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Topic: Quenching

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	Quenching -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Quenching is a general term for non- (Click link for more info and facts about radiative) radiative de- (Something that agitates and arouses) excitation.
		As a consequence is the quenching often heavily dependent on (The force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit)) pressure and (The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity)) temperature.
		In (Click link for more info and facts about materials science) materials science, quenching is the rapid cooling of a solid to lock it into a metastable crystal structure rather than allow it to cool slowly and revert to a softer structure.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/q/qu/quenching.htm (154 words)

	Proper Quenching Option Yields (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Quenching of steel in liquid medium consists of three distinct stages of cooling: the vapor phase; nucleate boiling; and the convective stage.
		Quenching oils are available with flash points ranging from 270° F to 560° F. The operating temperature of the oil in an open quench tank should be at least 150° F below its flash point.
		Molten salt has been used for quenching purposes for more than 50 years mainly due to its wide operating temperature range, from 300° F to 1,100° F. It is a unique medium, in which the vapor phase (the first stage) of quenching does not exist.
	www.heatbath.com /Proper_Quenching_Option_article.htm (2099 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As with all immersion quench systems, there is a concern that the quench entrance be kept even, and the force from the water jets keeping the water level high enough to submerge the extrusions and not effect the dimensional stability of the extrusion.
		The appropriate quenching recipe can be determined by referring to a quenching recipe table which includes a plurality of appropriate quenching recipes which correspond to a range of quenching numbers.
		The variable quenching system of claim 1 wherein the desired quenching condition is determined by carrying out a calculation involving a cross sectional area of the extrusion, an external perimeter of the extrusion, an extrusion velocity, an extrusion ratio and a thermal diffusivity value of the material being used.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/53013.010726&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (4841 words)

	Method and apparatus for quenching - Patent 4509995
		Also disclosed is a quenching apparatus having nozzles for spraying an object to be quenched with a mixed spray jet of a liquid and a gas, a liquid supply source for supplying a pressurized liquid, and a gas supply source for supplying a pressurized gas.
		A quenching method as defined in claim 1, wherein said mixing ratio is varied by adjusting the flow rate of at least one of said gas and said liquid being directed to said nozzle from the respective supplies of said liquid and said gas.
		A quenching method as defined in claim 1, wherein said period of cooling is started with air cooling, followed by a cooling period by means of said mixed spray jet, and said cooling is finished with air cooling.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4509995.html (1487 words)

	Quenching and tempering of welded carbon steel tubulars
		As quenching introduces stress into the tubular in the quenched zone, some of the stress is immediately relieved by the hot metal entering quench behind the freshly quenched metal.
		In continuous quenching, as the tube is fed into the quench at a constant speed, the point at which the martensite begins to form creates a stationary wavefront.
		Conversely, since the as-quenched hardness of the steel is controlled by the carbon content, the carbon range of the steel from which the tube is made can be lowered.
	www.thefabricator.com /Articles/Fabricating_Article.cfm?ID=237 (2783 words)

	QUENCHING MEDIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The absorption of heat by the quenching medium also depends, to a large extent, on the circulation of the quenching medium or the movement of the part.
		The volume of quenching liquid should be large enough to absorb all the heat during a normal quenching operation without the use of additional cooling.
		The quenching oil temperature should be kept within a range of 80°F to 150°F. The properties and average cooling powers of various quenching oils are given in table 2-4.
	www.tpub.com /steelworker1/12.htm (1341 words)

	Process for wet quenching of coke - Patent 4802573
		The conventional quenching tower and/or the complete quenching unit is used to a greater extent than heretofore in that the quenching tower is provided with a suitable buffer space to perform continuous condensation.
		In this quenching tower 10, which is closed on both sides by a door 11, the quenching smoke/vapor formed by a spray of water represented at W is not directly released into the atmosphere but instead is treated further.
		The quenching smoke/vapors are either drawn away directly from the quenching tower 10 or indirectly from the buffer space 1 continuously by downstream suction of the blower 4 connected to the condensor separator 3.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4802573.html (2347 words)

	Quenching of Fluorescence to Measure Accesibility of Tryptophan Residues
		Quenching by small molecules either in the solvent or bound to the protein in close proximity to the fluorophore can greatly decrease the quantum yield of a protein.
		The limited quenching of buried residues is mainly due to penetration of the quencher into the protein structure, with the quenching being determined by the opening of pores large enough to accomodate a quencher molecule.
		Quenching by n-doxyl stearates has confirmed the relative position of the tryptophan residues in the bilayer and the transmembrane orientation of the protein.
	dwb.unl.edu /Teacher/NSF/C08/C08Links/pps99.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/projects/gmocz/qch.htm (669 words)

	CFS - Light Quenching
		The fluorophores are not actually quenched, but appear to be quenched because we observed the residual population at right angles to the "quenching beam".
		The "quenched" part of the emission travels parallel to the quenching beam and is not observed.
		Definition and properties of the emission anisotropy in the absence of cylindrical symmetry of the emission field: Application to the light quenching experiments, Kusba, J., and Lakowicz, J. Chem.
	cfs.umbi.umd.edu /cfs/cr-lightq.html (446 words)

	HYPOTHESIS
		We suggest that the quenching reflects a change in ligation of chlorophyll on protonation of these glutamate residues leading to formation of an exciton coupled dimer with a neighboring pigment, in which additional energy levels allow vibrational relaxation of the excited singlet.
		The quenching is due to an inhibition of the oxygen evolving reactions [5, 16-19].
		The quenching is due to a mechanism which operates at the level of the light harvesting antenna.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /crofts/ahab/QE_HYP2.html (3780 words)

	The Xanthophyll Cycle Modulates the Kinetics of Nonphotochemical Energy Dissipation in Isolated Light-Harvesting ...
		The coefficient of quenching of 9-aminoacridine (q-9aa) was calculated as the amplitude of quenching divided by total fluorescence.
		Jahns P, Schweig S (1995) Energy-dependent quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in the thylakoids from intermittent-light grown pea plants: evidence for an interaction of zeaxanthin and the chlorophyll a/b binding proteins.
		Ruban AV, Horton P (1995a) An investigation of the sustained component of nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in isolated chloroplasts and leaves of spinach.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/119/2/531 (6361 words)

	Rapid gas quenching process - Patent 5173124
		One method of quenching is by backfilling the vacuum furnace with an inert gas in order to cool the part back to a temperature where the surface of the part be unreactive to ambient atmosphere, once the soak temperature has been reached and the part held for sufficient time.
		It is also understood that the cooling ability of the quench gas is directly related to the convective heat transfer coefficient of the gas.
		The tests were run in order to compare cooling rates obtained using a 60% helium, 40% argon blend and 80% helium, 20% argon blend in order to evaluate the fastest, slowest and average cooling rates recorded in the test load using ten different thermocouples located throughout the load.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5173124.html (3099 words)

	Quenching (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Quench cracking may occur if the cast is quenched too quickly.
		Proper cooling time is the relationship between melt temperature, flask temperature and size of flask.
		If the metal takes longer to solidify a longer hold time on quenching would be necessary.
	www.unitedpmr.com /quenching.htm (82 words)

	DNA Analysis by Fluorescence Quenching Detection -- Xiao and Kwok 13 (5): 932 -- Genome Research
		The quenching pattern for R110-acycloterminators (fl bars) was derived from results of over 667 SNP primers.
		The x-axis is the percentage of quenching, which are grouped in 10% intervals from – 10%–0% to 90%–100%.
		Seidel, C.A.M., Schulz, A., and Sauer, M.H.M. Nucleobase-specific quenching of fluorescent dyes.
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/full/13/5/932 (3799 words)

	NOCO QUENCHING PRODUCTS
		This results in extended oil life, brighter quenched parts which are easier to clean, and greater cooling efficiency of the oil.
		NOCO Quench 1050 is recommended for carbon and alloy steels where maximized and uniform hardness are required together with good part cleanliness and dimension stability.
		An oil designed specifically for hot quenching applications where the reservoir temperature is maintained at 200-300°F. The superior thermal stability of NOCO Quench 1040 was tested in conjunction with a widely used competitive oil.
	www.noco.com /NOCO-DATA/Quenching_Products.htm (364 words)

	Critical Care \| Full text \| Assessment of tissue oxygen tension: comparison of dynamic fluorescence quenching and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The fluorescence quenching system showed minimal drift across the course of the experiment (low points were 0.0 and 0.08 kPa and high points were 20.2 and 20.9 kPa at the start and finish, respectively).
		We demonstrated that dynamic fluorescence quenching is at least as accurate as the polaro-graphic system for measuring PO The optical device used in this experiment measures PO using the principle of dynamic fluorescence quenching.
		According to the manufacturer, the accuracy of the fluorescence quenching technique is affected by the calibration procedure, the resolution (random noise), and deviations from the Stern–Volmer relationship, which occur primarily at higher PO values.
	ccforum.com /content/6/1/76 (3073 words)

	Quenching char (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		There therefore seems to be a direct linkage between the amount of water required to quench and both our conversion efficiencies and our percentage ash in the finished briquette product.
		For a selection of 8 types of biomass we have an inverse relationship between amount of water needed to quench and percentage conversion efficiency with a correlation coefficient of 0.64.
		The cooling of a charcoal by water it a) loss of a charcoal (output is reduced from 32 % to 20 %) and b) danger of explosion of water gas with air.
	solstice.crest.org /pipermail/stoves/2002-February/006887.html (318 words)

	Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis of Cyanobacterial Photosynthesis and Acclimation -- Campbell et al. 62 (3): 667 -- ...
		quenching is quantified by the photochemical quenching coefficient
		This is a Stern-Volmer formulation that measures the ratio of quenched to remaining fluorescence.
		The origin of cyanobacterial nonphotochemical quenching in the state transition mechanism is illustrated in Fig.
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/62/3/667 (8287 words)

	The BOC Group - Quenching (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Gas quenching is an environmentally friendly alternative to oil quenching that gives better distortion control.
		While many vacuum heat treatment cycles only require the furnace to be filled with gas to speed up cooling and allow the door to be opened, in a growing number the backfilling gas plays a critical role in achieving the product properties.
		In the former, vacuum furnace treatment produces clean work in an environmentally friendly way and in the latter, gas quenching systems can be more flexible and controllable as well as less capital intensive.
	www.boc.com /markets/heat_treatment/bulk_gases/quenching.asp (181 words)

	Mechanisms of Carotenoid Antioxidant Behavior
		Carotenoids "quench" singlet oxygen primarily by a physical mechanism, in which the excess energy of singlet oxygen is transferred to the carotenoid's electron-rich structure.
		Singlet oxygen was generated chemically in homogenous chloroform-ethanol solution; a known amount of the quenching compound was added and the quenching rate constant calculated from the decrease in singlet oxygen-generated infrared chemiluminescence.
		Based on the above data, the authors concluded that relative singlet oxygen quenching ability of a given carotenoid is based on the number of conjugated double bonds, and that the terminal ionone ring of beta-carotene (and related carotenoids) has no effect.
	www.astaxanthin.org /carot-antiox.htm (7168 words)

	Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Quenching phenomena are common and distinguished for their important physical, engineering interpretations and unique applications in the combustion engin industry.
		The solution of quenching type partial differential equations also play a significant role in the theory of ecology and environmental studies, and in particular, in the prediction and control of pipeline decays.
		Further discussions on adaptive methods for quenching problems, such as the solution deviation and correction, will be given.
	www.iit.edu /~am/events/sheng_abs.html (265 words)

	Sevenfold-reduced osmotic water permeability in primary astrocyte cultures from AQP-4-deficient mice, measured by a ...
		Calcein quenching method for measurement of osmotic water permeability in astrocytes.
		Characterization of calcein quenching for measurement of cell volume in response to osmotic gradients.
		B: calcein fluorescence quenching, as measured in A, by albumin and NaCl.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/286/2/C426 (4309 words)

	BladeForums.com: The Leading Edge of Knife Discussion - ASM quenching book
		A knife is conceived on the anvil and finished on the bench, but it is born in the quench.
		The momentary process of quenching is very complex and so many things happen in those few seconds that it can easily fill a book.
		Please stop back and tell us what the book stresses about- vapor jackets, the three or four stages of a quench, the final or liquid cooling stage that needs to be a little slower, heat extraction and nickle ball tests, convection and conduction properties, agitition, etc., etc....
	www.bladeforums.com /forums/showthread.php?t=288840 (1007 words)

	[No title]
		In 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, and varying concentrations of chloride and bicarbonate with total anion concentration of 150 mM, SPQ is quenched dynamically by chloride with an apparent Stern-Volmer quenching constant 0.071 (0.016 mM-1 at 25 °C. HEPES alone quenched SPQ fluorescence with a quenching constant of 0.030 (0.003 mM-1.
		The apparent quenching constant for chloride in the presence of 20 mM HEPES and bicarbonate, calculated from equation seq eqn eqnKq 3, is 0.072 mM-1.
		Dynamic quenching of SPQ by chloride and bicarbonate solutions. The fluorescence of a solution of 500 (M SPQ, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, and varying chloride and bicarbonate concentrations (total anion concentration = 150 mM) was measured at 25 °C. The data represent the average of three experiments.
	chemiris.chem.binghamton.edu /DIX/calafut/calafut4.doc (5278 words)

	Efficiencies of fluorescence resonance energy transfer and contact-mediated quenching in oligonucleotide probes -- ...
		Absorption spectra of each of the five quencher-labeled oligodeoxyribonucleotides normalized for absorption at 260 nm (which is due to the nucleotides), in order to compare the absorption spectra of the quenchers.
		Determination of the melting temperature of a hybrid possessing a 5 nt overhang that was labeled with FAM and dabcyl.
		Seidel,C.A.M., Schulz,A. and Sauer,M.M.H. (1996) Nucleobase-specific quenching of fluorescent dyes.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/30/21/e122 (3966 words)

	Science- Kelley et al.
		Approximate amounts of static quenching listed here are determined from measurements of initial intensity for data sets obtained over 120-s time intervals.
		Therefore, becausestatic quenching is observed even at the longest distances where the quenching is significantly attenuated, these quenching yields cannot be analyzed to extract
		Low levels of quenching with dATP, dCTP, and dTTP (data not shown) observed were comparable with that obtained with dITP; these small amounts of quenching were insensitive to redox potential.
	www.sciencemag.org /feature/data/984892.shl (432 words)

	Quenching
		Quenching Just as phase transformation takes place during the heating of steel, it also takes place during the quenching or cooling process.
		Quenching can be used to increase the hardness of steel.
		At high temperatures, alloying metals are completely dissolved in the base metal, so quenching traps the alloying metals within the crystal structure and does not allow them to precipitate out separately.
	mdmetric.com /bondhus/metallurgy_body-5.htm (251 words)

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