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Topic: Quantum solvent

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	Solvent Encyclopedia
		Solvents usually have a low boiling point and evaporate easily or can be removed by distillation, thereby leaving the dissolved substance behind.
		Solvents can also be used to extract soluble compounds from a mixture, the most common example is the brewing of coffee or tea with hot water.
		Since solvents readily migrate substantial distances, the creation of widespread soil contamination is not uncommon; there may be about 5000 sites worldwide that have major subsurface solvent contamination; this is particularly a health risk if aquifers are affected.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Solvent.html (1539 words)

	QUANTUM-MIND Archives -- October 2000 (#4)
		Quantum coherence has been demonstrated in the brain A new imaging method for MRI is based on detection of quantum coherence (Rizi et al, 2000).
		A measure of the durations of the quantum processes were 24.2 msec in the white matter region, 26.0 msec in the gray matter region, and 293.8 msec in the ventricular region.
		This is important as consciousness models involving quantum states in the brain have come under sharp criticism due to the issue of decoherence, and the question of whether quantum processes of significance can exist in the brain at physiological temperature.
	listserv.arizona.edu /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0010&L=quantum-mind&F=&S=&P=455 (961 words)

	CECAM workshop: Abstracts
		In the time-correlation and spectral density functions of the solvent reaction coordinate, the frequency of the librational coupling motion is blue-shifted and its intensity is suppressed due to the solvent electronic polarization.
		The method is applied to several examples of quantum dissipative dynamics in the condensed phase: the spin-boson problem with Debye spectral density as a model for electron-transfer reactions in polar solvents, electronic resonance decay in the presence of a vibrational bath, and ultrafast photoinduced electron-transfer reactions in mixed valence compounds [3].
		In the quantum-classical approach we use [1,2], the isolated quantum subsystem and bath obey quantum mechanics and classical mechanics, respectively, but their coupled evolution is given by quantum-classical equations of motion where a simple Newtonian description of the environmental degrees of freedom no longer exists.
	research.chem.psu.edu /shsgroup/cecam/abstracts.html (3367 words)

	First white LED using quantum dots created
		The quantum dots strongly absorb light in the near UV range and re-emit visible light that has its color determined by both their size and surface chemistry.
		Quantum dot phosphors are integrated with a commercial LED chip that emits in the near ultraviolet at 400 nanometers by encapsulating the chip with a dot-filled epoxy, creating a dome.
		The quantum dots in the dome absorb the invisible 400 nanometer light from the LED and reemit it in the visible region — a principle similar to that used in fluorescent lighting.
	www.physlink.com /News/071403QuantumDotLED.cfm (0 words)

	An Explicit Quantum Chemical Method for Modeling Large Solvation Shells Applied to Aminocoumarin C151
		We test the ability of the frozen-density embedding to describe specific solvent effects due to hydrogen bonding for a small example system, as well as the convergence of the excitation energy with the number of solvent molecules considered in the solvation shell.
		In the calculation of solvatochromic shifts between solvents of different polarity, the vertical excitation energy obtained at the equilibrium structure of the isolated chromophore is sometimes taken as a guess for the excitation energy in a nonpolar solvent.
		It is shown that the shift is mainly due to the electronic effect of the water molecules, and the structural effects are similar in n-hexane and water.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jpcafh/2005/109/i34/abs/jp0528764.html (400 words)

	Sicily
		The advent of quantum information devices, key roles played by quantum processes in protein dynamics, and coherent ordering in the cell cytoplasm further suggest that microtubules may function as quantum computational devices, and that mesoscopic and macroscopic quantum states are characteristic of living systems.
		Being a quantum entity, the (unobserved) photon must be in superposition of both passing through and not passing through the mirror, thus both releasing and not releasing the poison.
		Quantum superpositions and reduction are currently being developed technologically for future use in quantum computers which promise to revolutionize information processing (and perhaps make comparisons between the brain/mind and quantum computers inevitable).
	www.quantumconsciousness.org /Sicily.htm (8350 words)

	Nanotechnology @ LaunchBase.org (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		These new materials and structures have in turn led to the observation of novel phenomena such as the âquantum size effectâ where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size.
		Quantum dots are nanoscaled objects, which can be used, among many other things, for the construction of lasers.
		The advantage of a quantum dot laser over the traditional semiconductor laser is that their emitted wavelength depends on the diameter of the dot.
	www.launchbase.org /encyclopedia/Nanotechnology (5663 words)

	Solvent Recovery -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Solvents should therefore not react chemically with the dissolved compounds - they have to be inert.
		Solvents are usually clear and colorless liquids and most of them have a characteristic smell.
		Quantum solvation has so far been achieved with a number of organic, inorganic and organometallic compounds, and it has been speculated that as well as the obvious use in the field of spectroscopy, quantum solvents could be used as tools in nanoscale chemical engineering, perhaps to manufacture components for use in nanotechnology.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/134/solvent-recovery.html (521 words)

	Highlights of research
		Unraveling the quantum nature of elementary chemical encounters is difficult.
		The implication of this description and its relation to the quantum semigroups formalism is the subject of study.
		Quantum calculations have shown a strong oscillatory structure in the angular distribution of the photo-fragmented hydrogen as well as in the absorption spectrum.
	www.fh.huji.ac.il /~ronnie/ronniepage.html (4199 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Fluorescence - Solvent Effects on Fluorescence Emission - Interactive Java Tutorial
		As a result, there is a time delay between the excitation event and the re-ordering of solvent molecules around the solvated fluorophore (as illustrated in Figure 1), which generally has a much larger dipole moment in the excited state than in the ground state.
		Solvent molecules assist in stabilizing and further lowering the energy level of the excited state by re-orienting (termed solvent relaxation) around the excited fluorophore in a slower process that requires between 10 and 100 picoseconds.
		Increasing the solvent polarity produces a correspondingly larger reduction in the energy level of the excited state, while decreasing the solvent polarity reduces the solvent effect on the excited state energy level.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/java/jablonski/solventeffects (1045 words)

	Method slashes quantum dot costs by 80 percent
		In an important advance toward the large-scale manufacture of fluorescent quantum dots, scientists at Rice University have developed a new method of replacing the pricey solvents used in quantum dot synthesis with cheaper oils that are commonplace at industrial chemical plants.
		Quantum dots typically cost more than $2,000 per gram from commercial sources, and pricey solvents like octadecene, or ODE - the least expensive solvent used in quantum dot preparation today - account for about 90 percent costs of raw materials.
		The reproducible synthesis of high-quality quantum dots became a reality in the early 1990s when researchers at MIT pioneered a new method of producing quantum dots with uniform sizes and well-defined optical signatures.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-09/ru-msq090705.php (0 words)

	Quantum One Design News
		With the sail flat, pour a healthy amount of solvent over the number.
		TIPS: The solvent does not adversely affect the sail cloth as long as you do not scrape too long or too hard.
		Be careful with spinnaker cloth, as the solvent can easily soften the cloth.
	www.quantumsails.com /products/onedesign/cni.asp?NID=16&CID=5 (0 words)

	Bayliss, Noel Stanley 1906-1996 - Component of : Early Ideas in the History of Quantum Chemistry.
		This was to consider that the spectrum due to the excitation of the -electrons could be related to the quantum mechanical problem of the 'electron in a one-dimensional box'.
		It was already widely known that the -electrons could move freely along the system of conjugated double bonds, and the theoretical energy levels of an electron oscillating in a box with a vertical potential profile at each end had already been analysed.
		This strain can be related partly to the polarity of the solute and solvent molecules, and to changes in the dipole moment of the solute during the transition, and partly to packing strain arising from changes in the dimensions of the solute due to the absorption and excitation.
	www.quantum-chemistry-history.com /Bayliss1.htm (1033 words)

	questreview
		The site/action of anesthesia and consciousness is a distributed phase of non-polar, hydrophobic solubility medium composed of discrete pockets in a group of proteins throughout the brain.
		It turns out that quantum coherence in some circumstances flourishes at high temperature (in which the coherence is pumped, rather than condensed by cooling).
		Quantum computation in microtubules is not proven, but it hasn’t been refuted.
	www.quantumconsciousness.org /questreview.htm (4687 words)

	Computational Approaches to Time-Dependent Quantum Dynamics Workshop
		The quantum fluid dynamics (QFD) formulation is based on the separation of the amplitude and phase of the complex wave function in Schrodinger's equation.
		When viewed from the trajectory ensemble perspective, quantum effects arise as a breakdown of the statistical independence of the trajectories in the ensemble and a nonlocal entanglement of their collective evolution.
		The quantum subsystem is described by a wave packet depending on the quantum coordinates x and parametrically on the classical trajectories X(t).
	www.cfa.harvard.edu /itamp/quantum.html (3345 words)

	Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Fluorescence - Solvent Effects on Fluorescence Emission - Interactive Java ...
		Solvent molecules assist in stabilizing and further lowering the energy level of the excited state by re-orienting (termed solvent relaxation) around the excited fluorophore in a slower process that requires between 10 and 100 picoseconds.
		Increasing the solvent polarity produces a correspondingly larger reduction in the energy level of the excited state, while decreasing the solvent polarity reduces the solvent effect on the excited state energy level.
		Fluorescence emission is increased in wavelength from approximately 330 to 365 nanometers, a 35-nanometer shift due to solvent effects.
	micro.magnet.fsu.edu /primer/java/jablonski/solventeffects (1103 words)

	Technology Review: Quantum Computing
		Quantum computing is barely into its proof-of-principle stage, with a long way to go before it evolves even to the qubit equivalent of World War II-era vacuum-tube machines like the ENIAC.
		At IBM Almaden, for example, the core of Chuang's quantum computer is small and inexpensive: qubit-containing molecules dissolved in a few drops of colorless solvent, encased in a glass tube smaller than his little finger.
		If that proves to be the pattern, then we could see a new generation of quantum hackers going to work in much the same way their forebears did at the beginning of the personal computer revolution, creating a profusion of innovative quantum software.
	www.technologyreview.com /Infotech/12113/page5 (682 words)

	quantum_sim.html
		Since one of the main interests of our group is to understand how the motions of solvent molecules control the dynamics of electron transfer reactions, it makes sense to build computer simulations of the charge transfer process, allowing us to determine the role of every solvent molecule in the reaction.
		Although it is generally considered acceptable to treat the solvent classically (there are too many solvent molecules involved to treat the entire problem quantum mechanically), the problem is still difficult because the electron must be treated quantum mechanically: electron transfer is inherently a quantum phenomenon that cannot be described classically.
		In fact, it is the nuclear motions of the solvent that mix the electronic energy levels together and induce radationless transitions that allow the system to relax from the electronic excited state.
	www.chem.ucla.edu /dept/Faculty/schwartz/quantum_sim.html (438 words)

	ScienceDaily: Method Slashes Quantum Dot Costs By 80 Percent
		Science Daily — In an important advance toward the large-scale manufacture offluorescent quantum dots, scientists at Rice University have developeda new method of replacing the pricey solvents used in quantum dotsynthesis with cheaper oils that are commonplace at industrial chemicalplants.
		Quantum dots typically cost more than $2,000 per gram from commercialsources, and pricey solvents like octadecene, or ODE - the leastexpensive solvent used in quantum dot preparation today - account forabout 90 percent costs of raw materials.
		The reproducible synthesis of high-quality quantum dots became areality in the early 1990s when researchers at MIT pioneered a newmethod of producing quantum dots with uniform sizes and well-definedoptical signatures.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/09/050909073701.htm (1013 words)

	Quantum solvent - Definition, explanation
		Due to the frictionless nature of the superfluid medium, this quantum solvation shell then proceeds to act very much like a nanoscopic ball bearing, allowing effectively complete rotational freedom of the solvated chemical species.
		The only caveat to this is the necessity of altering the rotational constant of the species to compensate for the higher mass entailed by the quantum solvation shell.
		Quantum solvation has so far been achieved with a number of organic, inorganic and organometallic compounds, and it has been speculated that as well as the obvious use in the field of spectroscopy, quantum solvents could be used as tools in nanoscale chemical engineering, perhaps to manufacture components for use in nanotechnology.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/q/qu/quantum_solvent.php (0 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		P was increased from 0.015 to 0.36 M. This is interpreted as the indication of a minor associative pathway operating in competition with the known dissociative pathway.
		This solvent dependence of the quantum yield is uncorrelated with the solvatochromism of MLCT bands.
		Normalization of the quantum yields with respect to the limiting quantum yield for each wavelength yields identical solvent dependence curves for both complexes indicating that the solvent dependence is independent of the wavelength dependence.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~chlangfo/phottran.htm (515 words)

	Novel ab initio molecular modeling tools for drug discovery new generation software for biochemical modeling based on ...
		QUANTUM linear scaling both in speed and memory requirements, fundamental biological research industrial scale Long-Range Order and Interactions of Macroscopic Objects in Polar Liquids, develop a phenomenological vector model of polar liquids capable to describe aqueous interactions of macroscopic bodies.
		QUANTUM models molecular interactions and consists of three parts: a) vacuum force field for internal molecular interactions, b) the continuous water model, c) thermodynamic expressions for Gibbs energy.
		QUANTUM molecular modeling software has linear scaling both in speed and memory requirements, and can be used for both fundamental biological research and drug discovery on an industrial scale (download pdf).
	www.q-pharm.com /home/contents/sci_and_tech/science (0 words)

	Session B1 - Quantum Control in Atomic and Molecular Systems.
		Applications of solvent control of chemical reactivity are wide spread from laboratory experiments to industrial applications.
		Quantum coherence between localized but separated states of a particle in a double-well potential has long served as a paradigm for non-classical dynamics.
		Quantum interference provides a powerful means of controlling atomic and molecular processes, a method known as coherent control.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR01/DAMOP01/abs/S110.html (746 words)

	Method Slashes Quantum Dot Costs by 80 Percent - Science - RedOrbit
		For example, CdSe quantum dots have the ability to absorb high-energy photons of ultraviolet light and re-emit them as photons of visible light.
		A solvent is heated to almost 500 degrees Fahrenheit, and solutions containing cadmium and selenium compounds are injected.
		Thanks to a mathematical modeling approach developed by Mantzaris, the team now has a method for predicting the particle size and growth behavior of quantum dots based on only three physical properties of a given solvent: viscosity, surface free energy and solubility of bulk cadmium selenide powder.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=233304&source=r_science (592 words)

	George G. Hall, Autobiography - Component of : Early Ideas in the History of Quantum Chemistry.
		I had begun to read Dirac’s Quantum Mechanics, stimulated by physics lectures on atomic spectra and mathematics courses on Hilbert spaces, but had no proper exposure to quantum mechanics so I remained for another year to complete the degree course in experimental physics, from which I gained another First in 1947.
		He was anxious to revive his interest in quantum chemistry [173] and move on from the statistical mechanics of liquids, the topic which had dominated his immediate prewar research.
		Quantum mechanical interpretation of the chemical shift in aromatic molecules.
	www.quantum-chemistry-history.com /Hall_Dat/AutoBiog/AutoBioG2.htm (8582 words)

	Cheaper Dots -- [ NANOTECH ]: Scientific American
		Clearly, the solvent had to have a high boiling point and resist decomposing--and be cheaper than octadecene.
		Heat-transfer fluids, however, are not used as solvents, being neither as clean nor as pure as typical solvents.
		The model predicts the rate of dot growth according to three quantities: the solvent's viscosity, the solubility of cadmium selenide in the solvent and the surface free energy, which relates to the stability of the quantum dot's surface in the presence of the solvent.
	www.sciam.com /article.cfm?chanID=sa004&articleID=00052124-A8B8-137B-A7A583414B7F0000 (753 words)

	Donald G. Truhlar
		We are studying the role of tunneling and quantum mechanical vibrational energy on rate constants, kinetic isotope effects, and state-selective chemistry.
		Solvation models for both aqueous and organic solvents have been developed and are under development, and a variety of applications to structure and reactivity in solution are underway.
		To study of the importance of quantum effects in nanoparticle reactivity, for example, the reaction of metal particles with hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon fragments, we are developing multilevel methods, such as QM/MM methods, that combine quantum mechanics (QM) and molecular mechanics (MM).
	comp.chem.umn.edu /truhlar (2450 words)

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