forward onto its' forelimbs.
		Apart from a few of the smaller types, nearly all quadrupedal dinosaurs have very stout pillar-like legs, which are designed to carry great weight, rather than to move the animal swiftly.
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /Communication/Trickett/posture.html (804 words)

	AG Human Biology and Anthropology
		Quadrupedal terrestriality was probably the habitual type of locomotion of some primate taxa throughout the evolution of the order of Primates.
		This is an indication that the (semi-)terrestrial quadrupedalism, that led, eventually, to human bipedal posture and locomotion, is an old symplesiomorphy of primates, which was inherited even from non-primate ancestors.
		This is different in quadrupedal primates, which have greater ground reaction forces on their hind limbs (hind driving, front steering type).
	www.biologie.fu-berlin.de /humanbio/amphniem.htm (1582 words)

	Quadrupedal Locomotion: An Introduction to the Control of Four-legged Robots (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Quadrupedal Locomotion: An Introduction to the Control of Four-legged Robots brings together some of the methods and techniques in this emerging field that have recently been developed in an effort to deal with the problems that currently prevent legged robots being more widely used for real applications.
		Quadrupedal Locomotion: An Introduction to the Control of Four-legged Robots illustrates the appropriate algorithms and methods through a discussion of simulation and experiments that have been tested on a real machine, the SILO4 walking robot.
		As the first book to focus specifically on quadrupeds, Quadrupedal Locomotion: An Introduction to the Control of Four-legged Robots will be suitable for researchers, postgraduates and senior undergraduates in the field of robotics as well as engineers working in industry.
	www.thinnerthoughts.com /quadrupedal-locomotion-an-introduction-to-the-control-of-four-legged-robots-184628306X.html (272 words)

	[No title]
		A proposal that the original anatomy of the quadrupedal avian ancestors evolved into the avian characteristics as an adaptation of bipedal forms occasionally to mount cycads or similar pre-historic trees in a scansorial manner.
		The quadrupedal diapsides lifted the hind part of the body by muscles, pubo-ischio-femoralis externus (pife), which originated from the under side of the pubic bone (pu) and the iscium bone (is) and inserted on the thigh bone (fe).
		This bony structure, which was inherited from the quadrupedal diapside reptiles, therefore should be retained and reinforced as the transverse parts of the interclavicle coalesced with the clavicles into the avian furcula.
	home13.inet.tele.dk /palm/ori3.htm (4296 words)

	Hopping Mouse
		Quadrupedal hop: A medium speed pace with two or three steps to the stride, and in which the hind limbs move in synchrony.
		The fore-limbs alternate with the hind in striking the substrate, but they may not be entirely in synchrony; one may strike the substrate earlier than the other, and behind it.
		Differs from the much slower quadrupedal hop in that the fore-limbs are moved in synchrony, and there is a period during which all four limbs are off the substrate.
	www.lpzoo.com /ethograms/FRMS/menus/rodentmenu/hoppingmouse.html (4077 words)

	ACCUEIL CERBI
		Quadrupedalism is indeed not foreseen in the primitive Mammalian disposition;therefore it developed itself (like also in the Reptiles) as specialization in food occurred, while remodelling teeth, jaws and skull.
		Thus, the big-headed embryo of the quadrupedal mammals still shows an organization superior to that will be achieved in adult age, passing through the stage of a biped (with potentially increasing brain capacities!), at the beginning of its in utero growth.
		The quadrupedal mammals are then potentially biped, but they afterwards carry on developing beyond the point where the human embryo has become complete...
	perso.wanadoo.fr /initial.bipedalism (3681 words)

	Spider Monkey
		Spider monkeys use several different types of locomotion: quadrupedal, using all four limbs for locomotion as seen while walking or running; suspensory locomotion used when hanging, climbing or moving through the trees and bipedalism, using only two limbs when leaping.
		Quadrupedal locomotion is usually observed if the monkey is on a stable relatively substrate free of obstacles.
		The most commonly used pattern of body movement while in a feeding pattern is that of quadrupedal, climbing and suspensory locomotion.
	www.honoluluzoo.org /spider_monkey.htm (1289 words)

	The Dinosaur Origin and Extinction. Index.
		The diapside skull is also a characteristic trait of crocodiles, pterosaurs, and Archaeopteryx, and like the dinosaurs these also have the particular opening in front of the eye, the antorbital opening, and they have a single row of teeth in caves of the jaw, the thecodont dentition.
		These traits are a general characteristic of the archosaurs to which also belong quadrupedal reptiles from the Triassic, the phytosaurs and the aëtosaurs.
		The bipedal gait also caused that the muscles, which in the quadrupedal diapsides had pulled the sideway extended tighs downwards, now should pull the forward extended tighs down- and hindwards and carry the entire body-weight.
	www.haabet.dk /users/dinosaur (3298 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		They were herbivorous, either bipedal or quadrupedal, with bulky body, long tail, small skull and elongate neck, and were usually the most common and largest vertebrate wherever they occured.
		At least some prosauropods could rear to browse or run, but most had to walk on all fours to support their large body with the huge digestive system needed by such plant eaters.
		The small to medium sized members of this group of dinosaurs, such as the thecodontosaurids, anchisaurids, massospondylids, Ammosaurus and Sellosaurus were low grade sub-cursorial runners, whereas the larger versions (Lufengosaurus, plateosaurids, yunnanosaurids and melanorosaurids) had few adaptations for speed.
	www.koolpages.com /dinoworld/prosauropodos.html (486 words)

	Paleontology and Geology Glossary
		This hornless, frilled, quadrupedal plant-eater was about 20 ft (6 m) long.
		It was a long-necked, long-tailed, quadrupedal, plant-eater from the Sahara desert in Egypt during the mid Cretaceous period.
		An incomplete fossil of this long-necked, long-tailed, quadrupedal plant-eater were found in a windy area of Patagonia, Argentina.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/dinosaurs/glossary (1513 words)

	Go to Homepage
		The bipedal gait also caused that the muscles, which in the quadrupedal diapsides had pulled the sideways-extended thighs downwards, now should pull the forward extended thighs down- and hind wards and carry the entire body-weight.
		Those were the diapside reptiles, which evolved into the quadrupedal, sprawling lizards, and the herbivore rhynchosaurs, but the former stayed small, and the latter were slow, clumsy animals, which died out during the Mesozoic.
		The birds arose during the reign of the dinosaurs, and also did the flying reptiles, the pterosaurs, but none of these met the dinosaurs with any kind of competition, neither did the amphibian archosaurs, phytosaurs and crocodiles, and nor the various species of sea-living reptiles, the ichthyosaurs and the plesiosaurs.
	home13.inet.tele.dk /palm/dinweb.htm (4461 words)

	Origin of Dinosaurs and Mammals - Erickson
		Though normally quadrupedal, this small reptile was capable of shifting to a bipedal gait when moving quickly.
		Stegosaurs and sauropods were quadrupedal, but many of them, including such giants as Diplodocus, were capable of rearing up on their hind limbs and tail to browse in the treetops.
		This transient effect is quite natural and commonly occurs in many otherwise quadrupedal animals, such as the quarter horse rearing up as it bolts from the starting gait or the crocodile lunging after prey on its two hind limbs.
	www.microlnx.com /dinosaurs/Bipedality.html (4352 words)

	Cryptozoology.com
		BFs longer arm ratio makes it easier for them to go quadrupedally than it is for us, they live in the forest in the mountains so their environment demands that they retain this ability, humans live in flatter areas, our environment does not demand that we have the ability to comfortably go on all fours.
		So I agree with you, bipedalism is BFs primary form of travel, and quadrupedalism is their secondary form of travel and they are built to do it comfortably.
		If Bigfoot goes quadrupedal to move faster it would be safe to say that the quadrupedal mode is more efficient than the bipedal mode to them.
	www.cryptozoology.com /forum/topic_view_thread.php?pid=234047&tid=2 (2534 words)

	[No title]
		characteristics( protoceratopidae, {plants, flowers}, {'bony frill'}, {beak, shearlike, batteries}, quadrupedal).
		characteristics( ceratopidae, {plants, flowers}, {'bony frill', horns}, {beak, shearlike, batteries}, quadrupedal).
		characteristics( stegosauridae, {ferns, cycads}, {'large bony plates', 'spiked tail'}, {leaflike, serrated}, quadrupedal).
	www.di.unipi.it /~manco/ldl/demo/knowledge-based/dinosaur.fac (219 words)

	Dinosaur Tracks and Trackways (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The front foot of a quadrupedal animal is called the manus, whereas the back foot is called the pes.
		Quadrupedal dinosaurs seemingly walked like most diagonal walkers do nowadays, by moving the right manus and left pes at about the same time, alternating with the left manus and right pes.
		Some quadrupedal ornithopods have three-toed tracks for their pes impressions but manus prints do not show obvious toes, either.
	www.envs.emory.edu /ichnology/dinotracks.htm (1286 words)

	DinoDatabase.com :: Discovery and Classification \| Stegosauria
		Members of Stegosauria (steg-oh-SAWR-ee-uh) were quadrupedal herbivores with rows of plates running down their backs and spikes upon their tails.
		The spikes were probably useful in discouraging predators; a stegosaur could maneuver itself so that it could swat at a predator with its tail.
		In fact, all stegosaurs had a node in their spinal column near the hind legs that was probably a mass of nerves to assist in the control of their hindquarters.
	www.dinodatabase.com /dinoclas11.asp (199 words)

	Bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion in lizards
		All five lizard species were induced to run at maximum speeds on a high-speed treadmill, and a total of 23 two- and three-dimensional kinematic variables were measured for each species, as well as maximum speeds.
		Most biologists and laypeople envision bipedal locomotion as occurring with a high trunk angle, but this may be true only for certain specialized species and slow locomotion.
		Another striking feature of high-speed locomotion was the highly extended hindlimb and the very large knee angles, which reached as high as 130 degrees.
	www.tulane.edu /~irschick/Bipedal_quad.htm (520 words)

	Human Evolution - Skeletal Details
		It also shows that bipedal animals have lightly built hands and finger bones that are relatively short, thin and straight.
		(Quadrupedal animals that walk on their knuckles have heavily built hands and finger bones that are relatively long and curved.
		Quadrupedal animals that climb trees have lightly built hands and finger bones that are relatively short, thin and straight.)
	www.amonline.net.au /human_evolution/skeleton/hand.htm (80 words)

	WHAT ARE DINOSAURS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Dinosaurs were mostly large, bipedal or quadrupedal diapsid reptiles with an upright posture.
		Most of the traits that characterize dinosaurs are related to their upright posture and locomotion.
		quadrupedal, small to very large (1 to 15 m long), legs longer than arms, fingers with
	www.es.ucsc.edu /~pkoch/lectures/lecture14.html (768 words)

	The Living Primates
		Although they can move rapidly when capturing prey, their locomotion is usually extremely slow and deliberate quadrupedal climbing.
		On the ground, gorillas and chimpanzees use a specialized form of four-limbed locomotion known as knuckle-walking in which part of their weight is borne by the middle bone of their fingers.
		When orangutans walk quadrupedally on the ground, they do not knuckle walk but instead use their flexed fists for support.
	www.anth.ucsb.edu /faculty/walker/classes/anth121/121primates.htm (3477 words)

	The History of Animals, by Aristotle (book2) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Again, in respect to the teeth, animals differ greatly both from one another and from man. All animals that are quadrupedal, blooded and viviparous, are furnished with teeth; but, to begin with, some are double-toothed (or fully furnished with teeth in both jaws), and some are not.
		Of the ovipara that are not quadrupedal there is no instance known of an animal, whether fish or bird, provided with these organs.
		Of the ovipara that are quadrupedal, the turtle alone is provided with these organs of a magnitude to correspond with the other organs of the animal.
	etext.library.adelaide.edu.au /a/aristotle/history/book2.html (8207 words)

	Late Triassic Dinosaurs - ZoomDinosaurs.com
		Blikanasaurus - a prosauropod (early quadrupedal plant-eater) from South Africa, 225-218 mya.
		Pachysauriscus - a medium-sized plateosaurid prosauropod (an early, long-necked quadrupedal plant-eater) from Germany, 225-208 mya.
		Thecodontosaurus - a prosauropod (early quadrupedal plant-eater) from England, 225 mya.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/dinosaurs/mesozoic/triassic/lt.shtml (1184 words)

	sauropodomorpha (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sauropodomorpha is composed of the sauropods and their basal relatives, known informally as prosauropods, a broad group of in general unaccountably poorly-known early quadrupedal long-necked herbivores.
		Aside from their general appearance (long neck, small head, bipedal or quadrupedal), they are best known for their wicked thumb claws, probably powerful defensive tools.
		They were once thought to be carnivores, due mostly to mixing of shed theropod teeth with prosauropod remains, but this has been show to be false, although some could have been omnivorous, as suggested by animal remains within the skeleton of one find.
	personal2.stthomas.edu /jstweet/sauropodomorpha.htm (1834 words)

	Usenet Archive
		That the risks associated with quadrupedalism in water were >>greater than the risks associated with bipedal wading.
		As it moved into the shallows it could switch to >>quadrupedalism but it probably wouldn't because there is a possibility >>of a deep pool, or wave emersing its face if the water was close to >>waist deep.
		It is highly likely (and backed up by a mass of evidence in extant apes) that proto-hominids would have switched from quadrupedalism to bipedalism before the actual depth was reached where it actually had to do so, and vice versa when leaving the water.
	www2.usenetarchive.org /Dir12/File74.html (17903 words)

	quadrupedal dinosaur locomotion (Site not responding. Last check: )
		With regard to quadrupedal dinosaurs and the way their forelimbs move, it seems to me that there are pretty stringent limits on this imposed by the trackway evidence.
		I have heard it suggested that the humeri can deflect considerably from vertical and the animal still produce trackways such as we have.
		Their shoulder girdles should reflect this ability to shuffle sideways rapidly and this may be at the root of the controversy about how their limbs articulated.
	dml.cmnh.org /1998Jun/msg00301.html (255 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)