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Topic: Quaternary ammonium cation

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Ammonium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ammonium nitrate, NH, is prepared by neutralizing nitric acid with ammonia, or ammonium carbonate, or by double decomposition between potassium nitrate and ammonium sulfate. Ammonium bicarbonate, NH, is formed as shown above and also by passing carbon dioxide through a solution of the normal compound, when it is deposited as a white powder, which has no smell and is only slightly soluble in water. However, formation of ammonium compounds can also occur in the vapor phase; for example, when ammonia vapor comes in contact with hydrogen chloride vapor, a white cloud of ammonium chloride forms, which eventually settles out as a solid in a thin white layer on surfaces. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ammonium

Quaternary ammonium cation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Quaternary ammonium salts or quaternary ammonium compounds are salts of quaternary ammonium cations with an anion. ammonium ion NH itself and primary, secondary, or tertiary ammonium cations, the quaternary ammonium cations are permanently charged, independent of the pH of their solution. Quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation

Quaternary ammonium compounds, Toxicological Evaluation and Limit Values for 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate, Propylene carbonate, Quaternary ammonium compounds, Triglycidyl isocyanurate, and Tripropyleneglycol diacrylate The positively-charged cationic portion is the functional part of the molecule and the local irritation effects of QACs appear to result from the quaternary ammonium cation. Dimethyl distearyl ammonium chloride (group I) (0.5 ml) in concentrations up to 9.9% or 0.5 ml trimethyl stearyl ammonium chloride in concentrations up to 2.5% was applied (uncovered) to the shaved skin of rats on days 6-15 of pregnancy (2.5 and 9.9% corresponds to approximately 60 and 250 mg /kg/day, respectively). Further QACs denature proteins as cationic materials precipitate protein and are accompanied by generalised tissue irritation. www.mst.dk /udgiv/publications/2000/87-7944-210-2/html/kap04_eng.htm

Quaternary ammonium polyarylamides, used to manufacture articles and adhere polyamide objects - US Patent 5407626 It is preferred that the quaternary ammonium cation have a molecular weight of less than about 350, and more preferred that the molecular weight be under 250, so that the free amine formed in the thermal decomposition of the salt is volatile enough to vaporize during the decomposition reaction. The quaternary ammonium polyarylamides may be isolated by removing the solvent at reduced pressure at low temperature (less than about 60° C.) or by adding the solution of the polymer salt to an aprotic nonsolvent, thereby precipitating the polymer salt. The quaternary ammonium base is dissolved in a solvent, and the solvent may also be a solvent for the quaternary ammonium polyarylamide is produced. www.patentstorm.us /patents/5407626.html

World Intellectual Property Organization Cation Sources There are a large number of possible cation sources useful in the present invention such as for example, alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, transition metal salts, ammonium cations, protonated amine or amine oxide compounds, or quaternary ammonium compounds. In a typical reaction, for example, a cation, preferably a quaternary ammonium compound, reacts with potassium iodide in the presence of an oxidizing agent to produce the poly-halogen mixed salt of potassium and quaternary ammonium compound. In another embodiment, cation sources include those which are derived from nitrogen sources such as quaternary ammonium, protonated amines, protonated amine oxides and amphoterics, especially with anionic counter ions of iodides, bromides, iodides, sulfates, bitartrate, citrate, and phosphotidyl. www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=03/105583.031224&ELEMENT_SET=DECL

Patent 4001433: Quaternary ammonium compounds useful as antifibrillatory agent The activity resides in the quaternary ammonium cation, the nature of the anion only being important for administration requirements. Bromides and iodides of quaternary ammonium compounds have physiological activity inherent in their anions which may be undesirable especially upon prolonged administration. The compounds in the present invention are quaternary ammonium salts and are most usually prepared by a quaternization reaction. www.freepatentsonline.com /4001433.html

Holzforschung - Abstract Cation structure of the quaternary ammonium chloride exerted a strong influence on quantity of woodadsorbed chemicals and resistance to water leaching. Bis-quaternary ammonium and bis-imidazolium chlorides, the compounds containing in their structure two symmetrical quaternary nitrogen atoms, were prepared and tested on wood destroying and sapstaining fungi. The effect of the position of quaternary nitrogen atoms upon fungicidal and surface properties was analysed. www.degruyter.de /journals/holz/abs/13647.html

Patent 4767571: Infrared absorbent The compound of claim 1, wherein M is a nickel, and Cat is a quaternary ammonium cation, and R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, cyano group, hydroxyl group, an alkyl group, aryl group or heterocyclic group. Examples of a monovalent cation as represented by Cat in the compounds of general formula [I] may include alkali metals (e.g., Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+ and K.sup.+), inorganic monovalent cations such as NH.sub.4.sup.+ or onium ions (e.g., a quaternary ammonium ion, quaternary phosphonium ion and iminium ion). Moreover, in the applications (5), the conventional near-infrared absorbing plastic film containing the infrared absorbent of a complex containing quaternary ammonium group does not have a sufficient solubility for the infrared absorbent in an organic solvent, which was a restriction in preparing a thin plastic film layer. www.freepatentsonline.com /4767571.html

DisplayAnswer.asp?id=47 Quaternary Ammonium Salts, are a type of organic nitrogen compound in which the molecular structure includes a central nitrogen atom joined to four organic groups, (the cation) and a negatively charged acid radical (the anion). The history of quaternary disinfectants continued to advance, and it 1955, a dual chain combination was developed that allowed disinfectants based on quaternary ammonium compounds to be more effective. Answer: The cationic "Quat" types of disinfectants are normally a variation on a compound of Benzalkonium chloride, which was the first commercially available quaternary introduced in 1935. www.hillyard.com /FAQ/DisplayAnswer.asp?id=47

Amine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia quaternary ammonium cation will be formed along with a negative halide ion. Because they are basic, amines can neutralize carboxylic acids to form the corresponding substituted ammonium carboxylate salts. ion to bond to the nitrogen forming a positive substituted ammonium ion. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amine

TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM BROMIDE (QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUND) Quaternary ammonium compounds are any of a group of ammonium salts in which organic radicals have been substituted for all four hydrogens of the original ammonium cation. The quaternary ammonium salts can carry the nucleophile from the aqueous to organic phase and are used as the most commonly used as 'phase-transfer catalyst'. Small quantity of 'phase-transfer catalyst', involves a substrate (soluble in the organic layer) and an anionic reagent or a nucleophile (dissolved in the aqueous layer), extracts one of the reactants, most commonly an anion, across the interface into the other phase where reaction can take place with the substrate and reaction can proceed. www.chemicalland21.com /arokorhi/specialtychem/perchem/TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM%20BROMIDE.htm

Patent 5431720: Aqueous ink composition and ink-jet printing method using the same In the present invention, it is not necessary that all the counter cations in the compound of formula (I) be composed of sodium cation, lithium cation, and/or quaternary ammonium cation, quaternary phosphonium cation and alkanol amine cation. R--O(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.m CH.sub.2 COOM (I) wherein R is an alkyl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms; M is a cation selected from the group consisting of alkali metal ion, quaternary ammonium cation, quaternary phosphonium cation, and alkanol amine cation; and m is an integer of 3 to 12. R--O(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.m CH.sub.2 COOM (I) wherein R is an alkyl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms; M is a cation selected from the group consisting of alkali metal ion, quaternary ammonium cation, quaternary phosphonium cation, alkanol amine cation; and m is an integer of 3 to 12. www.freepatentsonline.com /5431720.html

Patent 4150205: Composite ion exchange resins having low residual amounts of quaternary ammonium cation The resin body of claim 1 wherein the ingredient containing quaternary ammonium cations is a cross-linked copolymer of a major proportion of styrene and minor proportions of ethylvinylbenzene and divinylbenzene. The resin body of claim 2 wherein the ingredient containing quaternary ammonium cations is a cross-linked copolymer of a major proportion of styrene and minor proportions of ethylvinylbenzene and divinylbenzene. The resin body of claim 3 wherein the ingredient containing quaternary ammonium cations is a cross-linked copolymer of a major proportion of styrene and minor proportions of ethylvinylbenzene and divinylbenzene. www.freepatentsonline.com /4150205.html

prior art The method of claim 1 wherein the quaternary ammonium cation is chosen from the group consisting of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, hexyl trimethyl ammonium, decyl trimethyl ammonium, lauryl trimethyl ammonium, myristyl trimethyl ammonium, cetyl trimethyl ammonium, stearyl trimethyl ammonium, didecyl dimethyl ammonium, dilauryl dimethyl ammonium, and distearyl dimethyl ammonium. The method of claim 34 wherein the quaternary ammonium cation is chosen from the group consisting of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, hexyl trimethyl ammonium, decyl trimethyl ammonium, lauryl trimethyl ammonium, myristyl trimethyl ammonium, cetyl trimethyl ammonium, stearyl trimethyl ammonium, didecyl dimethyl ammonium, dilauryl dimethyl ammonium, and distearyl dimethyl ammonium. The polysaccharide is reacted with a quaternary ammonium salt to form a polysaccharide-quaternary ammonium salt complex and then dissolved in an organic solvent with a dielectric constant less than the dielectric constant of DMSO and/or in an organic solvent with a boiling point less than DMSO. thethirdingredient.com /PiorArt4/Prior%20Arte5rw.htm

Nitrogen (One atom N only) Cations derived formally by attachment of one hydron to the nitrogen atom of a nitrile and hydrocarbyl derivatives thereof. Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. Compounds having the nitro group, -NO (free valence on nitrogen), which may be attached to carbon, nitrogen (as in nitramines), or oxygen (as in nitrates), among other elements (in the absence of specification, C -nitro compounds are usually implied). www.chem.qmw.ac.uk /iupac/class/oneN.html

Google Search: ammonium According to Arena (1964), the fatal dose of quaternary ammonium compounds was estimated to be 1 to 3 g. Ammonium phosphate is used as a nutrient (food) source for bacteria used in... The primary industrial use of ammonium nitrate is in the explosives industry. ammonium.networklive.org

Internal mold release agents comprising metallic soaps compatibilized with liquid quaternary ammonium salts - US Patent 5420186 A liquid quaternary ammonium halide, carboxylate or phenolate is mixed with the metal salt of a fatty acid in an amount that is effective to promote the release of the molded RIM article from the mold. Suitable quaternary ammonium salts can be prepared from the reaction of a tertiary amine with an alkyl halide according to the well known Menshutkin reaction, desirably with at least one of the alkyl groups on the tertiary amine or the alkyl halide being a C Although the tertiary amine, reactive epoxide and fatty acid or phenolic compound components may be reacted in various relative amounts to produce a quaternary ammonium carboxylate or phenolate, it is preferred to use substantially stoichiometric amounts. www.patentstorm.us /patents/5420186.html

Koggel, Annette: Influence of Secretory Transporters on the Intestinal Permeability of Cationic Drugs However, few quaternary ammonium compounds are known to be well absorbed by the intestine and intestinal trans­port proteins have been hypothesized to contribute to the diffe­rences in the intestinal permeation of the drugs. Perorally administered quaternary ammonium compounds are well accepted therapeutics for the treatment of hypotension and bradycardia, as well as biliary, gastrointestinal and urinary-tract spasms. 3.3.2.2 Effect of P-gp inhibition on the transport of quaternary ammonium compounds across Caco-2 cell monolayers. www.driesen-online.de /gv_koggel_secretory.htm

Augustana Symposium "Cation and Anion Stability in Quaternary Ammonium Methyl Carbonates" Several hundred million pounds of quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) are produced each year which are used in products such as fabric softeners, conditioners, lubricants, etc. This group explored a biofriendly synthesis of these quats. Several hundred million pounds of quaternary ammonium compounds are produced annually and used in a variety of products including conditioners, fabric softeners, germicides, corrosion inhibitors, lubricant additives. www.augie.edu /pub/symposium/schedule.html

Quaternary Ammonium-Linked Glucuronidation of 1-Substituted Imidazoles by Liver Microsomes: Interspecies Differences and Structure-Metabolism Relationships -- Vashishtha et al. 30 (10): 1070 -- Drug Metabolism and Disposition Ghosheh O, Vashishtha SC and Hawes EM (2001) Formation of the quaternary ammonium-linked glucuronide of nicotine in human liver microsomes: identification and stereoselectivity in the kinetics. Remmel RP and Sinz MW (1991) A quaternary ammonium glucuronide is the major metabolite of lamotrigine in guinea pigs, in vitro and in vivo studies. Sinz MW and Remmel RP (1991) Isolation and characterization of a novel quaternary ammonium-linked glucuronide of lamotrigine. dmd.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/30/10/1070

Ammonium Lactate - Resources from the U.S. Government Argonne Technology Transfer: Ethyl-FAQs :...was the problem known as "cation elimination." The lactic fermentation process produces a salt of the organic acid (such as ammonium lactate), rather than the... : In the process, ammonium lactate is thermally and catalytically cracked to produce the acid, which, with the addition of alcohol, is converted to the ester. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY :...as aluminum ammonium sulfate decreased dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid levels in the hypothalamus, and aluminum lactate increased... drugs.mongabay.com /resources/Ammonium_Lactate.html

IngentaConnect Adsorption of Organic Compounds o...Dual Quaternary Ammonium Cations The inorganic cations on the bentonite were exchanged with the quaternary ammonium cations to the respective extent of ca. The adsorption of benzoic acid, hydroquinone and toluene on to bentonites modified with single or dual quaternary ammonium cations was studied. Thus, the mineral surface of the bentonite was modified by replacing the inorganic ions with four quaternary ammonium cations, i.e. api.ingentaconnect.com /content/mscp/adst/2003/00000021/00000002/art00002

Exploring the Proteome II-Posters Presentations An epitope was found on the alpha 2-nicotinic isoform of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that would likely form salt bridges with quaternary ammonium compounds and a cation-pi interaction with the pi-cloud of an aromatic ring. Chlorisondamine contains two quaternary ammonium groups and a tetrachloroisoindoline ring. discovered that intrathecal injection of a low dose nicotinic antagonist, chlorisondamine (CHL), a bis-quaternary ammonium compound, could block the effects of nicotine challenge in rats. proteome.nih.gov /SymposiumII/poster10.html

Quarternary Ammonium Choose the quaternary ammonium or phosphonium hydroxide about which you would like more information below or tell us about the compound you would like: The distinguishing characteristics are the cation and it's size, thermal stability, and solubility which are the main factors affecting the choice of which quat to use. The larger cation size offers much greater reactivity of the hydroxide anion compared to traditional strong bases. www.sacheminc.com /othermarkets/group/strongorganicbases.php

CPI_prova Binding of Acetylcholine and Quaternary Ammonium Cations to Macrocyclic and Acyclic “Phane” Esters. " interaction established between quaternary ammonium cations and aromatics, which is believed to be involved in important biological processes such as the recognition of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by its receptors and enzymes. Synthetic cyclophane receptors are used to investigate the "cation- www.chimorg.unifi.it /~roelens/CPI_page.html

Minor groove binding of a bis-quaternary ammonium compound: the crystal structure of SN 7167 bound to d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 -- Squire et al. 25 (20): 4072 -- Nucleic Acids Research Minor groove binding of a bis-quaternary ammonium compound: the crystal structure of SN 7167 bound to d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 -- Squire et al. Minor groove binding of a bis-quaternary ammonium compound: the crystal structure of SN 7167 bound to d(CGCGAATTCGCG) The central amido NH of SN 6999 is deep enough in the groove to form a reasonably strong hydrogen bond to O2-T20 (3.1 Å) and both quaternary nitrogen atoms are located close to sugar O4' atoms, possibly involved in charge-induced dipole interactions (3.2 and 3.1 Å for the Q and P rings respectively). nar.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/full/25/20/4072

Quaternary ammonium block of mutant Na+ channels lacking inactivation: features of a transition-intermediate mechanism -- Kimbrough and Gingrich 529 (1): 93 -- The Journal of Physiology Online Quaternary ammonium (QA) ions have been utilized as probes of the conduction pathway of voltage-gated K Middle, the quaternary ammonium head binds to a deep site located ~70 % of the transmembrane electric field from the cytoplasmic entrance to form the rapid blocked state (R). In addition, blocking modes interacted such that the rapid quaternary ammonium complex modulated the formation of the longer-lived, discrete blocked state. www.jphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/529/1/93

Overexpression of the Escherichia coli sugE Gene Confers Resistance to a Narrow Range of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds -- Chung and Saier 184 (9): 2543 -- The Journal of Bacteriology to resistance to a subset of toxic quaternary ammonium compounds. Overexpression of the Escherichia coli sugE Gene Confers Resistance to a Narrow Range of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds -- Chung and Saier 184 (9): 2543 -- The Journal of Bacteriology MICs of various quaternary ammonium compounds in E. jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/184/9/2543

Influence of Quaternary Ammonium on Sorption of Selected Metal Cations onto Clinoptilolite Zeolite -- Li et al. 31 (4): 1106 -- Journal of Environmental Quality Quaternary ammonium surfactant effects on sorption of trace metals onto quartz and aluminosilicates. cation sorption capacity and affinity for the zeolite decreased, Organic cation effects on the sorption of metals and neutral organic compounds on aquifer material. jeq.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/31/4/1106

NSSC Research Reprints NRCS Soils Pedocementation: Induration by Silica, Carbonates, and Sesquioxides in the Quaternary. Assessment of Mehlich3 and Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA Extraction for Simultaneous Measurement of Fifteen Elements in Soils. Olson, C. Soil Geomorphic Research and the Importance of Paleosol Stratigraphy to Quaternary Investigations, Midwestern USA. soils.usda.gov /survey/research/reprints.html

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