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Topic: Quaternary ammonium salts

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	The MSDS HyperGlossary: Amine
		Because quaternary ammonium salts are ionic species, they are good electrolytes.
		Quaternary amine salts may produce acidic, basic or neutral solutions depending on the nature of the R groups and the anion (negatively charged ion).
		Many amines are somewhat soluble in water (and most ammonium salts are), so be sure that any aqueous wastes you dispose of down the drain meet the appropriate EPA guidelines.
	www.ilpi.com /msds/ref/amine.html (849 words)

	Quaternary ammonium cation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively charged polyatomic ions of the structure NR with R being alkyl groups.
		Unlike the ammonium ion NH itself and primary, secondary, or tertiary ammonium cations, the quaternary ammonium cations are permanently charged, independent of the pH of their solution.
		Quaternary ammonium salts or quaternary ammonium compounds are salts of quaternary ammonium cations with an anion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation (218 words)

	Quaternary ammonium salts
		Special quaternary ammonium salts of 2,4,6-tris-(.omega.-dialkylamino-alkyleneamino)-triazines and 2,4,6-tris-(.omega.-dialkylaminoalkoxy)-triazines and their use in dyeing anionic polyacrylonitrile fibers with basic dyes; these special derivatives of triazine are particularly effective retarders.
		In addition to the quaternary ammonium compounds to be used in accordance with the invention, the bath may contain the conventional additives for dyeing with basic dyes, for example salts, such as sodium sulfate, sodium chloride or sodium acetate, or acids, such as acetic acid, or buffer solutions.
		The amount of the quaternary ammonium compounds to be used depends on the particular dyeing conditions, for example on the nature and amount of the basic dyes and the character and state of processing of the fibrous material to be dyed.
	90minuta.com /inventions/table_ball_game/quaternary_ammonium_salts.html (1918 words)

	Quaternary ammonium salts
		Special quaternary ammonium salts of 2,4,6-tris-(.omega.-dialkylamino-alkyleneamino)-triazines and 2,4,6-tris-(.omega.-dialkylaminoalkoxy)-triazines and their use in dyeing anionic polyacrylonitrile fibers with basic dyes; these special derivatives of triazine are particularly effective retarders.
		In addition to the quaternary ammonium compounds to be used in accordance with the invention, the bath may contain the conventional additives for dyeing with basic dyes, for example salts, such as sodium sulfate, sodium chloride or sodium acetate, or acids, such as acetic acid, or buffer solutions.
		The amount of the quaternary ammonium compounds to be used depends on the particular dyeing conditions, for example on the nature and amount of the basic dyes and the character and state of processing of the fibrous material to be dyed.
	www.sacnewsmonthly.com /invent/output_retaining_electronic_circuit/quaternary_ammonium_salts.html (2002 words)

	HEPARIN SALTS
		Positive amine radicals of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium compounds electrostatically bind to negative sulfate radicals of heparin.
		Quaternary ammonium salts physically bind to adsorptive surfaces because of potent surface-active properties.
		STEARALKONIUM HEPARIN [SK-0317] is a water-insoluble salt of heparin sodium of porcine intestinal mucosa and stearyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride.
	www.heparin.com /heparin_salts.html (1017 words)

	Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (Quats) :: FeF Chemicals ::
		Quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quaternary ammonium salts, quaternary ammonium compounds or "Quats", are salts of quaternary ammonium cations with an anion.
		Unlike ammonium NH3 itself and primary, secondary, or tertiary ammonium cations, the quaternary ammonium cations are permanently charged, independent of the pH of their solution.
		In general quaternary ammonium compounds are incompatible with anionic surfactants, soaps and synthetic anionic detergents.
	www.fef-chem.com /quaternary_ammonium_compounds.htm (391 words)

	Glossary : Quaternary Ammonium
		Quaternary ammonium compounds are strong bases, and their salts (formed by reaction with acids) provide the exchange sites on certain anion exchange resins.
		Quaternary ammonium salts in which the "active" ingredient is sufficiently high in activity and concentration can be used in water treatment as microbiocides (microbe killers) and surfactants.
		Cationic quaternary ammonium compounds adsorb the cell membranes of the microbes and react chemically with the negative charges carried by the cell walls to inactivate and kill the microorganism.
	www.wqa.org /glossary.cfm?gl=1354 (254 words)

	Effect of Quaternary Ammonium Salts and Amine Oxides
		Effect of Quaternary Ammonium Salts and Amine Oxides on the Surface Hydrophobicity of Enterobacter cloacae
		The effect of quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) and amine oxides (AO) on the surface hydrophobicity of a clinical isolate of Enterobacter cloacae was studied.
		The surface hydrophobicity was evaluated by the method of bacterial adherence to hydrocarbon - xylene and on the basis of salt aggregation test of ammonium sulfate.
	www.chem.sav.sk /chempap/articles/541/d049.html (194 words)

	1-Hydrocarbonoyloxymethyl-3-carbamoyl or 3-carboethoxy-pyridinium salts
		More particularly, the present invention extends to certain transient derivatives which could be characterized chemically as labile quaternary ammonium salts which exhibit extreme solubility and which protect its components (i.e., tertiary amine, aldehyde and carboxylic acid against oxidation, dealkylation and protonation, and yet, are predictably "cleaved" to release an active moiety and/or moieties.
		However, this salt does not undergo hydrolytic cleavage, which is a necessary characteristic of the labile quaternary ammonium salts of this invention.
		Still, it is another object of the present invention to provide labile quaternary ammonium salts as described above which meet the above criteria and still are subject to chemical and/or enzymatic cleavage, thus releasing, on one hand, the original t-aliphatic amine or aromatic amine, and on the other hand, an aldehyde and a carboxylic acid.
	www.sacnewsmonthly.com /invent/telephone_random_number_game/1-hydrocarbonoyloxymethyl-3-carbamoyl_3-carboethoxy-pyridinium.html (1884 words)

	Quaternary ammonium salts patent invention
		As the quaternary ammonium salts showing liquid condition at room temperature, for example, an N-butyl-N-methylpiperidinium salt, N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium salt and the like are mentioned, and as the anion thereof, there are known a bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imidate ion [N(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.2.sup.-], tetrafluoroborate ion (BF.sub.4.sup.-), hexafluorophosphate ion (PF.sub.6.sup.-) and the like.
		[0008] [2] The quaternary ammonium salt according to [1] wherein at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 represents a methyl group, and the sum of a, b and c is 1 to 3.
		[0014] [8] The quaternary ammonium salt according to [7] wherein either R.sup.10 or R.sup.11 represents a methyl group, and the sum of k and l is 1 or 2.
	www.freshpatents.com /Quaternary-ammonium-salts-dt20060727ptan20060166103.php (752 words)

	Molecular Modeling of mono- and bis-Quaternary Ammonium Salts as Ligands at the a4ß2* Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor ...
		The bis-quaternary ammonium compounds clustered nearer to the mono-substituted N-n-alkylpyridinium salts.
		The GFA methodology was applied to generate 3 equations for the prediction of the quaternary ammonium compound’s affinity at the α4β2* nAChR subtype.
		Similar to the N-n-alkylnicotinium salts and the SOM maps, the bis-quaternary ammonium salts used a surface-weighted, partial-charge descriptor.
	www.aapsj.org /view.asp?art=aapsj070368 (4351 words)

	[No title]
		Quaternary Ammonium Salts, are a type of organic nitrogen compound in which the molecular structure includes a central nitrogen atom joined to four organic groups, (the cation) and a negatively charged acid radical (the anion).
		Pentavalent nitrogen ring compounds, such as Lauryl pyridinium chloride, are also considered quaternary ammonium chlorides, (although this is a nitrogen with 5 attached groups, instead of the typical 4 groups).
		The history of quaternary disinfectants continued to advance, and it 1955, a dual chain combination was developed that allowed disinfectants based on quaternary ammonium compounds to be more effective.
	www.hillyard.com /faq/DisplayAnswer.asp?id=47 (373 words)

	yet2.com - Technology Marketplace Report Detail
		The compound chiefly comprises quaternary ammonium, its salts, and surfactants.
		Quaternary ammonium salts are used in surgical scrubbing, but have a tendency to be highly irritable to the skin, and cause hand chapping.
		This compound, however, uses a counter anion of a quaternary ammonium salt that is variably charged, and which reduces such irriation.
	www.yet2.com /app/insight/tmrdetails/1042?sid=200 (1788 words)

	amino.eu
		Many quaternary ammonium salts can be prepared by this route with diverse R groups and many halide and pseudohalide anions.
		Since it is not necessary to isolate the diazonium salt, once it is formed another reagent such as cuprous cyanide can simply be added to the mixture, and with gentle heating of the solution, a replacement reaction takes place along with the evolution of nitrogen.
		By reduction of quaternary ammonium cations to tertiary amines in the Emde degradation.
	www.amino.eu (1771 words)

	e-Polymers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		New oligo- and polymeric quaternary ammonium salts as phase-transfer catalysts
		Based on the results of elemental analysis and 1H NMR spectra, the structures of ammonium salts were proposed.
		The catalytic activities of synthesized oligo- and polymeric quaternary ammonium salts were examined in the organic synthesis.
	www.e-polymers.org /abstract_shw.cfm?Abstract_id=1339 (123 words)

	The World Market for Quaternary Ammonium Salts and Hydroxides, Lecithins, and Other
		I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for quaternary ammonium salts and hydroxides, lecithins, and other phosphoaminolipids for those countries serving the world market via exports or supplying from various countries via imports.
		Combined, Chapters 3 and 4 present the complete picture for imports and exports of quaternary ammonium salts and hydroxides, lecithins, and other phosphoaminolipids to and from all major countries in the world.
		Quaternary Ammonium Salts and Hydroxides, Lecithins, and Other Phosphoaminolipids as a category is defined in this report following the definition given by the United Nations Statistics Division Classification Registry using the Standard International Trade Classification, Revision 3 (SITC, Rev. 3).
	www.mindbranch.com /Quaternary-Ammonium-Salts-R307-23070 (822 words)

	Functional finishing of acrylic and cationic dyeable fabrics: Intermolecular interactions Textile Research Journal - ...
		Silicone-based polymeric quaternary ammonium salts are incorporated into textiles to confer durable antimicrobial properties due to enhanced interactions of the macromolecular salts and fibers [2].
		Ionic bonds are used in antimicrobial treatments of nylon fabrics by utilizing acid dyes as bridges to interact with quaternary ammoniums salts [3-4].
		Quaternary ammonium salts are a group of cationic compounds, and the quaternary ammonium salt structures are the active sites in a large portion of cationic dyes.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4025/is_200212/ai_n9153181 (843 words)

	IngentaConnect Inhibition efficiencies of some organic compounds on the corrosio... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		The inhibition efficiencies of quaternary ammonium salts, cationic surfactants and non-ionic surfactants on the corrosion of zinc in 2?M KOH solution were investigated by potentiodynamic polarisation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and linear polarisation methods.
		Inhibition efficiencies of quaternary ammonium salts were found to be due to physical absorption on the cathodic sides of zinc electrode and dependence of inhibition efficiencies on substituents were found.
		Clarifies the role of molecular structure and substituents on the inhibition efficiency of surfactants and quaternary ammonium compounds on the corrosion of zinc in alkaline media.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/mcb/128/2006/00000053/00000001/art00004 (275 words)

	Quaternary ammonium compounds - Patent 6946486
		The quaternary ammonium compounds of formula I may be prepared by means, well known to those skilled in the art, for preparing quaternary ammonium compounds from tertiary amines.
		For instance, the quaternary ammonium compounds may be produced by alkylating the tertiary nitrogen using the tertiary amines of U.S. Pat.
		The general term "quaternary ammonium compound" relates to any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH -ion by organic groups.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6946486.html (2536 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 00105237
		Quaternary ammonium cations have the ability to transfer the anionic reactants as non-solvated ion-pairs from aqueous media into organic media.
		The resultant effect is to increase the rate of the organic reaction by enhancing the reactivity of the anionic species and increasing the encounter rate with the organic substrate.
		Quaternary Ammonium Salts presents procedures for reducing reaction times and the need for extreme conditions, which are frequently encountered under standard reaction procedures.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/els031/00105237.html (296 words)

	Molecular Modeling of mono- and bis-Quaternary Ammonium Salts as Ligands at the a4ß2* Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor ...
		The bis-quaternary ammonium compounds clustered nearer to the mono-substituted N-n-alkylpyridinium salts.
		The GFA methodology was applied to generate 3 equations for the prediction of the quaternary ammonium compound’s affinity at the α4β2* nAChR subtype.
		Similar to the N-n-alkylnicotinium salts and the SOM maps, the bis-quaternary ammonium salts used a surface-weighted, partial-charge descriptor.
	www.aapspharmsci.org /view.asp?art=aapsj070368 (4351 words)

	Amines
		Quaternary ammonium salts are ammonium slats that have four organic groups bonded to the nitrogen.
		Dimethyl benzyl ammonium saccharinate is a quat found in Lysol spray.
		Choline is an important quaternary ammonium salt in the body.
	www.chem.latech.edu /~deddy/chem121/Amine.htm (598 words)

	Amine Reactivity
		Thus, Serotonin and Thiamine are 1º-amines, Coniine is a 2º-amine, Atropine, Morphine and Quinine are 3º-amines, and Muscarine is a 4º-ammonium salt.
		Of course, quaternary ammonium salts, such as that in muscarine, have a tetrahedral configuration that is incapable of inversion.
		In the latter case a quaternary "onium" salt may be formed as an intermediate, but this rapidly breaks down in water to liberate the original 3º-amine (lower right equation).
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/amine1.htm (3885 words)

	Composition and process for preventing corrosion and reducing friction on metallic surfaces - Patent 5935348
		For economic reasons, however, it is preferable to employ amine oxides or ammonium salts which are derived from fatty chemical raw materials.
		Those alkylamine oxides or quaternary ammonium salts of the general formula (I) which carry radicals R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and in the case of the quaternary ammonium salts also R.sup.4 which are formed when alkylamines are reacted with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or butylene oxide are preferred here.
		It is irrelevant whether the complex fluorides are employed as water-soluble salts, for example as sodium or ammonium salts, or as free acids.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5935348.html (4418 words)

	KCPC Education Resource Web Site: 9.5.5 - Cationic Surfactants
		Fatty amine salts (or ammonium salts) were developed as the first cationic surfactants.
		In the same way as the fatty acid salts tended to precipitate out once they were protonated, these fatty amine salts will precipitate out once deprotonated.
		In response to this shortcoming, the alkyl pyridinium and quaternary ammonium salts were developed (quaternary means that there are four substituents on the nitrogen atom).
	www.kcpc.usyd.edu.au /discovery/9.5.5-short/9.5.5_cationic.html (302 words)

	[No title]
		The antibacterial precursors of the quaternary ammonium compounds (“quats”) are aliphatic long-chain ammonium salts.
		In soap, the anion contributes the hydrophobic part and the primary ammonium salt (the cation) is hydrophobic.
		Quaternary ammonium compounds, which are extensively researched surfactants with known bactericidal effects (7), are cationic.
	www.eng.buffalo.edu /Courses/ce457_527/ce457_pro/g12_doc.htm (3911 words)

	Quaternary ammonium salts of anionic gums (US4792415)
		Derivatized anionic gums and compositions thereof are disclosed.
		The gum derivatives are prepared by reacting non-derivatized gum with quaternary ammonium compounds in an amount equal to or greater than the stoichiometric amount required for complete derivatization.
		A fully derivatized quaternary ammonium salt of an anionic gum, which is S-194 or S-130, wherein the quaternary ammonium compound contains a single alkyl or alkenyl substituent of 13-24 carbon atoms or two alkyl or alkenyl substituents of 12-24 carbon atoms per substituent, and the ethylene oxide substituted analogs thereof.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US04792415 (234 words)

	Amines and Ammonium Salts
		The anion is cited as a second, separate word.
		Common names of salts of amines are formed by adding the word hydrochloride, hydrobromide, etc. to the common name of the amine.
		Ammonium ions derived from amines with special names are usually named by adding the ending "
	chem.wayne.edu /nomenclature/7/index.html (503 words)

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