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Topic: Quantum physics

	Quantum mechanics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For instance, the well-known model of the quantum harmonic oscillator uses an explicitly non-relativistic expression for the kinetic energy of the oscillator, and is thus a quantum version of the classical harmonic oscillator.
		The quantum field theory of the strong nuclear force is called quantum chromodynamics, and describes the interactions of the subnuclear particles: quarks and gluons.
		Quantum electrodynamics is a quantum theory of electrons, positrons, and the electromagnetic field, and served as a role model for subsequent quantum field theories.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quantum_physics (4009 words)

	Learn more about Quantum mechanics in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Quantum mechanics, also referred to as quantum physics, is a physical theory that describes the behavior of matter at short length scales.
		Quantum mechanics has also been adopted as the underlying theory of many fields of physics and chemistry, including condensed matter physics, quantum chemistry, and particle physics.
		The quantum field theory of the strong nuclear force is quantum chromodynamics, which describes the interactions of the subnuclear particles, the quarks and gluons.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /q/qu/quantum_mechanics_1.html (2428 words)

	quantum theory. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		modern physical theory concerned with the emission and absorption of energy by matter and with the motion of material particles; the quantum theory and the theory of relativity together form the theoretical basis of modern physics.
		Quantum mechanics, the final mathematical formulation of the quantum theory, was developed during the 1920s.
		Quantum mechanics was combined with the theory of relativity in the formulation of P. Dirac (1928), which, in addition, predicted the existence of antiparticles.
	www.bartleby.com /65/qu/quantumt.html (795 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Quantum mechanics [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Quantum mechanics describes with great accuracy and precision many phenomena where classical mechanics drastically fails to agree with experiments, including the behavior of systems of very small objects typically the size of atoms or smaller, but also some macroscopic phenomena, like superconductivity and superfluidity.
		It also explains many physical phenomena that contradict the predictions of classical mechanics, such as the existence of stable atoms and the spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a fl body, which are examples of systems where classical mechanics departs drastically from experiment.
		Another difficulty with quantum mechanics is that the nature of an object isn't known, in the sense that an object's position, or the shape of the spatial distribution of the probability of presence, is only known by the properties (charge for example) and the environment (presence of an electric potential).
	encyclozine.com /Quantum_physics (3734 words)

	Quantum Physics
		A physicist looking at the box does not know whether the quantum process has broken the capsule or not, so he describes it with a quantum state, that is to say a wave function in which the process has part broken the cyanide capsule, and part not.
		Quantum mechanics predicts that the choice of the axis for the first measurement of spin will alter the results of measurement of spin of the second particle, in a manner which is not consistent with the notion that the two particles have separated and become independent.
		Quantum mechanics seems to contradict the idea that, prior to measurement, a particle is a point-like object with an unknown position, and appears to say that the particle is actually a wave spread over space.
	www.kheper.net /cosmos/quantum_physics/quantum_physics.htm (3060 words)

	IBM Research \| Technical Disciplines \| Physics
		Physics "deals with matter and energy and their interactions" (Webster) across a range of fields, including electricity, magnetism, and optics.
		Thus it is no surprise that physics plays a key role in IBM, spanning the entire range of computer technology.
		The interplay between physics and computers has benefited both sides -- a situation that is not likely to change anytime soon.
	www.research.ibm.com /disciplines/physics.shtml (167 words)

	What is Quantum Physics?
		While Newtonian physics can suitably describe the orbit of the planets or the energy transformations during a game of pool, quantum physics describes how electrons surround the nucleus of the atom and other subatomic actions.
		What quantum physics does is give us the statistical probability of the electron's location at any one moment.
		Quantum physics even plays a part in flholes, where regular physics is thrown out the window and then some!
	www.jracademy.com /~jtucek/science/what.html (543 words)

	An introduction to Quantum Computing
		The simulation of a quantum computer on a classical one is a computationally hard problem because the correlations among quantum bits are qualitatively different from correlations among classical bits, as first explained by John Bell.
		The answer is primarily those errors that arise as a direct result of decoherence, or the tendency of a quantum computer to decay from a given quantum state into an incoherent state as it interacts, or entangles, with the state of the environment.
		Quantum hardware, on the other hand, remains an emerging field, but the work done thus far suggests that it will only be a matter time before we have devices large enough to test Shor's and other quantum algorithms.
	www.cs.caltech.edu /~westside/quantum-intro.html (3038 words)

	Quantum Physics Quackery (Skeptical Inquirer January 1997)
		The source of most of these claims can be traced to the so-called wave-particle duality of quantum physics: Physical objects, at the quantum level, seem to possess both local, reductionist particle and nonlocal, holistic wave properties that become manifest depending on whether the position or wavelength of the object is measured.
		This has left the door open for the quantum mystics to claim that the human mind acts as sort of a "channel selector" for the path that is followed in an individual universe while existing itself in all universes (Squires 1990).
		Quantum mechanics, the centerpiece of modern physics, is misinterpreted as implying that the human mind controls reality and that the universe is one connected whole that cannot be understood by the usual reduction to parts.
	www.csicop.org /si/9701/quantum-quackery.html (2289 words)

	Physics 219 Course Information
		Quantum Computation and Quantum Information by Michael Nielsen and Isaac Chuang, will be available in the fall of 2000.
		Therefore, since the physical world is fundamentally quantum mechanical, the foundations of information theory and computer science should be sought in quantum physics.
		A quantum computer will be much more vulnerable than a conventional digital computer to the effects of noise and of imperfections in the machine.
	theory.caltech.edu /people/preskill/ph229 (1043 words)

	Todd's Quantum Intro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Simply put, quantum mechanics is the study of matter and radiation at an atomic level.
		Classical physics is a flawed theory, but it is only dramatically flawed when dealing with the very small (atomic size, where quantum mechanics is used) or the very fast (near the speed of light, where relativity takes over).
		Quantum mechanics, however, says that there is a small probability that the ball could go right through the wall (without damaging the wall) and continue its flight on the other side!
	www.hi.is /~hj/QuantumMechanics/quantum.html (2242 words)

	Quantum Physics: Niels Bohr: Explaining Bohr's Model of the Atom. Niels (Neils) Bohr Biography, Quotes, Pictures
		Quantum Theory: Particle Wave Duality - The particle-wave duality of Matter is obviously explained by the WSM.
		Instead Quantum Theory evolved along the path of the particle / wave duality of light and matter, and Born's statistical interpretations of the waves (which in hindsight was obviously going to lead to the end of a meaningful physics).
		Physics: Forces (Light, Gravity) - Forces are caused by a change in velocity of the spherical In-Waves (from one direction, as they interact with other matter / waves) which causes a change in location of where these spherical (ellipsoidal) In-Waves finally meet at their Wave-Center, and which we 'see' as a 'force accelerating a particle'.
	www.spaceandmotion.com /Physics-Niels-Bohr.htm (6710 words)

	AllRefer.com - quantum chromodynamics (Physics) - Encyclopedia
		quantum chromodynamics (QCD), quantum field theory that describes the properties of the strong interactions between quarks and between protons and neutrons in the framework of quantum theory.
		QCD is nearly identical in mathematical structure to quantum electrodynamics (QED) and to the unified theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions advanced by American physicist Steven Weinberg and Pakistani physicist Abdus Salam.
		See F. Yndurain, Quantum Chromodynamics: An Introduction to the Theory of Quarks and Gluons (1983); G. Altarelli, The Development of Perturbative QCD (1994); W. Greiner and A. Schafer, Quantum Chromodynamics (1994).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/Q/quantumch.html (349 words)

	Physics Virtual Bookshelf: Quantum Mechanics
		A brief summary of wave-particle duality, from a first year physics course that uses minimal mathematics; the entire set of materials from the course is available by clicking here.
		A brief summary of quantum interference and the uncertainty principle, from a first year physics course that uses minimal mathematics; the entire set of materials from the course is available by clicking here.
		An overview of quantum mechanics, from a first year physics course that uses minimal mathematics; the entire set of materials from the course is available by clicking here.
	www.upscale.utoronto.ca /GeneralInterest/QM.html (429 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Quantum Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles by Robert Eisberg
		I'm using this book for a graduate sequence in quantum physics and quite frankly the book does a great deal of "hand waving" when it really should be going into great depth on some of these topics.
		Quantum mechanics is ALWAYS difficult at first by its very nature, so those who complain that it is too difficult are probably just stupid or too lazy to actually read the book.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0471857378?v=glance (1443 words)

	NIST: Quantum Physics Division - Division 848
		The Division, part of NIST's Physics Laboratory, participates in JILA, a cooperative enterprise between NIST and the University of Colorado (CU).
		The Division conducts long-term, cutting edge research in quantum physics and related areas in support of the Nation's science and technology.
		The Quantum Physics Division works on fundamental, highly accurate, measurements and theoretical analyses, using quantum physics, quantum optics, chemical physics, gravitational physics, and geophysical measurements.
	physics.nist.gov /Divisions/Div848/div848.html (218 words)

	Quantum Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		To discover what the universe is made of and how it works is the challenge of particle physics.
		Quantum Universe presents the quest to explain the universe in terms of quantum physics, which governs the behavior of the microscopic, subatomic world.
		It describes a revolution in particle physics and a quantum leap in our understanding of the mystery and beauty of the universe.
	interactions.org /quantumuniverse (63 words)

	NIST: Physics Laboratory's - Quantum Information
		The starting point for quantum information at NIST was in 1995 when the Ion Storage Group demonstrated the first quantum-logic gate.
		This effort entitled A Scalable Quantum Information Network is led by Carl Williams and includes representatives of the Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory, the Information Technology Laboratory, and the Physics Laboratory.
		The figure shows memory qubits in a quantum register and an accumulator where the qubits in the quantum register can be moved together to undergo quantum operations.
	qubit.nist.gov (943 words)

	New Scientist Special Report on Quantum World
		Quantum objects can exist in multiple states and places at the same time, requiring a mastery of statistics to describe them.
		The 2005 Physics Prize is shared for research into the quantum nature of light and harnessing lasers to make highly accurate measurements
		The inherent weirdness of quantum physics may act to prevent the paradoxes which seem possible with the conventional view of time travel
	www.newscientist.com /channel/fundamentals/quantum-world (1268 words)

	Quantum Physics
		This Quantum Physics course is being given again in Spring semester 2005; the line number is 47377.
		Some of you may be interested to access a related course Quantum Mechanical Models of Solids, developed at Sussex University in England in Fall 1999-2000, and recently given again in 2004-5.
		A page on Quantum resources has been developed for visualization and computation; both of these may be further developed this year.
	venables.asu.edu /quant (1063 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Physics: Quantum Mechanics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Intro to Quantum Mechanics - This page is intended to give an ordinary person a brief overview of the importance and wonder of quantum mechanics.
		Quantum Physics - A qualitative description of the key aspects, including Heisenburg's Uncertainty Principle, wave-particle duality and related theories.
		Topics in Modern Quantum Optics - This is the written version of lectures presented at the 17th Symposium on Theoretical Physics covering various topics in quantum optics.
	dmoz.org /Science/Physics/Quantum_Mechanics (734 words)

	Arkadiusz Jadczyk and Quantum Future
		Quantum Theory is the most advanced and succesful theory today.
		Its principal task is to explain away the scandal of non-circular motions in the sky.
		It serves a practical purpose as a method of computing tables of motions of the sun, moon, and planets; but as to the real nature of the universe, it has nothing to say.
	quantumfuture.net /quantum_future/qf.htm (740 words)

	NIST Physics Laboratory home page
		Electron and Optical Physics: develops measurement methods and associated technology for determining electron and photon interactions with matter.
		conducts research in atomic and chemical physics, precision measurement, and laser and optical physics.
		Quantum Physics Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), has won the Nobel Prize along with two other researchers.
	physics.nist.gov (149 words)

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