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Topic: Quaternary age

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	Quaternary - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Quaternary Period is the geologic time period from the end of the Pliocene Epoch roughly 1.8-1.6 million years ago to the present.
		In a recent revision of the international classification of geological time periods, the Quaternary was subsumed into the Neogene.
		The term Quaternary ("fourth") was proposed by Jules Desnoyers in 1829 to address sediments of France's Seine Basin that seemed clearly to be younger than Tertiary Period rocks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quaternary_age (639 words)

	Quaternary in Venezuela
		Considerable confusion exists on this point; various formations originally assigned to the Quaternary have had to be transferred to the Pliocene, and there are still some supposed Quaternary formations, such as the Mesa and El Milagro, whose Quaternary age (at least as a whole) is doubtful.
		The coastal lagoons are of Holocene age, and formerly had an extension much greater than at present; in large part they have been filled by terrigenous and even by marine deposits, which form the greater part of the coastal flats.
		The Quaternary formations, especially the alluvium and the moraine deposits, deserve special study because of the insecurity and permeability which characterize them, factors which render difficult the construction and conservation of important public works built on them, such as highways, dams, buildings, etc. The Andean regions are a good example of this problem.
	www.pdv.com /lexico/1edic/q00ii.htm (4192 words)

	Geological Map of New Zealand
		Quaternary marine sediments are all of early Quaternary age and are restricted to the Wanganui, Wairarapa, Hawkes Bay, and Bay of Plenty areas, and around Parnassus in north Canterbury.
		Later on in the Quaternary the deposits are mainly glacial in origin, with till and outwash gravels being particularly prominent on the West Coast and in the mountainous areas.
		Quaternary volcanism was not confined to the Taupo Volcanic Zone.
	data.gns.cri.nz /geoatlas/text.jsp?Page=18 (1763 words)

	Age - definition from Biology-Online.org
		mature age; especially, the time of life at which one attains full personal rights and capacities; as, to come of age; he (or she) is of age.
		The age of coal plants, or acrogens, or the Carboniferous age.
		The tertiary age, or age of mammals, when the mammalia, or quadrupeds, abounded, and were the dominant race.
	www.biology-online.org /dictionary/Age (513 words)

	What is the Quaternary
		The Quaternary is a subdivision of geological time (the Quaternary Period) which covers the last two million years up to the present day.
		At the latitude of northwestern Europe the warmer periods are known as temperate stages (or interglacials -periods between glaciations) and the colder periods as cold stages (or glacials).
		Quaternary climate change has produced a geological record dominated by sediments deposited under glacial, periglacial and temperate environmental conditions and this is, by its very nature, a fragmentary one.
	qra.org.uk /what.html (912 words)

	HA 730-K Central Lowland aquifers text
		The principal aquifers in Paleozoic rocks primarily are sandstone of Pennsylvanian age, limestone and sandstone of Mississippian age, dolomite and limestone of Devonian and Silurian age, and sandstone and dolomite of Ordovician and Cambrian age (fig.
		The depth to which freshwater circulates in the consolidated rocks depends on a number of factors, including the per-meability of the aquifers in the consolidated rocks, and on the number, thickness, and permeability of confining units that are present in the consolidated rocks and in the overlying unconsolidated deposits.
		Dolomites and limestones of Silurian and Devonian age constitute one of the principal consolidated-rock aquifers throughout a large area in the Central Lowland Province in Segment 10 (fig.
	capp.water.usgs.gov /gwa/ch_k/K-text1.html (8031 words)

	QUATERNARY PALYNOLOGY
		Particularly during the late Quaternary, the influence of environmental change on humans, and the influence of humans on the environment are important themes of Quaternary Palynology.
		Compared to stratigraphic palynology, Quaternary palynology is more quantitative, and unlike stratigraphic palynology, it assumes that the pollen and spores investigated are produced by living taxa (Families, Genera, or Species).
		Routinely, 300 to 500 pollen grains are counted per sample, and these abundances are formally compared to vegetation and environmental properties through "surface sample studies." The assumption of "modernity" is fundamental to Quaternary palynology, because it uses the ecological tolerances of the recognized taxa to interpret past precipitation and temperature and other environmental parameters.
	www.geo.arizona.edu /palynology/quat_pal.html (612 words)

	Quaternary Studies - Natural Resources Map & Bookstore
		As a result, the Quaternary record is incomplete and the history must be pieced together from detailed study of the isolated outcrops that remain.
		Quaternary deposits of all types are addressed to some extent, with emphasis on alluvial and eolian deposits along the northern tributaries to the San Juan River and mass movement/glacial deposits in the La Sal Mountains.
		Soils are used in geologic mapping to assign a relative sense of age to stratigraphic frameworks and to indicate the duration of unconformities in stratigraphic sequences.
	geology.utah.gov /bookstore/ugs/quaterny.htm (4404 words)

	The San Andreas Fault System, California - Chapter 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Quaternary reverse and thrust faults, more difficult to identify and map than their strike-slip counterparts, are surely underrepresented on published geologic maps and in the literature.
		Stream-terrace and fan deposits of Quaternary age east of the fault terminate at its scarp and are gently tilted and dissected by erosion.
		C age is measured relative to A.D. 1950, the appropriate timespan for the measured slip is 3,680-(1,950-1,857), or 3,587 yr.
	education.usgs.gov /california/pp1515/chapter4.html (12409 words)

	Oxford University Press: Climate
		Until recently, the date accepted for the onset of the Quaternary was fixed, based on the arrival of cold water marine organisms such as Arctica islandica and Hyalinea balthica to the sediments of the Mediterranean sea; their appearance heralded the onset of the cold conditions that characterize the Quaternary.
		The ice ages are thought to be controlled by numerous factors, the most important being the orientation, position, and fragmentation of continental plates, the intensity of mountain building, and ocean basin formation.
		Ice ages are associated with periods of widespread mountain building and continental fragmentation, which result in the isolation of continental masses at high latitudes (thereby facilitating their refrigeration), meridionally oriented oceanic circulation patterns, increases in weathering rates, and large equator-to-polar temperature gradients.
	www.oup.com /us/brochure/0195108256/sample.articles/climate/?view=usa (6304 words)

	IQUA - Irish Quaternary Association: Information
		Quaternary studies relate to the Quaternary period in the geological time scale.
		The Quaternary is generally broken into two epochs, the Pleistocene (from about 2 million years ago to ten thousand years ago) and the Holocene (from 10,000 BP to the present day).
		The Quaternary period has been marked by repeated glaciations on large tracts of the Northern Hemisphere which are today ice free.
	www.tcd.ie /Geography/IQUA/Info/Quaternary.htm (411 words)

	Palaeos Cenozoic: The Quaternary Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Quaternary period saw the global temperature continue to fall, culminating in what is known as the Ice Age.
		During the Pleistocene the age of mammals was at its height.
		The most remarkable phenomenon to emerge during the Quaternary was the Noosphere, the metaphorical band of conceptual thought, language, memes, and recorded knowledge (for a very long time word of mouth) that distinguishes the human animal from other species of animal.
	www.palaeos.com /Cenozoic/Quaternary.htm (952 words)

	The Quaternary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The American Quaternary Association: The American Quaternary Association (AMQUA) is a professional organization of North American scientists devoted to studying all aspects of the Quaternary Period, about the last 2 million years of Earth history.
		Quaternary Sciences: This website provides information on research and training in the cross-disciplinary study of Quaternary Science at the Northern Arizona University.
		Quaternary Geology of Illinois: This map, provided by the Illinois State Geological Survey, clearly shows the extent of the Quaternary glacial deposits covering Illinois.
	www.paleoportal.org /time_space/period.php?period_id=7 (1502 words)

	AGE MODEL AND SEDIMENTATION RATES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Some of the absolute ages of the dinocyst datums in the bottom of the hole may need slight revision; we indicate all the data in the primary age model, however, to highlight the stratigraphic position of these datums.
		Age control for the Oligocene interval is based largely on diatom events, magnetostratigraphy, and a nannofossil event, which are all in excellent agreement.
		Although the age model for the Neogene intervals is resolved at a higher resolution than for the Paleogene, generally the chronology for this time period remains problematic because of a high amount of core disturbance, particularly around the (presumed position of the) Miocene/Pliocene (Messinian/Zanclean) boundary (5.3 Ma).
	www.ga.gov.au /odp/publications/189_SR/111/111_4.htm (5887 words)

	IBSS - Homeschool - Archaeology
		Archaeology is usually a subdivision of Anthropology, the study of man. In Geology the most recent geological period is the Quaternary (Age of Man) which is divided into the Pleistocene and Holocene which continues until today.
		The oldest is the Paleolithic age which stretches back into the Pleistocene to almost 2 million years ago with the first crude tools.
		In Palestine the next age is the Bronze Age which is divided up into Early Bronze Age from about 3200 to 2200 BC, the Middle Bronze Age from 2100 to 1500 BC, and then the Late Bronze Age from 1500 to 1200 BC.
	www.bibleandscience.com /homeschool/archaeology.htm (352 words)

	Fort Irwin paper on faults by USGS
		The age constraints for Quaternary units provides a basis for assessing the ages of last movement for several faults that cut some deposits and are overlapped by others.
		Ages of the Quaternary deposits are derived from several characteristics based on a widely applicable model for soil development in arid locations and by comparison with other Mojave Desert sites.
		Ages of such erosional features are limited by the ages of the oldest overlapping deposits.
	geopubs.wr.usgs.gov /docs/geologic/Fort.Irwin.ES.web/faultpaper.html (6893 words)

	MATERIALS, METHODS, AND DATA
		Hole 1085A is situated at the African rim of the Cape Basin at a depth of 1713.1 m on the continental slope.
		Sediments of Quaternary age at Site 1085 are just over 90 m thick (average sedimentation rate near 5 cm/k.y.) and consist of greenish gray nannofossil-foraminifer ooze (Shipboard Scientific Party, 1998).
		Quaternary and Pliocene sediments were retrieved by hydraulic piston coring in advance of the drill bit.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/175_SR/chap_21/c21_3.htm (1374 words)

	Surficial deposits and materials in the eastern and central United States (east of 102 degrees west longitude)
		Crumbly quartz-clast decomposition residuum on sand and gravel (Decomposition residuum of Quaternary and Tertiary age on sand and gravel)
		Decomposition residuum on sand or mixed-composition sand and gravel on upland surfaces (Decomposition residuum of Quaternary and Tertiary age on sand and gravel)
		Quartz-pebble, chert-pebble, and quartzite-pebble decomposition residuum on sand and gravel on upland surfaces (Decomposition residuum of Quaternary and Tertiary age on sand and gravel)
	geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov /metadata/map-i/2789/metadata.faq.html (6556 words)

	Quaternary Deformation: Northern section, Folding, uplift and volcanism
		Some of the larger basins, now filled with locally derived sediment of Pliocene and Quaternary age, are the southern arm of the San Francisco Bay, Napa and Livermore Valleys (lat 38°20' N., long 122°20' W., and lat 37°40' N., long 121°50' W.), and the topographic basin surrounding Clear Lake (lat 39°01' N., long 122°30' W.).
		Coastal uplift south of San Francisco contrasts with Quaternary crustal subsidence 25 to 30 km inland and east of the San Andreas fault (Figure.
		Regional uplift, at least partly of Quaternary age, is greatest and most evident east of the Hayward-Rodgers Creek-Maacama fault trend.
	www.johnmartin.com /earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_420.htm (795 words)

	HA 730-K Interior Low Plateaus aquifers text
		The sand and gravel deposits of Quaternary age along the Ohio River compose the principal aquifers in unconsolidated rocks in the Interior Low Plateaus Province in Segment 10.
		Sandstones of Pennsylvanian age are the principal aquifers in consolidated rocks throughout most of the northwestern part of the Interior Low Plateaus Province in Segment 10.
		Carbonate rocks of Devonian, Silurian, and Ordovician age, which are primarily limestone with some dolomite, are the principal aquifers in large areas of central Kentucky and central Tennessee in the Interior Low Plateaus Province in Segment 10 (fig.
	capp.water.usgs.gov /gwa/ch_k/K-text2.html (6046 words)

	Geologic Hazards Abstracts Page - USGS WR CMG
		The ages of the reflectors are determined by tracing them to the locations of nearby ODP borings or to piston cores dated using radiocarbon methods.
		Ages estimated for the three deepest reflectors (140 to 220 mbsf) are based on extrapolation of rates for the dated sequence between 75 and 100 mbsf.
		For four of the failures, ages were determined by identifying acoustic reflectors in the vicinity of the failed masses that either clearly postdate or predate the landslide events.
	walrus.wr.usgs.gov /cabrillo/tierra/abstracts.html (10711 words)

	[No title]
		Each 1:1M scale, 4° x 6°, map of the Quaternary Geologic Atlas map series was simplified (e.g., some small or narrow units were deleted; two or more map units were combined as a single unit for the National Atlas map).
		The individual map unit descriptions for each published map were cut with a scissors and labeled with respect to genetic class, age or age range, and quadrangle name.
		Within each genetic heading and age or age class subheading, the cut descriptions then were grouped on the basis of particle size or texture, lithology or composition, engineering properties, stratigraphic relationships, and other information in the unit descriptions.
	geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov /metadata/map-i/2789/metadata.txt (2261 words)

	OPTIMIZATION OF PUMPING PATTERNS IN THE MIDDLE RIO GRANDE BASIN
		Historical water levels are shown for the basalt of Quaternary age near the location of well 115 and for the San Andres-Glorietta aquifer at location 112.
		Deposits of Quaternary age and the San Andres-Glorietta aquifer near the location of well 116 are separated by about 167 feet of Chinle Formation deposits of Triassic age (Gordon, 1961).
		Hydraulic conductivities of the rocks of Quaternary age will be estimated for slug test results using the Bouwer-Rice (Bouwer and Rice, 1976; Bouwer, 1989) or a similar method at a future date depending on new or continued project funding.
	nm.water.usgs.gov /grants_plume.htm (1353 words)

	Miss Valley & Gulf Coastal Plain
		Eastern and southern Arkansas are underlain by Cretaceous age through Recent sedimentary deposits with small areas of igneous intrusions of Cretaceous age.
		Southern Arkansas is dominated by Tertiary marginal marine and coastal plain continental deposits with a veneer of Quaternary terrace and alluvial deposits.
		Eastern and northeastern Arkansas is dominated by Quaternary terrace and alluvial deposits with minor exposures of Tertiary units.
	www.state.ar.us /agc/miss.htm (3413 words)

	Geology of Ice Age National Scientific Reserve of Wisconsin (References)
		HOGAN, J. D., and M. Age and properties of Peorian loess and buried paleosols in southwestern Wisconsin.
		Quaternary geology of Minnesota and parts of adjacent states.
		Quaternary of the United States, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/science/2/bibliography.htm (1097 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Earth Sciences: Quaternary Studies
		Godwin Institute for Quaternary Research, University of Cambridge - Collaborators from several departments engaged in study of paleogeography, Quaternary history and stratigraphy, geoarcheology, palynology, paleontology, and related topics.
		Quaternary Geology, Uppsala University - Conducts research on topics such as paleoecology and cosmogenic isotopes, in Sweden and around the world.
		Quaternary Research at University of Wisconsin-Madison - In Department of Geology and Geophysics, UW-Madison.
	dmoz.org /Science/Earth_Sciences/Quaternary_Studies (536 words)

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