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Topic: Quantization (sound processing)

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	Signal Processing in Processing: Sampling and Quantization
		Sound can be described as a fluctuation of the acoustic pressure in time, while images are spatial distributions of values of luminance or color, the latter being described in its RGB or HSB components.
		In the case of sound, in order to become aware of the consequences of the 2π periodicity of discrete-time signal spectra (see Figure 1) and of violations of the condition of the sampling theorem, we examine a simple case.
		To have a visual and intuitive exploration of the phenomenon of quantization, consider the applet that allows to vary between 1 and 8 the number of bits dedicated to the representation of each of the RGB channels representing color.
	cnx.org /content/m13045/latest (2205 words)

	www.pcrecording.com
		Oftentimes, the resulting sound quality is referred to as having a granular, artificial sound to it.
		However, through a process of noise shaping, the dither noise we introduced can be resampled and directed to frequency ranges that nearly exceed the capacity of the human ear to hear it.
		This is because at lower bits quantization error has a broader square waveform resulting in greater relative distortion of the analog signal.
	www.pcrecording.com /dither.htm (1671 words)

	Quantization (sound processing) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In sound processing, quantization is the process of aligning a set of musical notes to conform to a grid.
		The purpose of quantization in sound processing is to provide a more uniform sound.
		Quantization is frequently applied to a record of MIDI notes created with the help of a musical keyboard.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quantization_(sound_processing) (139 words)

	Articles - Quantization (signal processing) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In digital signal processing, quantization is the process of approximating a continuous range of values (or a very large set of possible discrete values) by a relatively-small set of discrete symbols or integer values.
		A common use of quantization is in the conversion of a discrete signal (a sampled continuous signal) into a digital signal by quantizing.
		In many cases, quantization can be viewed as the fundamental element that distinguishes lossy data compression from lossless data compression, and the use of quantization is nearly always motivated by the need to reduce the amount of data needed to represent a signal.
	www.zgrey.com /articles/Quantization_(signal_processing) (826 words)

	Sound Processing
		It was not quite as satisfying a sound as the mechanical click of the standard IBM keyboards at the time, but it had the advantage that it could be changed or completely turned off.
		The first sound cards made for IBM compatible computers had very limited capabilities, but they were a substantial improvement over the basic computer which had no sound capabilities to speak of.
		The frequency of a sound wave determines the pitch or tone of the sound.
	kmh.yeungnam-c.ac.kr /Multimedia/SoundProcessing.html (3730 words)

	SOS
		If this rule is disobeyed, the sampling process becomes ambiguous as there are insufficient points to define each cycle of the waveform, resulting in enharmonic frequencies being added to the audible signal.
		DEFRAGMENT: The process of rearranging the files on a hard disk so that all the files are as contiguous as possible, and that the remaining free space is also contiguous.
		A corresponding de-emphasis process is required on playback so as to restore the original signal, and to attenuate any high frequency noise contributed by the recording process.
	www.soundonsound.com /sos/regular_htm/glossary.htm (9220 words)

	ProSoundWeb \| SAC
		Both types of measurements are unable to differentiate between sounds arriving at different time intervals, and show an averaged level of all sounds arriving at the microphone within the integration time of the instrument.
		One way of "sorting out" the sound from the sound system and the reflected sound from the room is to take advantage of the fact that echoes arrive later than the direct sound from the loudspeaker.
		In digital sampling of sound the quantization level is determined by the required dynamic range, rather than by the required number of recognizable levels.
	www.prosoundweb.com /install/sac/sup27/part1/mesp2.php (1439 words)

	Sound Processing
		It was not quite as satisfying a sound as the mechanical click of the standard IBM keyboards at the time, but it had the advantage that it could be changed or completely turned off.
		The first sound cards made for IBM compatible computers had very limited capabilities, but they were a substantial improvement over the basic computer which had no sound capabilities to speak of.
		With the release of the 16-bit sound cards in 1993 which allowed the PC to play CD quality sound (assuming that the user had external speakers), the appeal of using a PC as a music platform has increased.
	kmh.ync.ac.kr /Multimedia/SoundProcessing.html (3730 words)

	Denon USA \| Products
		AL24 Processing is a newly developed technology that reduces quantization distortion and represents the ultimate analog waveform reproduction that is designed to support the higher numbers of bits and higher sampling rate of next-generation media.
		High precision input signal detection and matrix processing enable full band reproduction (frequency response of 20 Hz to 20 kHz or greater) for all 6.1 channels, and separation between the different channels is improved to the same level as that of a digital discrete system.
		This is a process in which lower definition video signals (the 480p signal from a DVD player, for example) is processed or “scaled” for output as a 720p or 1080i signal.
	usa.denon.com /Products.asp (6161 words)

	ATRAC: Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding for MiniDisc
		The perceived loudness of a sound may be expressed in sones, where 1 sone is defined as the loudness of a 40 dB tone at 1 kHz.
		Simultaneous masking occurs when the two sounds occur at the same time, such as when a conversation (the masked signal) is rendered inaudible by a passing train (the masker).
		For good sound quality, the bit allocation algorithm must ensure that critical units have sufficient bits, and that the noise in non-critical units is not perceptually significant.
	www.minidisc.org /aes_atrac.html (2390 words)

	Apple - Logic Express
		An expandable take folder makes it simple to recall overdubs, and entire take folders can be moved and edited like regions.
		With the ES2, you can draw from a broad range of sounds, an exclusive variety of synthesis techniques, and a huge number of modulation options to create radical sounds or nuanced pads.
		Transform audio and create shifting fields of sound using advanced reverb, modulation, vintage, warped, and delay plug-ins.
	www.apple.com /logicexpress (1939 words)

	quantization - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "quantization" is defined.
		Quantization : Glossary of video terms [home, info]
		Phrases that include quantization: twin vector quantization, canonical quantization, field quantization, quantization noise, second quantization, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=quantization&ls=a (146 words)

	Appendix B
		There are two possible places to process sound data: on the sound card, or on the host processor.
		To process sound on the host CPU, the samples must be copied (via DMA) into system memory buffers by the sound card's device driver.
		For processing on board the sound card, on the other hand, buffer sizes of only 32 bytes are required as it is designed for frequent context switches (the Mwave card has a real-time operating system that runs multiple DSP tasks on board.)
	www.mindspring.com /~sggoodri/dissert/appb.htm (1174 words)

	MIDI and computer music
		Methods employed have ranged from additive synthesis, where composite sounds are assembled from individual frequency components, to phase distortion techniques that seek to modify the spectra of synthesized material during the initial process of generation.
		This is essentially a three-stage process of sound capture, optional intermediate processing and re-synthesis, starting with the selection of suitable source sounds that are first digitized and then loaded into a memory bank as segments of numeric audio data.
		A variety of processing techniques may then be employed to control the processes of regeneration, ranging from the insertion of a simple loop-back facility to allow sounds to be artificially prolonged, to sophisticated facilities that allow multiple access to the data for the purposes of transposition upwards or downwards and the generation of polyphonic textures.
	www.kunstderfuge.com /theory/midi.htm (4512 words)

	[No title]
		The CPU is backed up by the GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), which takes care of all the data from the CPU and passes the results to the 1024K of dual-ported VRAM, which stores the current frame buffer and allows the picture to be displayed on-screen.
		This slows down the drawing process, and as a result the number of polygons that can be drawn in a given time span.
		To speed up this process the GPU is equipped with a texture cache, so a given piece of texture needs not to be read multiple times in succession.
	www.raphnet.net /electronique/psx_adaptor/Playstation.txt (14428 words)

	Waves Ltd. Digital Audio Processing
		Waves' patented algorithm adds stunning bass sound without adding bass frequencies, delivering a bigger bottom end.
		Because the dynamics of the original bass are duplicated in these harmonics, the result is the most natural sounding bass enhancement available.
		To provide more control, a high-pass filter can be switched in, allowing the harmonics only to be passed along as an "image" of the original bass frequencies, which is useful when working with a system with known low frequency limitations to avoid over excursion of the speaker drivers.
	www.waves.com /content.asp?id=1600 (921 words)

	Image Compression : JPEG with Emphasis on "Baseline" Lossy JPEG, Progressive & Motion-JPEG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Quantization is used to further reduced the values of DCT coefficients in order to produce even more zero coefficients.
		F(v,u) is the DCT frequency coefficient, and Q(v,u) is the quantizer stepsize for the pixel (v,u) in the block.
		Before actual entropy is performed to the quantized DCT coefficients, the coefficients are rearranged into a one dimensional array using a zig-zag pattern by the code model, with the lowest frequency first and highest frequency last.
	pascalzone.amirmelamed.co.il /Graphics/JPEG/JPEG.htm (7228 words)

	Sound, synthesis and audio reproduction: Sound processing and effects
		Often HRTF processing (which is expensive) is not needed if sound sources do not need to reside behind the head or move from the horizontal plane of our ears.
		Dynamics processing is usually employed for two very different reasons: we may want to alter the dynamics in a way that is transparent to fulfill some technical or subliminal goals or, on the other hand, we may wish a specific artistic effect.
		More generally, pitch/time processing is heavily dependent on the properties of the signal we are processing and the tradeoffs we make in the algorithm always cause it to be better matched to some signals than others.
	www.helsinki.fi /~ssyreeni/dsound/dsound-c-08 (11504 words)

	Week 3
		You can change pitch, loudness, duration of repeated sounds, tempo (rate at which sound events occur), density (do sounds occur often or not?), degree of polyphony or overlap (do sounds occur simultaneously or sequentially?), spectral properties (brightness, bassiness, etc.).
		Try to forget everything you know about "music" and do not be bound by conventional ideas of what music is. Think about sounds for what they are rather than what the signify or the expectations they may or may not satisfy.
		If you simply string together a bunch of sounds with slight modifications and without much thought for the overall composition, you will not do as well.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~music/icm/week_3.htm (391 words)

	Aglaophone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In this example quantization is being added to the subbands of a Smith-Barnwell filter bank.
		A spectrogram shows the spectral character of the signal, as affected by the different quantization in the two subbands.
		This provides a framework for understanding the audible differences between time-domain and frequency-domain quantization and the effect of subband quantization as a compression algorithm.
	www.tam.cornell.edu /~sdh4/aglaophone (834 words)

	Digital Recording Techniques
		For example, 4 numerical levels will represent changes in the amplitude of sound less accurately than 256 numerical levels and a rate of 8 conversion/sec will be less accurate than a rate of 10,000 conversions/sec.
		The process for digitally coding sound by computer was first developed in 1957 by Max Mathews of Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill (Mathews, 1963).
		Generally, the logarithm to the base 2 is used to convert the number of available quantization levels to number of bits.
	www.digital-recordings.com /publ/pubrec.html (2303 words)

	audioMIDI.com - Apple - Logic Pro 7.1
		Within the sample editor, you can quantize your audio recordings, translate pitched monophonic audio recordings into notation or extract the rhythm of an audio drum loop for use as a quantization template on MIDI performances.
		MIDI processing provides control over external sound devices as well as software instruments and effects, such as internal instruments and plug-ins or Audio Unit plug-ins.
		And of course, you can process these sounds further using the built-in multi-mode filter and the extensive range of effect plug-ins on up to 16 individual outputs.
	www.audiomidi.com /common/cfm/product.cfm?pid=5802 (2658 words)

	Thinking Small
		They are exciting research tools because they exhibit quantum mechanical behaviors such as the quantization of electron charge and spin, much as real atoms do.
		They can even connect two waveguides together (imagine connecting two wires), a process that normally takes a few millimeters or hundreds of microns, in less than a wavelength of light.
		Although that kind of tight integration sounds radical, some people (those who carry their laptops with them all the time?) might welcome it.
	www.harvardmagazine.com /on-line/010544.html (6375 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Digitized sound signals on passive media are in themselves not especially interesting to humanities scholars.
		In contrast, computational methods for their processing and interpretation in terms of music or spoken language is clearly relevant to disciplines such as music and phonetics, which often fall within humanities faculties.
		Unfortunately, JAVA is not ideal for real-time sound processing due to current shortcomings in its mathematical operations.
	rmcisadu.let.uniroma1.it /~orlandi/desmedt.html (629 words)

	Sound and Vision Magazine - Resource Center: How to Speak A/V
		Specifically designed for programs that were originally shot on video rather than film, DCDi processes motion-video information separately from still-video information to produce smoother lines in moving images; see deinterlacing.
		decorrelation: A THX process that scrambles the relative phase of the signals sent to the surround speakers in a home theater system in order to increase the sense of surround-field envelopment.
		Digital Light Processing (DLP): A technology developed by Texas Instruments and used in video front projectors and rear-projection TVs that uses a Digital Micromirror Device to create images.
	www.soundandvisionmag.com /resources/859/resource-center-how-to-speak-av-page4.html (2344 words)

	HammerSound - The basics of Digital Audio
		As you probably know, sound is air which is moving very quickly.
		This cripples the sound a lot, but it is required to prevent even more serious damage to the sound, which would make the sound unrecognizable.
		It calculates how loud the incoming sound is at that exact moment in time (very much like a microphone would measure air pressure) and transforms the loudness level into the nearest digital number.
	www.hammersound.net /audiobasics/audiobasics.html (3355 words)

	Denon Canada \| Products
		HQV is a new benchmark standard of video excellence created through a partnership between Silicon Optix and Teranex.
		Lip Sync lets you synchronize audio and video so that sound reaches your ears when your eyes say it should.
		Various standards cover processing, amplification, and loudspeaker performance.
	ca.denon.com /products.asp (5769 words)

	Two Years of "The Digital World":
		Much of "The Digital World" is concerned with the digitization of information, particularly sound and vision.
		The use of multimedia permits the class to hear the effects of varying sound quantization levels, to see how digital images can be altered, how light blends to give color, how motion can be digitized, and so forth.
		The content of the course may also have helped; it was made very clear in the catalog that this would not be a standard introductory science course.
	www.faginfamily.net /barry/Papers/sigcse94.html (2543 words)

	Assampler support page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The devil is in the details: Assampler holds its sounds in a directory like structure allowing the user to start a process on a whole set of sounds.
		Different sound processes may be connected visually or by a selection window and thus larger algorithms can be constructed.
		Except of the fourier transformation of whole sounds Assampler can't offer you any new function compared to other programs, but I want to claim that I generated a environment which allows you to actually do all these things that are possible with sound processing software in principle.
	www.math.uni-bremen.de /~thielema/AssamplerE.html (556 words)

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