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Topic: Quasar, Redshifts and Controversies

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Halton Arp

Plasma cosmology

Controversial book

Steady state theory

	Quasar, Redshifts and Controversies
		Quasar, Redshifts and Controversies is a 1987 book by Halton Arp[?], an astronomer famous for his work on anomalous redshifts.
		The bottom line of the controversy is our model of the Universe: it is generally thought that the universe is undergoing expansion, and that redshifts observed in extra-galactic objects are a confirmation of this effect.
		The relationship between distance and redshift (interpreted as velocity) is known as Hubble's law, and is one of the fundamentals of modern cosmology.
	www.fastload.org /qu/Quasar,_Redshifts_and_Controversies.html (243 words)

	Quasars as Ejection Phenomena, and the Redshift Controversy
		Quasars as Ejection Phenomena, and the Redshift Controversy
		In the theoretical framework of an expanding universe, redshifts are proportional to the distance from the observer, recessional velocity and age.
		Quasars were thought to inhabit the nuclei of huge, bright and chaotic galaxies, but new observations show that this is not the case.
	www.livingcosmos.com /quasar.htm (4148 words)

	Quasars - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Quasars
		They are thought to be at the centre of galaxies, their brilliance emanating from the stars and gas falling towards an immense fl hole at their nucleus.
		Quasar light shows a large red shift, indicating that the quasars are very distant.
		A few quasars emit radio waves (see radio astronomy), which is how they were first identified.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Quasars (157 words)

	Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies is a 1987 book by Halton Arp, an astronomer famous for his work on anomalous redshifts.
		These are considered controversial views which do not accord with the standard model of the Universe, under which it is generally thought that the universe is undergoing expansion, and that redshifts observed in objects outside the Milky Way are a confirmation of this effect.
		Quasars, in particular, are high-redshift objects thought to be the very bright nuclei of very distant galaxies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quasar,_Redshifts_and_Controversies (291 words)

	Quasar - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Quasar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Quasars can be observed in many parts of the electromagnetic spectrum including radio, infrared, optical, ultraviolet, X-ray and even gamma rays while most quasars are found to emit in the infrared.
		In the 1980s, unified models were developed in which quasars were viewed as simply a class of active galaxies, and a general consensus has emerged that in many cases it is simply the viewing angle that distinguishes them from other classes, such as (blazars and radio galaxies).
		The huge luminosity of quasars is believed to be a result of friction caused by gas and dust falling into the accretion discs of supermassive fl holes, which can convert about half of the mass of an object into energy as compared to a few percent for nuclear fusion processes.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Quasar.html (1409 words)

	non-standard cosmology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		An example of a highly speculative and controversial idea that is considered a non-standard cosmology is the ekpyrotic universe which holds that the expansion of the universe began in the collision of two membranes from alternate dimensions.
		He has argued that galaxies can exhibit strange redshifts, and that redshifts themselves could be quantized - something that current theories cannot explain at macroscopic scales and believes that general relativity is incorrect and that LeSage gravity is correct.
		Arp claims that there are correlations between quasars and active galaxies that demonstrate that the cosmic redshift is not due to the expansion of the universe, but is instead local to the source of radiation (example: NGC 7603).
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Non-standard_cosmology.html (658 words)

	Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies at AllExperts
		Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies is a 1987 book by Halton Arp, an astronomer famous for his work on anomalous redshifts.
		These are considered controversial views which do not accord with the standard model of the Universe, under which it is generally thought that the universe is undergoing expansion, and that redshifts observed in objects outside the Milky Way are a confirmation of this effect.
		The relationship between distance and redshift (interpreted as velocity) is known as Hubble's law, and is one of the fundamentals of modern cosmology.
	en.allexperts.com /e/q/qu/quasars,_redshifts_and_controversies.htm (662 words)

	Galaxies and the Universe - Alternate Approaches and the Redshift Controversy
		This is the crux of the debate on quasar redshifts.
		Redshift asymmetries are found in almost all samples of paired galaxies with precise redshifts, especially where spirals are involved.
		The tendency is for the fainter galaxy to have a slightly larger redshift, with a peak in the distribution at 50-80 km/s.
	www.astr.ua.edu /keel/galaxies/arp.html (3345 words)

	Quackgrass Press: Seeing Red: Intrinsic redshifts, stable universe
		Redshift does not imply velocity; quasar redshifts decline with the age of the quasar.
		Quasars are associated on the sky with both BL LAC objects and faint galaxy clusters.
		The clear message of the observations is that the redshift of a cosmic object depends overwhelmingly on the kind of object it is. That is, different objects have different intrinsic redshifts that owe nothing to velocity or to the medium between the object and the observer.
	www.quackgrass.com /roots/arp.html (2720 words)

	Week 10 Readings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When quasars were first identified, and their redshifts measured, it seemed reasonable that the redshift/distance relationship should apply to this new class of objects just as it had to the recently discovered radio galaxies.
		In summary, the two principal opposing interpretations of quasar redshifts emerged from a pre-existing diversity in the research programmes of the small group of astronomers engaged in the study of extragalactic phenomena.
		In their opinion, the question of quasar redshifts is still an open one and understanding the source of these anomalous redshifts is likely to reveal something fundamental about the physical processes that govern the production and behavior of matter and energy in galaxies.
	eee.uci.edu /clients/bjbecker/ExploringtheCosmos/week10e.html (6269 words)

	Redshifts and the Hubble Law
		In some quasars the calculated density of charged particles was so high that there would be a problem of actually getting the photons, by which we see them, out of their interior.
		There are numerous examples of this in quasars with redshifts approaching the velocity of light, of peculiar galaxies with redshifts from 1,000 to 30,000 km/sec and in more normal, companion galaxies in the range of a few hundred km/sec.
		This means that, for example, an atom of hydrogen in a high redshifted object, which makes a given transition from one energy state to the other, must emit or absorb a photon of lesser energy than the same atom would in a lower redshifted one.
	www.heretical.com /science/redshift.html (1639 words)

	RedShift-03
		It is necessary to note that the observations and publications of Arp activated two debates which are not finished to day, the first one on the nature of the observed objects, the second on the keeping in the background of Arp by the community of the astronomers yet.
		In the Abell cluster, the main galaxy M 101 is the axis of symmetry of several alignments of quasars which have also a remarkable symmetry of redshifts, and often, obey closely to an empirical numeric relation established for several years by Karlsson.
		The deflector (quasar) is in the centre, and the lens appears in the form of a four-leaf clover centered on the quasar.
	perso.orange.fr /lempel/les_os_du_redshift_03_uk.htm (764 words)

	Non-standard cosmology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Another example of a radical, controversial idea that is not considered a non-standard cosmology is the One example of a highly speculative and controversial idea that is the ekpyrotic universe which holds that the expansion of the universe began in the collision of two branes in the higher dimensional "bulk" of brane cosmology.
		He has clearly argued since the 1960's, in his books "Quasar, Redshifts and Controversies", "Seeing Red", and many journals including ApJ, that some high-redshift quasars are directly connected to low-redshift galaxies via a low surface-brightness filament.
		In some non-standard cosmology, the redshift is not regarded as a general expansion of space time, but rather as result of physical effects of ambiplasma (explainable via concepts in the Sunyaev Zeldovic Effect).
	www.peacelink.de /keyword/Non-standard_cosmology.php (1424 words)

	H O L O S C I E N C E - News
		He suggested one interpretation of this data is that the greater the redshift (and therefore, the velocity), the farther away the galaxy.
		The Big Bang view is that their redshifts are due to the expansion of the universe and the doppler effect as the quasars race away from us at a good fraction of light speed.
		He then found that the redshifts of these quasars fall back toward normal levels and increase in brightness the further they are from the parent galaxy.
	www.holoscience.com /news/science_bang.htm (1996 words)

	Quasar with enormous redshift found embedded in nearby spiral galaxy with far lower redshift: unsolvable riddle for big ...
		According to the standard big bang view of the universe, the objects we call “quasars” are generally supposed to be at the very edge of the visible universe.
		It was found that the redshifts observed in the light coming from extra-galactic sources could be used to determine their distances.
		Hartnett, J.G. Quantized quasar redshifts in a creationist cosmology,
	www.answersingenesis.org /docs2005/0112quasar.asp (1287 words)

	News and Views From The Electric Universe
		Simply, Arp's empirical observations show that the higher the redshift of an object, the younger it is. He has found that parent, active galaxies, spawn infant galaxies in the form of faint, highly redshifted quasars.
		By a process that is not understood by present particle physics, the redshift of quasars decreases in discrete steps, or quanta, as they age, grow in brightness and move away from the parent galaxy.
		They argued that the quasars, which were assumed to appear faint because they were distant, became visible due to the bending of light by the gravity of the nearby bright galaxy.
	www.holoscience.com /news.php?article=stb9s0ye (4133 words)

	Is The Universe Static Or Expanding?
		The alternative explanation of the redshift as being due to an assumed expansion of the entire fabric of space may also be seriously questioned as a result of the ongoing work of Tifft and others working with the redshift measurements.
		The redshift is an astronomical term that describes the shifting of the spectral lines of atoms towards the red end of the spectrum when compared with a laboratory standard here on earth.
		Since the observed quantized redshifts rule out Doppler shifts from galactic velocities or from cosmological expansion of space-time, then the evidence indicates that the cosmos has probably remained static after an initial period of expansion, and that the minor motions of galaxies are merely a secondary addition to the redshift.
	www.ldolphin.org /staticu.html (10589 words)

	[No title]
		If quasar redshift was a distance indicator, this would translate to the odd picture of a universe filled with long elongated fingers pointing only towards the earth.
		Although, quasar associations are statistically significant, cosmologists choose to ignore them when the quasars have different spectra, they are only interested in quasar clusters with similar spectra (and hence according to them similar distance).
		According to cosmologists, when the quasars have similar spectra they are at similar distances, and when two quasars with similar spectra happen to be nearby on the sky they are gravitationally lensed.
	laserstars.org /references/lenses.html (1355 words)

	Catalogue of Discordant Redshift Associations
		High redshift quasars, low redshift ejecting galaxies, aligned X-ray clusters, gamma ray bursters, supposed gravitational lenses, quantized intrinsic redshifts -- this book presents examples of empirical patterns of associations that repeat from region to region in the sky, suggesting evolutionary sequences and new fundamental physics.
		The Catalogue entries establish unequivocally that high redshift objects are often at the same distance as, and physically associated with, galaxies of much lower redshift.
		It is thus appropriate to start with a short history of high redshift quasars aligned with low redshift galaxies.
	redshift.vif.com /BookBlurbs/ArpCatalog.htm (441 words)

	The ``Redshift Controversy''
		Stephan's Quintet is a compact group (probably the first to be found) in which four of the members have redshifts $cz = 5700 - 6700$ km/s, while the remaining member NGC 7320 has redshift only 800 km/s, close to that of the bright spiral NGC 7331 only abour half a degree away.
		These take the forms of an inescapabale asymmetry in redshifts of binary galaxies, and claims that such redshift differences are quantized and completely disallow a dynamical interpretation.
		Conventional explanations have focussed on problem in measuring redshifts of dusty rotatig disks (for example, if dust is stronger on the inside or outside of arms, the nuclear velocity may be distorted) or, for small groups, on expansion and perspective effects in unbound groupings (Byrd and Valtonen 1985 APJ 289, 535; 1986 ApJ 303, 523).
	www.tass-survey.org /richmond/answers/controversy.html (2461 words)

	Pathological science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A more recent example, and certainly the most controversial, is cold fusion, the very mention of which continues to spark debate.
		Skeptics claim that it is plainly pathological science, while its supporters argue equally vehemently that it is plainly not, being simply a new and poorly understood reaction.
		Halton Arp astronomical work in the red-shifts phenomena (rejecting his contemporaries' theories; wrote "Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies")
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pathological_science (1291 words)

	Science Frontiers Anomalies Search Results
		Quasars with this distribution of apparent magnitude and redshift have a negligible chance of being drawn from the population of quasars present in other areas of the sky.
		Quasars have always appeared to emit too much energy for their size; that is, our present knowledge of physics does not provide us with a mechanism for generating such huge energy densities.
		The average luminosity of quasars must decrease in just the right way so that their mean apparent brightness is the same at all redshifts, which is exceedingly unlikely.
	www.science-frontiers.com /online/search.cgi?zoom_query=Quasars&zoom_per_page=50&zoom_and=1&zoom_sort=0 (2824 words)

	Halton Arp's discoveries about redshift
		Arp has photographs of many pairs of high redshift quasars that are symmetrically located on either side of what he suggests are their parent, low redshift galaxies.
		Arp has shown in his book "Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies" that there is a physical connection between the barred spiral galaxy NGC 4319 and the quasar like object Markarian 205.
		The inherent redshift is a property of the matter in the object.
	www.electric-cosmos.org /arp.htm (1775 words)

	Halton Arp, a Modern Day Galileo
		For example, in the middle of the constellation of Virgo, the brightest galaxies, the brightest quasars and brightest clusters of galaxies are connected by the strongest radio and x-ray fields in the sky.
		The assumption that redshift can only be caused by recessional velocity predetermines a distorted understanding of the shape, age, size, and physical characteristics of most of the extragalactic universe.
		What you don’t see in this Virgo Cluster plot, because of the arbitrary assumption that higher redshift objects are too far away to belong to the cluster, are the sides and the back of the bubble, where young groups of galaxies are artificially clumped into background clusters on the basis of their redshifts.
	www.bibliotecapleyades.net /ciencia/esp_ciencia_haltonarp.htm (1696 words)

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