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Topic: Quantum entanglement

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	Quantum Consciousness . Stuart Hameroff
		The boundary between the quantum and classical worlds is unclear, and the transition between the two is commonly described as quantum state reduction, collapse of the wave function, or decoherence.
		Early quantum experiments led to the conclusion that quantum superpositions persisted until measured or observed by a conscious observer, that "consciousness collapsed the wave function".
		The theory of decoherence reconciles the Copenhagen interpretation with quantum superpositions in the absence of measurement or conscious observation.
	www.quantumconsciousness.org /overview.html (2321 words)

	Quantum Entanglement - Features - The Lab - Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Gateway to Science
		Quantum entanglement is an area of science that will one day dominate the way we look at information, the way we communicate secretly and the way our computers do their thing.
		Quantum entanglement is a vital part of some of the new quantum technology, but unfortunately it is shrouded in mystery, partly because entanglement is inherently strange, but also because it can be very confusing to understand.
		Quantum cryptography can use this as well, because the more ways there are to store information in a message, the harder it is to crack and when we're talking information in a quantum system, it begins to look almost unbreakable.
	www.abc.net.au /science/features/quantum (2523 words)

	Quantum Entanglement and Causality
		In particular, quantum systems show correlations over such distances that it is very difficult to reconcile them with the picture of time painted by relativity and the picture of cause and effect with which we are all familiar from the earliest ages.
		Entanglement, however, does the job admirably; according to Shi, the interference pattern disappears because as a result of the entanglement between the diffracted particles and their photon partners.
		Quantum mechanics predicts a 100% probability that if only X measurements are made, an odd number of the particles will be found in the ‘spin-up’ state, whereas if two Y measurements are made, an even number of particles will be measured as ‘spin-up’.
	fergusmurray.members.beeb.net /Causality.html (5152 words)

	Quantum Entanglement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		However, in the quantum mechanical world, it is also possible for the atom to be in a combined state 'decayed-not decayed' in which it is neither one nor the other but somewhere in between.
		Schrodinger was worried by a similar situation where the victim of the quantum entanglement was a cat in a box where the decaying atom could trigger the release of a lethal chemical.
		Quantum entanglement began to be seen not only as a puzzle, but also as a resource for communication.
	cam.qubit.org /articles/intros/entangle.php (1062 words)

	Michigan researchers achieve quantum entanglement of three electrons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Entanglement, which is essential to the creation of a quantum computer, is one of the mysterious properties of quantum mechanics that contradicts the notions of classical realism.
		Briefly, entanglement describes a particular state of a set of particles of energy or matter for which correlations exist, so that the particles affect each other regardless of how far apart they are.
		In the experiments, the signature of entanglement involving m electrons is the detection of the mth-harmonic of the fundamental Zeeman frequency in the differential reflectivity data.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-02/uom-mra022603.php (520 words)

	Quantum entanglement - Uncyclopedia
		Quantum entanglement is a common but often misunderstood phenomenon that involves large balls of yarn and kittens.
		It is known to be the cause of the Quantum Teleportation of socks from washing machines and dryers.
		Quantum entanglement was first observed by Noodle-Head Wilson in 1903.
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Quantum_entanglement (336 words)

	Quantum Entanglement
		Entanglement is a quantum phenomenon, and trying to "explain" the results of the mathematics in terms of macroscopic springs, and balls and stuff that we are familiar with is just not appropriate.
		In the case of entanglement what this "means" is that a photon (electron or whatever) that passes through two slits, it actually passes through both slits simultaneously, no matter how far apart the two slits are arranged.
		She wants to know, "what is the big deal?" The accepted quantum explanation is that the electrons' spins were in a superposition of states and that there is a collapse of the wave function which results in an instantaneous change to the wave function everywhere as soon as one of the spins is measured.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/phy00/phy00966.htm (1062 words)

	More on Quantum Entanglement
		Quantum entanglement is the basis for emerging technologies such as quantum computing, quantum cryptography and has been used for experiments in quantum teleportation.
		On the other hand, quantum mechanics has been highly successful in producing correct experimental predictions, and the strong correlations associated with the phenomenon of quantum entanglement have in fact been observed.
		Entanglement produces some interesting interactions with the principle of relativity that states that information cannot be transferred faster than the speed of light.
	www.artilifes.com /quantum-entanglement.htm (1587 words)

	Advancing Quantum Information Science Unlocking Secrets
		First developed by Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, and other physicists during the early years of the 20th century, quantum mechanics is the most fundamental and successful set of principles and equations known at this time for predicting the behavior of particles such as atoms and electrons, and electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves.
		Entanglement is a much stronger relationship than we typically see in the macro world, even between identical twins.
		Controlled entanglement is a unique quantum resource that offers, for example, a way of transmitting data or performing controlled interactions on distant quantum bits, as long as a classical communications channel is also available.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/quantum/what_is_quantuminfo.html (1081 words)

	Spooky at Any Speed
		Entanglement, the "spooky" effect in which far-distant particles appear to influence one another instantaneously, is a delicate property, hard to prepare and manipulate.
		They have learned that the degree of entanglement between spin and momentum in a single particle can be affected by changing its speed ("boosting" it into a new reference frame) but weren't sure what would happen with two particles.
		A particle pair possesses a grand entanglement that encompasses all the possible combinations of spin and momentum entanglement and, crucially, stays constant when the system is boosted.
	focus.aps.org /story/v10/st29 (608 words)

	Quantum entanglement: Going large (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Particles small enough for their behaviour to be governed by the laws of quantum mechanics can exhibit a remarkable property known as entanglement.
		A pair of quantum particles can exist in entangled 'superposition', a mixture of states that resolves only when some physical property such as spin or polarization is measured.
		Quantum entanglement is a fundamental requirement for quantum computing, but until now it has been possible only to generate entanglement between microscopic particles.
	www.nature.com /nature/links/010927/010927-2.html (176 words)

	Quantum quirk may give objects mass - fundamentals - 24 October 2004 - New Scientist
		If you thought that quantum entanglement - the weird effect that allows two particles to behave as one, no matter how far apart they are - is too subtle to affect your daily life, think again.
		The magnetic field induces a current in the surface of the superconductor, and this current effectively excludes the magnetic field from the interior of the material, causing the magnet to hover.
		Entanglement may be linked to the mass of not just the mediator particles, but all fundamental particles.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn6558 (680 words)

	Physicists Achieve Quantum Entanglement Between Remote Ensembles of Atoms
		Some tasks in quantum information science (for instance, the implementation of scalable quantum networks) require that entangled states be stored in massive particles, which was first accomplished for trapped ions separated by a few hundred micrometers in experiments at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado, in 1998.
		In the Caltech experiment, the entanglement involves "collective atomic spin excitations." To generate such excitations, an ensemble of cold atoms initially all in level "a" of two possible ground levels is addressed with a suitable "writing" laser pulse.
		The resulting quantum state is an entangled state with "1" stored in the L ensemble and "0" in the R ensemble, and vice versa.
	www.physorg.com /news8891.html (1181 words)

	Entangled Up in Twos
		When you look at your half, and see that it is heads, there is no need for you to talk to your moon-bound friend to know she has tails.
		Weirder still, a quantum particle's quirkiest talent may be its ability to be intimately linked, or entangled, with another.
		Because quantum states (the speed and direction of spin, for example) are fragile, entanglement doesn't last long and can be difficult to arrange.
	whyfiles.org /shorties/133quantum_leap (794 words)

	Amazon.com: Entanglement: Books: Amir Aczel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Entanglement as a consequence of quantum mechanics was actually predicted by Einstein and used in a thought experiment to try and discredit the new theory.
		Quantum mechanics says that, until the particles are measured, their spins are in a superposition of states, and when one photon's spin is measured, the other photon instantly assumes the opposite spin - no matter how far apart the two are.
		Quantum mechanics is thus non-local, and Einstein thought the result of this thought experiment, weird as it is, left no other option but to conclude that quantum mechanics is incomplete.
	www.amazon.com /Entanglement-Amir-Aczel/dp/0452284570 (2361 words)

	Quantum Entanglement and Information (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Quantum entanglement is a physical resource, like energy, associated with the peculiar nonclassical correlations that are possible between separated quantum systems.
		The puzzle is that the quantum state of the particle pair is inconsistent with the assignment of labels to the particles separately that could be associated with appropriately correlated values for the outcomes of position and momentum measurements.
		The impossibility of copying an unknown quantum state, or a state that is known to belong to a set of nonorthogonal states with a certain probability, and the existence of a trade-off relation between information gain and state disturbance, is the basis of the application of quantum information to cryptography.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/qt-entangle (5625 words)

	GSReport:Quantum Entanglement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A stunning revision of quantum theory has effectively replaced Heisenberg's uncertainty principle with the concept of quantum entanglement.
		The indeterminacy of reality at the quantum (sub-atomic) level has been proved by the famous "two slit" experiment, which indicates that light can be either a wave or a particle depending on whether or not an effort is being made to measure it.
		Quantum theory has therefore said that a particle splits into two "ghosts" of itself, one going through each slit.
	www.gsreport.com /articles/art000136.html (1057 words)

	entanglement - a definition from Whatis.com
		Entanglement is a term used in quantum theory to describe the way that particles of energy/matter can become correlated to predictably interact with each other regardless of how far apart they are.
		Entanglement is a real phenomenon (Einstein called it "spooky action at a distance"), which has been demonstrated repeatedly through experimentation.
		Much current research is focusing on how to harness the potential of entanglement in developing systems for quantum cryptography and quantum computing.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci341428,00.html (405 words)

	Myswizard » Quantum entanglement
		This entry was posted on Wednesday, March 22nd, 2006 at 4:33 pm and is filed under The Sciences with the following keywords: Quantum entanglement.
		Quantum entanglement is closely concerned with the emerging technologies of quantum computing and quantum cryptography, and has been used for experiments in quantum teleportation.
		The correlations predicted by quantum mechanics, and observed in experiment, naively appear to be inconsistent with the seemingly obvious principle of local realism, which is that information about the state of a system should only be mediated by interactions in its immediate surroundings.
	www.myswizard.com /2006/03/22/quantum-entanglement (596 words)

	'Spooky action at a distance' \| csmonitor.com
		Entanglement forms the basis for key elements in the burgeoning field of quantum computing and communication.
		Back when Herr Schrödinger was writing about stuffing cats and atoms into boxes, he also held that entanglement was the one feature of quantum theory that distinguished it from "classical" physics, in which cause and effect could be distinguished and one object is forbidden from influencing another object at a distance instantaneously.
		By contrast, according to quantum mechanics, an experimenter could entangle a pair of particles, separate them by vast distances, then instantaneously change the state of one by changing the state of the other - even at distances of millions of light years.
	www.csmonitor.com /2001/1004/p15s1-stss.html (1363 words)

	Quantum Consciousness
		Unlike the random, "subjective reduction"(SR, or R) of standard quantum theory caused by observation or environmental entanglement, the OR we propose in microtubules is a self-collapse and it results in particular patterns of microtubule-tubulin conformational states that regulate neuronal activities including synaptic functions.
		When two quantum systems have interacted, their wave functions become "phase entangled"so that when one system's wave function is collapsed, the other system’s wave function, no matter how far away, instantly collapses as well.
		The non-local connection ("quantum entanglement" is instantaneous, independent of distance and implies that the quantum entities, by sharing a wave function, are indivisible.
	www.quantumconsciousness.org /penrose-hameroff/orchOR.html (9133 words)

	ScienceDaily: NASA Researchers Put New Spin On Einstein's Relativity Theory
		Another possible application of entanglement is quantum teleportation: the ability to transfer the precise quantum state of one microscopic object to another, while using only traditional communications, such as a phone line.
		Michigan Researchers Achieve Quantum Entanglement Of Three Electrons (February 27, 2003) -- The quantum entanglement of three electrons, using an ultrafast optical pulse and a quantum well of a magnetic semiconductor material, has been demonstrated in a laboratory at the University of...
		Quantum entanglement -- Quantum entanglement is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which the quantum states of two or more objects have to be described with reference to each other, even though the individual objects may be...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/04/030410073215.htm (1935 words)

	ScienceDaily: Michigan Researchers Achieve Quantum Entanglement Of Three Electrons
		Quantum number -- A quantum number is any one of a set of numbers used to specify the full quantum state of any system in quantum mechanics.
		Quantum computer -- A quantum computer is any device for computation that makes direct use of distinctively quantum mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on...
		Quantum tunnelling -- Quantum tunnelling (or tunneling) is the quantum-mechanical effect of transitioning through a classically-forbidden energy state.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/02/030227071834.htm (1814 words)

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