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Topic: Quechuan languages

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	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Berber languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Etymologically, it means "language of the free" or "of the noblemen." Traditionally, the term "tamazight" (in various forms: "thamazighth", "tamasheq", "tamajeq", "tamahaq") was used by many Berber groups to refer to the language they spoke, including the Middle Atlas, the Rif, Sened in Tunisia, and the Tuareg.
		The Berber languages have two cases of the noun, organized ergatively: one is unmarked, while the other serves for the subject of a transitive verb and the object of a preposition, among other contexts.
		Subclassification of the Berber languages is made difficult by their mutual closeness; Maarten Kossmann (1999) describes it as two dialect continua, Northern Berber and Tuareg, and a few peripheral languages, spoken in isolated pockets largely surrounded by Arabic, that fall outside these continua, namely Zenaga and the Libyan and Egyptian varieties.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Berber_languages (2082 words)

	Native American Languages - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Languages in this family are spoken throughout the Antilles; in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; and in all South American countries except Uruguay and Chile.
		Quechuan languages are spoken in the region of the Andes Mountains in Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Argentina, in addition to Peru.
		Languages in the Cariban family are spoken mainly in Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, and Venezuela.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761573518___31/Native_American_Languages.html (540 words)

	Language family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A language family is a group of genetically related languages said to have descended from a common proto-language.
		The concept of language families thus entails the concept of a historical genetic ancestor of a language, implying a gradual evolution over time of one language into another language (as opposed to sudden replacement of a language).
		The concept of linguistic ancestry is less clear-cut than the concept of biological ancestry, as in cases of extreme historical language contact, in particular the formation of creole languages and other types of mixed languages; it may be unclear which language should be considered the ancestor of a given language.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/Language_family (674 words)

	QUECHUA. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Encompassing far more native speakers than any other aboriginal language group in the Americas, the languages of the Quechuan family are spoken by peoples in Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Chile.
		There is a modern standard language of this family spoken by close to 10 million indigenous people in Peru and 2 million in Bolivia, as well as smaller populations in Ecuador and Argentina.
		The official language of the ancient Inca empire, also called Quechua, was of this family.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/qu/Quechua.html (159 words)

	Quechua language - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It was the official language of the Inca Empire (in Quechua, Tawantinsuyu), and today is spoken in various dialects by some 9.6 million people throughout South America including modern southern Colombia and Ecuador, all of Peru and Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina and northern Chile.
		Quechua is a very regular language, but a large number of infixes and suffixes change both the overall significance of words and their subtle shades of meaning, allowing great expressiveness.
		The language was further extended beyond the limits of the Inca empire by the Catholic Church, which chose it to preach to Indians in the Andes area.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Quechua (1089 words)

	Native American Languages 4
		It includes Nahuatl, the language of the ancient civilizations of the Toltecs, which lasted from the 10th to 13th centuries, and the Aztecs, which lasted from the 14th to 16th centuries, and their modern descendents.
		Languages evolve over the course of centuries to meet the needs of their speakers and to convey the thoughts these speakers choose to express.
		Each language shows us a unique way of understanding experience; the loss of a language means the loss of all that could be learned through the study of that language about human values, oral literature and tradition, history, and human thought.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/nativeamericans/lang4.htm (977 words)

	Language families and languages - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Thus, provincial dialects of Latin ("Vulgar Latin") gave rise to the modern Romance languages, so the Proto-Romance language is more or less identical with Latin (if not exactly with the literary Latin of the Classical writers), and dialects of Old Norse are the protolanguage to Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic.
		Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as language isolates.
		Ainu language or languages (Russia, Japan) (like Arabic or Japanese, the diversity within Ainu is large enough that some consider it to be perhaps up to a dozen languages while others consider it a single language with high dialectal diversity)
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Language_family (834 words)

	Everything about Common Phrases In Different Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The English language belongs to the western subbranch of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages.
		The Gothic language was written in the Gothic alphabet developed by Bishop Ulfilas for his translation of the Bible in the 4th century.
		The linguistic contact of the Viking settlers of the Danelaw with the Anglo-Saxons left traces in the English language, and is suspected to have facilitated the collapse of Old English grammar that resulted in Middle English from the 12th century.
	wikimiki.org /en/Common+phrases+in+different+languages (9431 words)

	Native American Languages - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Because of the great diversity of languages in the Americas there is great variety in their structure.
		Some of the languages distinguish consonants pronounced with rounded lips from those formed with unrounded lips; for example, there are two kinds of k sounds.
		Other languages, particularly those in California, distinguish between ñ, pronounced nyuh and made with the tip of the tongue against the teeth, and Ñ, pronounced with the tongue farther back, as in the -ing in dancing.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761573518/Native_American_Languages.html (1091 words)

	Language family - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Thus, provincial dialects of Latin ("Vulgar Latin") gave rise to the modern Romance languages, so the Proto-Romance language is more or less identical with Latin (if not exactly with the literary Latin of the Classical writers), and dialects of Old Norse are the protolanguage to Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Faroese and Icelandic.
		A language isolated in its own branch within a family, such as Greek within Indo-European, is often also called an isolate, but such cases are usually clarified.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/l/a/n/Language_families_and_languages.html (886 words)

	Pacaritambo - Machu Picchu Magazine and Bookstore, Andean Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		When it became the general language of the Inca empire it was known as Runasimi, "man's mouth," and that is what we should call it; but it has been called Quechua by linguists and philologists for so many centuries that it is convenient to retain the name.
		The language is very rich in consonants, so that special conventions had to be used in order to write it in Latin letters (for example, cc for a consonant between k and q, now written q).
		Quechuan does not have definite and indefinite articles ("the" and "a"), nor distinctions between formal and familiar terms.
	www.pacaritambo.com /language.html (612 words)

	Indigenous Languages of South America
		There is great confusion in the names of languages and language families, due to the different orthographic traditions of Spanish and Portuguese, and tothe lack of a standardized classification scheme.
		Arawakan languages formerly extended from the peninsula of Florida in North America to the present-day Paraguay–Argentina border, and from the foothills of the Andes eastward to the Atlantic Ocean.
		Even languages with relatively large populations of speakers are in danger of disappearing by the end of the 21st century unless governments institute meaningful language preservation programs.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/december2005/saIndigenous.html (1247 words)

	Athena Review 1,3: South American Languages
		As a result, the Tupi language became the lingua franca of traders, missionaries, and soldiers such as Orellana and Fritz (Omagua), and Staden (Tupinikin and Tupinambá).
		Panoan: Among 29 Panoan languages in the río Ucayali basin are Conibo, Shipibo, and Setebo, and the Cashibo, Capanawa, and Juruá-Purús branches.
		Quechuan may have originated in northern Peru, diverging into several branches by about AD 800, with one group leading to the Inca civilization.
	www.athenapub.com /salang1.htm (2065 words)

	The Languages of the Andes - Cambridge University Press
		Andaquí and the languages of the Upper Magdalena valley
		A sketch of an Ecuadorian Quechua dialect (Salasaca)
		The languages of the Chaco region: Guaicuruan, Matacoan, Zamucoan and Lengua–Mascoy
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /aus/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=052136275X&ss=toc (167 words)

	Native American languages
		The classification “Native American languages” is geographical rather than linguistic, since those languages do not belong to a single linguistic family, or stock, as the Indo-European or Afroasiatic languages do.
		Native American languages: Characteristics - Characteristics The languages in America N of Mexico are best known; those of Mexico and Central...
		Native American languages: Classification - Classification A language family consists of two or more tongues that are distinct and yet related...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0834978.html (562 words)

	Paschal greeting - OrthodoxWiki
		In some cultures (e.g., in Russia), it was also customary to exchange a triple kiss after the greeting.
		It is not uncommon for Orthodox Christians to compile lists of the greeting as it is used around the world, as an act of Orthodox unity across languages and cultures.
		Paschal Polyglotta: This site allows you to see and hear the central affirmation of the Christian faith: "Christ is risen; indeed, he is risen!" in some 250 languages.
	www.orthodoxwiki.org /Paschal_greeting (206 words)

	Comparative Study of Andean Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Terminology is notoriously inconsistent for the Aymara language family particularly.
		As for spellings, the principle is followed that each language is written in the form most appropriate to the orthography of the language of the text in which they are being talked about.
		The somewhat anarchic orthography of English, of course, generally accepts spellings as in the original language, unless an accepted form already exists, hence the spellings we used are indeed the same as in each language itself: Quechua, Aymara, Jaqaru, Kawki.
	www.quechua.org.uk /Eng/LanguageNames.htm (817 words)

	WAYANAY INKA - The Inkas, Quechua and Perú
		It appears that originally Quechua was the language of a people by that name who lived along the Apurímac River, some distance from Cusco, leaving open the question of what language was originally spoken by the Inkas and whether they were conquered before becoming conquerors.
		Nevertheless, it is Quechua, the collective name of a family of languages closely related (including Quichua), that remains the predominat living language of those who are descendants of the subjects of the Inka Empire.
		And although at the beginning this was difficult and many stubbornly refused to learn any language but their own, the Incas were so forceful that they accomplished what they had proposed, and that all had to do their bidding.
	www.wayanay.com /inkas.html (1046 words)

	Language families and languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		1.1 Major language families (grouped geographically without regard to inter-family relationship)
		Major language families (grouped geographically without regard to inter-family relationship)
		Besides the above languages that have arisen spontaneously out of the capability for vocal communication, there are also languages that share many of their important properties.
	www.gogoglo.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/l/la/language_families_and_languages.html (462 words)

	Medewerkers_Adelaar
		Quechua, a language of intercultural communication in the Middle Andes.
		Araucanian, a language of intercultural communication in the Southern Andes.
		Unprotected Languages: The Silent Death of the Languages of Northern Peru.
	www.vtw.leidenuniv.nl /index.php3?c=17 (1500 words)

	Shadow
		The following is a brief survey of evidential systems found in the languages of the world as identified in Aikhenvald (2003).
		The system types are organized by the number of evidentials found in the language.
		Languages that exemplify each type are listed in parentheses.
	www.garyfeng.com /wordpress/index.php?tag=evidentiality (425 words)

	SIL scholars to present papers at LSA’s annual meeting in January 2006
		annual meeting of the Linguistic Society of America (LSA) and also at the Society for the Study of Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA), meeting concurrently in Albuquerque, NM on January 5 – 8.
		The Society’s two most prominent continuing activities are publishing its premier journal, Language, and convening its annual meeting.
		Gary Simons is currently on the LSA’s Committee on Endangered Languages and Their Preservation.
	www.sil.org /sil/news/2006/LSA2006.htm (235 words)

	The Languages of the Andes - Cambridge University Press
		Arawakan languages of the Lesser Antilles 116–38, 141
		Pre-Quechuan languages of highland Ecuador 25, 38, 172, 195, 391–7
		Quechuan 5, 29, 34–6, 53, 168–71, 179–263, 318
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=052136275X&ss=ind (4921 words)

	Quechua Language (Quichua, Inga, Inca, Runasimi)
		Quechua is famous for being the language of the Inca Empire of Peru.
		In truth, however, there is no single Quechua language--instead there is what linguists called a dialect chain across most of Western South America, in which speakers of one Quechua language can understand the languages spoken by their immediate neighbors, but not a language further from them.
		There are as many as forty such Quechuan languages spoken natively by a combined seven million Indian people in South America.
	www.native-languages.org /quechua.htm (276 words)

	Ethnologue, Languages of the World
		Over 12,000 citations spanning 70 years of SIL International's language research in over 1,000 languages.
		Books about languages and cultures of the world for education, research, and reference.
		Computer resources including an extensive library for language researchers and software tools and fonts.
	www.ethnologue.com (74 words)

	Linguistics
		Languages : Constructed languages, Extinct languages, Lists of languages, Tonal languages, Pidgins and creoles, Endangered languages, Language families, Classical languages, Style guides, Proverbs, Unclassified languages, Symbolism, Language phonologies, Sign languages, Language varieties and styles, Vowel harmony languages, Language isolates, Proto-languages, Language lists, Minority languages, Medieval languages, Ancient languages
		Romanization : Chinese language romanization, Korean language romanization, Romanization of Japanese
		Austronesian languages : Malayo-Polynesian languages, Languages of the Philippines, Languages of Oceania, Tagalog
	www.froola.com /index/catind_Linguistics.html (692 words)

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