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Topic: Quagga Mussel

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	2.3.6 Zebra and Quagga Mussel Control Measures - Lake Source Cooling - Utilities and Energy Management - Cornell ...
		Quagga mussel colonization is not anticipated to occur at rates that typically occur in warmer, shallower waters.
		Quagga mussels also thrive under the conditions indicated in Table 2.3.6-1, except that their reproductive temperature limit is lower (about 8°C, 46°F) and their preferred temperature range is wider (4°C to 20°C, 39°F to 68°F) (Ohio Sea Grant 1994).
		Mussels dislodged by the pig are carried along the pipeline by the jetting action of water moving past the pig as it moves along the pipeline.
	www.utilities.cornell.edu /utl_lsceis_mussels.html (5783 words)

	Quagga mussel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Quagga mussel was first observed in North America in September 1989 when it was discovered in Lake Erie near Port Colburne.
		The species was called the Quagga Mussel after the Quagga an extinct species of African zebra, possibly because, like the Quagga, its stripes fade.
		The Quagga mussel shell is striped, as is that of the Zebra mussel, but the Quagga shell is paler toward the hinge.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quagga_mussel (278 words)

	Zebra mussel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is a bivalve mussel native to freshwater lakes of southeast Russia.
		Zebra mussels and the closely related and ecologically similar quagga mussel are voracious filter-feeding organisms.
		Zebra mussels are edible, but most experts advise against eating any found in polluted waters since the mussels accumulate contaminants and toxins from the water as they filter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zebra_mussel (872 words)

	Genetic Studies of the Zebra Mussel and the Discovery of the Quagga Mussel in North America
		Quaggas also tend to have paler shells with finer lines than zebra mussels, but there is considerable variability in the color patterns of both species.
		Quagga mussels are now widespread throughout Lake Erie and much of Lake Ontario, the Erie Canal, and the upper St. Lawrence River.
		Quagga mussels dominate the deeper waters to at least l00 m in large lakes, have lower thermal tolerances than zebra mussels, and are less tolerant of salinity (Spidle et al.
	el.erdc.usace.army.mil /zebra/zmis/zmishelp4/genetic_studies_of_the_zebra_mussel_and_the_discovery_of_the_quagga_mussel_in_north_america.htm (520 words)

	EEK! - Critter Corner - Quagga Mussel
		The ventral (bottom-side where the 2 shells attach) side of the quagga mussel is convex which makes the quagga mussel topple over when you try to stand it up on a flat surface.
		A quagga mussel feeds all year, even in winter when its cousin the zebra mussel is dormant.
		Quagga mussels stick to vegetation, so be sure to remove all plants from the boat and trailer as well.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/caer/ce/eek/critter/invert/quaggamussel.htm (544 words)

	Dreissena FAQs
		Zebra and quagga mussels appear to have divergent spatial distributions; zebras being primarily warm, eutrophic, shallow water inhabitants, and quaggas being shallow, warm water to deep, oligotrophic, cold-water inhabitants (MacIsaac, 1994).
		The quagga mussel was first sighted in the Great Lakes in September 1989, when one was found near Port Colborne, Lake Erie, though the recognition of the quagga type as a distinct species was not until 1991 (Mills et al., 1996).
		In addition, quagga and zebra mussels accumulate organic pollutants within their tissues to levels more than 300,000 times greater than concentrations in the environment and these pollutants are found in their pseudofeces, which can be passed up the food chain, therefore increasing wildlife exposure to organic pollutants (Snyder et al., 1997).
	cars.er.usgs.gov /Nonindigenous_Species/Zebra_mussel_FAQs/Dreissena_FAQs/dreissena_faqs.html (3162 words)

	WDNR - Invasive Animal Species - Quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis)
		Quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) are closely related to another invader, the zebra mussel (Dresssena polymorpha).
		Quagga mussels are native to Caspian Sea drainage in Eurasia.
		Some researchers believe that Lake Erie's dead zone is likely the partial work of the tiny quagga mussel’s non-stop feeding, its ability to live in deep water (it has been found at depths up to 130m in the Great Lakes) and the excretion of phosphorous with its waste.
	dnr.wi.gov /invasives/fact/quagga.htm (325 words)

	Lab 2 wu a
		Quagga mussels have been confined to Lake Ontario and the southern shore of Lake Erie.
		There is a great fear that the quagga mussels could spread as the zebra mussel has and not knowing their particular biology, it is unclear how quagga mussels may affect aquatic ecosystems (B.S. Baldwin pers.
		The overall size of the quagga mussels were roughly twice that of the zebra.
	it.stlawu.edu /~inverts/ZQfr.html (1441 words)

	INVASIVE QUAGGA MUSSELS THREATEN LAKE SIMCOE
		Quagga mussels look similar to zebra mussels and have dark and light bands on the shell.
		Quagga mussels can live at greater depths than zebra mussels, and are commonly found down over 90 feet on sandy or muddy bottoms whereas the zebra mussels prefer rocky bottoms.
		Quagga mussels were first discovered at Port Colborne in Lake Erie in 1989, and are now present in the southern Great Lakes and the St Lawrence Seaway.
	www.mnr.gov.on.ca /MNR/csb/news/2004/sep30fs_04.html (380 words)

	Quagga, Zebra Mussels - Midwest Lakes Policy Center :: Clear Vision. Clear Lakes.
		The zebra mussel, a native of the Caspian and Black Sea region, was first found in the Great Lakes in the late 1980s.
		Zebra mussels have a definite angle, or carina, between the ventral and dorsal surfaces, whereas, the quagga has a rounded carina.
		The quagga mussel also has a small byssal groove on the ventral side near the hinge and the zebra mussel has a larger groove in the middle of the ventral side.
	blog.midwestlakes.org /06-05/quagga-zebra-mussels.html (242 words)

	JS Online:A new invasion: Quagga mussels take over lake
		Further analysis revealed that they were quagga mussels, a close cousin to the zebra, and a species that scientists also believe invaded the Great Lakes from the Caspian and Black Sea region via contaminated ballast water discharged from overseas freighters.
		That cluster of mussels brought to the UWM labs in November 2002 turned out to be a harbinger of a stunningly rapid ecological revolution.
		Quaggas have not just out-competed zebra mussels for food everywhere their ranges overlap - Quaggas also are blanketing the lake bottom in many of the deep, cold places that the more delicate zebras could not.
	www.jsonline.com /story/index.aspx?id=423678&format=print (1647 words)

	NAS - Species FactSheet
		The quagga also has a convex ventral side that can sometimes be distinguished by placing shells on their ventral side; a quagga mussel will topple over, whereas a zebra mussel will not (Claudi and Mackie 1994).
		Overall, quaggas are rounder in shape and have a small byssal groove on the ventral side near the hinge (Claudi and Mackie 1994).
		Quaggas are able to colonize both hard and soft substrata so their negative impacts on native freshwater mussels, invertebrates, industries and recreation are unclear.
	nas.er.usgs.gov /queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=95 (1807 words)

	Quagga Mussel
		Researchers said the quagga -- thumbnail-size clams -- and zebra mussels are causing high phosphorus levels that are creating a low-oxygen "dead zone" in the center of the lake.
		Culver said the quagga, a cousin to the zebra mussel, may be a leading culprit for the dead zone, a term scientists have used to describe an area between Erie, Pa., and Lorain, Ohio.
		However, the quagga survives at deeper depths and spawns in colder weather.
	kenspondandlake.com /Quagga_Mussel.html (435 words)

	Educated Angler - Great Lakes Fishing Resource - Quagga mussel the latest dangerous invader
		Quagga mussels were found in Lake Michigan in 1997, and initially were confused with zebra mussels.
		Quagga mussels also eat year-round, while zebra mussels are dormant in winter.
		Quagga mussels can survive turbulence and almost any temperature, and live on almost any surface — silt, sand, rock or shipwreck — while zebra mussels require a hard surface.
	www.educatedangler.com /content/view/620/1 (753 words)

	UWM Feature- quaggas
		The intruder, the quagga mussel, is potentially more threatening to the health of the lake than its nuisance cousin, the zebra mussel, scientists fear.
		Like zebra mussels, quaggas also filter plankton from the water at an astounding rate, allowing more sunlight to penetrate the water and causing a boom in aquatic algae that is inedible to fish.
		The invasion of quaggas is not good news, even if they eventually wipe out the zebra mussels, says Cuhel, because the effects on the food chain could be even more pronounced, given the new invader’s hardiness, and because it is likely that quaggas will follow the zebra mussels into other freshwater lakes.
	www.uwm.edu /News/Features/04.12/quaggas.html (943 words)

	WALLEYE ARTICLES BY JOHN VANCE,
		Zebra mussels do well in water that is between 3 feet and 30 feet deep, and their cousins, the quagga mussel likes water up to, but under 80 feet deep - making Lake Erie a mussel's dream come true.
		In addition to these actual eco-foodstuffs, zebra/quagga mussels also compete for some of life's needed elements, such as, and in some water, very importantly, calcium, and others (elements) that may not be in over/adequate abundance; hence, this competition can/could prove particularly deleterious to the ‘local' flora/fauna of those waterbodies.
		Mussels, being very efficient at filtering out of the water what they need, will likely sadly reduce this element, and be a major ‘competition' factor for many of the indigenous species.
	www.walleyecentral.com /vance-zebra.htm (1667 words)

	ZEBRA MUSSEL BIOFOULING CONTROL
		The densities of mussels settling in the system was much lower than the densities suspended in the water column, indicating that the most of the mussels entering the system were not surviving and colonizing (devices #1, #2, #4, #5).
		Since the larger larval and juvenile zebra mussels (the settled fraction) pose a higher risk to the water system, the ability of these products to reduce settlement to 0-3% of the original population suggests that all are effective in preventing zebra mussel infestations in most small volume water systems.
		Despite its efficiency in eliminating zebra mussels, the use of chlorine in a cottage situation should be approached with caution and the local Ministry of Natural Resources office should be contacted prior to purchasing this unit for use in Canadian waters.
	www.georgianbay.ca /pdf/zebra/summary.htm (2459 words)

	USFWS - Freshwater Mussels of the Upper Mississippi River System - Current Threats
		Mussel beds located near tributary inflows and in slow flowing water where silt settles out can often be covered deep enough to suffocate the population.
		Zebra mussels invaded Lake Michigan, entered the Illinois River by a man-made connection at Chicago, and were first found in the Upper Mississippi River in 1991.
		The Quagga mussel, (Dreissena bugensis), is very similar to the zebra mussel and has the potential to be a significant threat to native mussels.
	www.fws.gov /midwest/mussel/current_threats.html (1129 words)

	Zebra mussel - Invasive species: Minnesota DNR
		Zebra mussels and a related species, the Quagga mussel, are small, fingernail-sized mussels native to the Caspian Sea region of Asia.
		Tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions, zebra mussels have now spread to parts of all the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River and are showing up in inland lakes.
		Zebra mussels clog water systems of power plants and water treatment facilities, as well as irrigation systems.
	www.dnr.state.mn.us /invasives/aquaticanimals/zebramussel/index.html (315 words)

	LakeGeorge.net, The Online Guide and Directory to the Lake George, NY Region.
		The zebra mussel is a small freshwater mollusk, native to the Caspian and Black sea region of Eurasia.
		Since then, zebra mussels have spread throughout the interconnected waterways in the eastern U.S. and were confirmed in Lake Champlain during the summer of 1993.
		Zebra mussels are 2 inches or smaller (usually no larger than 1 inch), with elongated shells marked with alternating light and dark bands.
	www.lakegeorge.net /zebramussel/zebra_mussel.html (921 words)

	Zebra Mussel Update (Wisconsin Sea Grant) -- Archived Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Though featured in Tyson's story, Marsden noted that the conclusion that quagga mussels are "super-zebra mussels" is premature - and perhaps unwarranted.
		To date, no one has identified the species, but Marsden reported that colleague May has analyzed samples from a Russian population that is genetically identical to what has been dubbed the quagga mussel.
		The Zebra Mussel Update was a 4- to 8-page quarterly national newsletter published by the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute from May 1990 through May 1997.
	www.seagrant.wisc.edu /Communications/Publications/ZMU/archive/00000203.html (235 words)

	Wearlon Zebra Mussel Coatings
		The waterways of North America are being invaded by freshwater mussels that have been introduced from Europe across the Atlantic.
		The invasion of the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and of the lesser known Quagga Mussel is estimated to have started approximate 12 years ago.
		This is true for Zebra Mussels, Quagga Mussels and all bacterial and algal biofilms.
	www.wearlon.com /Ezmussel.htm (467 words)

	NAS - Species FactSheet
		The quagga also has a convex ventral side, that can sometimes be distinguished by placing shells on their ventral side; a quagga mussel will topple over (Claudi and Mackie, 1994).
		Impact of Introduction: Quaggas are prodigious water filterers, removing substantial amounts of phytoplankton and suspended particulate from the water.
		In addition, quagga mussels accumulate organic pollutants within their tissues to levels more than 300,000 times greater than concentrations in the environment and these pollutants are found in their pseudofeces, which can be passed up the food chain, therefore increasing wildlife exposure to organic pollutants (Snyder et al., 1997).
	www.ctiwr.uconn.edu /ProjANS/Morgan_0420.htm (1572 words)

	minnesota sea grant - publications - glossary of the great lakes - q
		A close cousin to the zebra mussel, this exotic mussel was brought into the Great Lakes in the ballast water of transoceanic ships and is expected to have impacts similar to those of the zebra mussel.
		Although some evidence suggests that it prefers the deeper waters of the Great Lakes, it has, like the zebra mussel, quickly infested inland river systems.
		The name quagga comes from an extinct member of the zebra family.
	www.seagrant.umn.edu /pubs/ggl/q.html (107 words)

	Maryland Sea Grant Research: R/ZM-03 - Swimming and Settlement Behavior in the Quagga Mussel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Though it appears to resemble the zebra mussel, molecular evidence indicates that this quagga mussel is indeed a different species.
		Of particular concern is the initial observation that the quagga mussel can tolerate salinities higher than the zebra.
		By studying their repertoire of behaviors, Victor Kennedy will be able to detail the similarities between both zebra and quagga mussels and may be able to develop recommendations for preventive actions industries such as power plants could take to inhibit their settlement in water intake systems.
	www.mdsg.umd.edu /Research/R_ZM-03.html (276 words)

	Zebra Mussel-EATM Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Most significantly, the mussels are extremely efficient filter-feeders, consuming large portions of the microscopic plants and animals which form the base of the food chain.
		Zebra mussel eggs are fertilized externally; therefore, males and females must release their gametes (sperm and eggs) simultaneously.
		Zebra Mussel Migration to Inland Lakes and Reservoirs
	ag.ansc.purdue.edu /EXOTICSP/zm-yebi.htm (1902 words)

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