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Topic: Quantum theory

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Quantum mechanics

Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics

Observable

Quantization (physics)

Correspondence principle

Schrodinger equation

Classical physics

Uncertainty principle

Quantum

Copenhagen interpretation

Quantum chromodynamics

Heisenberg

Complementarity

Photon

Atomic orbital

	quantum theory - Encyclopedia.com
		quantum theory modern physical theory concerned with the emission and absorption of energy by matter and with the motion of material particles; the quantum theory and the theory of relativity together form the theoretical basis of modern physics.
		Just as the theory of relativity assumes importance in the special situation where very large speeds are involved, so the quantum theory is necessary for the special situation where very small quantities are involved, i.e., on the scale of molecules, atoms, and elementary particles.
		Quantum mechanics was combined with the theory of relativity in the formulation of P. Dirac (1928), which, in addition, predicted the existence of antiparticles.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-quantumt.html (1135 words)

	quantum theory. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		modern physical theory concerned with the emission and absorption of energy by matter and with the motion of material particles; the quantum theory and the theory of relativity together form the theoretical basis of modern physics.
		Just as the theory of relativity assumes importance in the special situation where very large speeds are involved, so the quantum theory is necessary for the special situation where very small quantities are involved, i.e., on the scale of molecules, atoms, and elementary particles.
		Quantum mechanics was combined with the theory of relativity in the formulation of P. Dirac (1928), which, in addition, predicted the existence of antiparticles.
	www.bartleby.com /65/qu/quantumt.html (795 words)

	Quantum mechanics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For instance, the well-known model of the quantum harmonic oscillator uses an explicitly non-relativistic expression for the kinetic energy of the oscillator, and is thus a quantum version of the classical harmonic oscillator.
		However, the formulation of a complete theory of quantum gravity is hindered by apparent incompatibilities between general relativity, the most accurate theory of gravity currently known, and some of the fundamental assumptions of quantum theory.
		Quantum electrodynamics is a quantum theory of electrons, positrons, and the electromagnetic field, and served as a role model for subsequent quantum field theories.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quantum_mechanics (4009 words)

	Quantum field theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Quantum field theory originated in the problem of computing the power radiated by an atom when it dropped from one quantum state to another of lower energy.
		As described in the article on identical particles, quantum mechanical particles of the same species are indistinguishable, in the sense that the state of the entire system must be symmetric (bosons) or antisymmetric (fermions) when the coordinates of its constituent particles are exchanged.
		Quantum field theory was created by Dirac when he attempted to quantize the electromagnetic field in the late 1920s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quantum_field_theory (3325 words)

	Quantum mechanics history
		This work was not done with quantum theory in mind but, as so often happens, the mathematics necessary to embody a physical theory had appeared at precisely the right moment.
		Einstein proposed a quantum theory of light to solve the difficulty and then he realised that Planck's theory made implicit use of the light quantum hypothesis.
		Dirac, in 1928, gave the first solution of the problem of expressing quantum theory in a form which was invariant under the Lorentz group of transformations of special relativity.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html (1625 words)

	Quantum Mechanics
		According to the quantum theory, energy is emitted and absorbed in a small packet, called a quantum (pl. quanta), which in some situations behaves as particles of matter do; particles exhibit certain wavelike properties when in motion and are no longer viewed as localized in a given region but as spread out to some degree.
		Quantum mechanics is needed to explain many properties of matter, such as the temperature dependence of the specific heat of solids, as well as when very small quantities of matter or energy are involved, as in the interaction of elementary particles and fields, but the theory of
		Niels Bohr used the quantum theory in 1913 to explain both atomic structure and atomic spectra, showing the connection between the energy levels of an atom's electrons and the frequencies of light given off and absorbed by the atom.
	www.neutron.anl.gov /hyper-physics/Quantum-mechanics.html (611 words)

	Historical Notes: History [of quantum theory]
		A notable theoretical interest starting in the 1980s was so-called quantum chaos, in which it was found that modes (wave functions) in regions like stadiums that did not yield simple analytical solutions tended to show complicated and seemingly random forms.
		In 1941 Richard Feynman pointed out that amplitudes in quantum theory could be worked out by using path integrals that sum with appropriate weights contributions from all possible histories of a system.
		The peculiar character of quantum mechanics was again emphasized by the idealized experiment of Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen in 1935.
	www.wolframscience.com /reference/notes/1056a (2138 words)

	Quantum theory: weird and wonderful (December 1999) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		Quantum mechanics is the most accurate theory we have to describe the world, but there is still much about it that we do not fully understand.
		Quantum mechanics is usually interpreted as describing the statistical properties of "ensembles" of similarly prepared systems, such as the neutrons in a neutron beam, rather than individual particles.
		In quantum mechanics it is possible for a particle such as an electron to be in two or more different quantum states or "eigenstates" at the same time.
	physicsweb.org /article/world/12/12/19 (3911 words)

	Alignment Theory: New Quantum Relativity Theory of Everything
		Quantum chaos is driven by Emergence theory principles operating at the level of individual quantum foam fluctuations.
		(This is because of the all-encompassing entanglement of quantum foam.
		Quantum entanglement is an outcome of the universe "ground state" being of zero dimension.
	www.becomereal.com /quantum_relativity.htm (3106 words)

	quantum theory - a Whatis.com definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Quantum theory is the theoretical basis of modern physics that explains the nature and behavior of matter and energy on the atomic and subatomic level.
		Niels Bohr proposed the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory, which asserts that a particle is whatever it is measured to be (for example, a wave or a particle), but that it cannot be assumed to have specific properties, or even to exist, until it is measured.
		The principles of quantum physics are being applied in an increasing number of areas, including quantum optics, quantum chemistry, quantum computing, and quantum cryptography.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci332247,00.html (962 words)

	Quantum Resonance Theory: HOME
		The quantum resonance is a paradigm of essential aspects inherent in experience (or existence).
		Quantum resonance theory provides some explanation for questions that remain mysterious within more conventional paradigms, such as the origin of life, consciousness, the observable laws of probability, and the nature of subjective experience.
		Lastly, it must be noted that the process of describing quantum resonance theory, itself, implies some separation from experiential truth; nevertheless, like a finger pointing at the moon, the theory suggests many parallels and the potential for reframing and uniting of a variety of disciplines.
	www.xmission.com /~mkeener (337 words)

	Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Setting aside the differences between these two kinds of quantum statistics, the important point for the present discussion is that in the quantum case, a permutation of the particles is not regarded as giving rise to a new arrangement.
		Quasi-set theory incorporates two kinds of basic posits or ‘Urelemente’: m-atoms, whose intended interpretation are the quantal objects and M-atoms, which stand for the ‘everyday’ objects, and which fall within the remit of classical set theory with Ur- elements.
		Quantum mechanics is compatible with two distinct metaphysical ‘packages’, one in which the particles are regarded as individuals and one in which they are not.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/qt-idind (5623 words)

	Relativity and Quantum Theory
		However, this theory is inherently a many-body theory with the quanta of the normal modes of the classical field having all the properties of physical particles.
		Likewise, a continuous "chiral symmetry", normally exhibited by a theory of light quarks, is broken by the condensation of chirally oriented quark/anti-quark pairs in the vacuum.
		The most successful numerical approach to quantum field theory begins with a formulation of quantum mechanics developed by Feynman in which a quantum amplitude is described as a weighted integral over all possible paths (not necessarily obeying the classical equations) which start at the system's initial state and end at the final state.
	phys.columbia.edu /~cqft/physics.htm (1637 words)

	Quantum Theory Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		However, starting with Einstein's theory of relativity which replaced Newtonian mechanics, scientists gradually realized that their knowledge was far from complete.
		Of particular interest was the growing field of quantum mechanics, which completely altered the fundamental precepts of physics.
		Einstein's other theories explained the equivalence of mass and energy, the particle-wave duality of photons, the equivalence principle, and special relativity.
	particleadventure.org /particleadventure/other/history/quantumt.html (1024 words)

	Intro to Quantum Theory
		Quantum mechanics is the foundation of chemistry, because it deals with subatomic particles, as well as atoms, molecules, elements, compounds, and much larger systems.
		The quantum theory does much more than explaining the structure of the simplest atom, it rationalizes the existence of the chemical elements.
		The beauty of quantum theory is its mathematical results not only explain the arrangement of the elements in the Periodic Table of chemical elements, but they seem rationalize the existence of the elements.
	www.science.uwaterloo.ca /~cchieh/cact/c120/quantum.html (1153 words)

	Quantum Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Niels Bohr (1885-1962) explained atomic structure and the spectrum of hydrogen by assuming that the atom was a fundamentally quantum object.
		The early discoveries of quantum theory and interpretations applied to the theory would call into question notions of absolute substance and causality originally held to be true of matter.
		Quantum theory stands in direct contradiction of Einstein's theory of relativity in that the universe of the quantum is discrete and non-local and the universe of Einstein is continuous and local.
	www.ibiblio.org /scst/quantum(short).html (290 words)

	Einstein Exhibit -- The Quantum and The Cosmo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Max Born, another pioneer of the quantum theory, was a friend of Einstein for many years.
		Beginning in 1925 a bold new quantum theory emerged, the creation of a whole generation of theoretical physicists from many nations.
		He recognized that it was "the most successful physical theory of our time." This theory, which he had helped to create, could explain nearly all the physical phenomena of the everyday world.
	www.aip.org /history/einstein/quantum1.htm (671 words)

	Quantum Physics: Quantum Theory / Wave Mechanics
		On the one hand the quantum theory of light cannot be considered satisfactory since it defines the energy of a light particle (photon) by the equation E=hf containing the frequency f.
		Quantum theory was thus essentially founded on the experimental observations of frequency and wavelength for both light and matter.
		Feynman's Spherical IN OUT wave theory is largely correct (and of course explains his success) but his error of using vector e-m waves resulted in infinities at the point particle as the radius tended to zero, and this led to the errors of renormalisation.
	www.spaceandmotion.com /Physics-Quantum-Theory-Mechanics.htm (11894 words)

	A Quantum Theory of Consciousness
		They involve mostly quantum objects called Bose-Einstein condensates (see Marshall, or Zohar), which may be capable of forming ephemeral but extended structures in the brain (Pessa).
		Marshall's original idea (based on the work of Frölich) was that the condensates which comprise the physical basis of mind, form from activity of vibrating molecules (dipoles) in nerve cell membranes.
		The underlying intuition is that the structures formed by Bose-Einstein condensates are the building blocks of mental life; in relation to perception they are models of the world, transforming a nice view, say, into a mental structure which represents some of the inherent qualities of that view.
	www.abrupt.org /LOGOS/consc.html (522 words)

	Quantum Mechanics
		In classical theories, a set of quantities which forms a supervenience basis for the rest is typically designated as ‘basic’ or ‘fundamental’, and, since any mathematically possible way of combining their values is a physical possibility, the state-space can be obtained by simply taking these as coordinates.
		In standard texts on quantum mechanics, the vector is represented by a function known as the wave-function, or ψ-function.
		From a mathematical point of view, what really distinguishes quantum mechanics from its classical predecessors is that states and quantities have a richer structure; they form families with a more interesting network of relations among their members.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/qm (3833 words)

	Garden Company Prospers From Planting with Quantum Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Quantum physics is an increasingly influential scientific field that examines the nature of existence at the “quantum level.”
		This theory logically leads to the conclusion that everything is interrelated, and that what we see with our eyes is only a shallow outer form of a much deeper reality.
		Other scholars, religious leaders, and theorists have stated that quantum physics proves that human beings, plants, time, matter, energy and even the universe itself are parts of a quantum field of “being” that links life, matter and energy.
	www.dreammanifesto.com /garden-company-prospers-from-planting-with-quantum-theory.html (1281 words)

	Todd's Quantum Intro
		Simply put, quantum mechanics is the study of matter and radiation at an atomic level.
		Classical physics is a flawed theory, but it is only dramatically flawed when dealing with the very small (atomic size, where quantum mechanics is used) or the very fast (near the speed of light, where relativity takes over).
		Quantum mechanics, however, says that there is a small probability that the ball could go right through the wall (without damaging the wall) and continue its flight on the other side!
	www.hi.is /~hj/QuantumMechanics/quantum.html (2242 words)

	Measurement in Quantum Theory
		The problem of measurement in quantum mechanics arises out of the fact that several principles of the theory appear to be in conflict.
		In particular, the dynamic principles of quantum mechanics seem to be in conflict with the postulate of collapse.
		Summarizing earlier work, he argued that a measurement on a quantum system involves two distinct processes that may be thought of as temporally contiguous stages (417-418).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/qt-measurement (3932 words)

	Special Report on Quantum World - New Scientist
		Quantum objects can exist in multiple states and places at the same time, requiring a mastery of statistics to describe them.
		Rife with uncertainty and riddled with paradoxes, the theory has been criticised for casting doubt on the notion of an objective reality - a concept many physicists, including Albert Einstein, have found hard to swallow.
		Attempts to reconcile the theories of general relativity and quantum mechanics, to develop a unified theory of everything, could be boosted by lasers
	www.newscientist.com /hottopics/quantum (1487 words)

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