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	Quilombo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A quilombo (from the Kimbundu word kilombo) is a Brazilian hinterland settlement founded by Maroons and, sometimes, a minority of marginalised Portuguese, Brazilian aboriginals, and/or other non-fl, non-slave Brazilians.
		Some quilombos that were farther from Portuguese settlements and the later Brazilian cities were tolerated and still exist as towns today, with inhabitants speaking distinctly African-Portuguese Creole languages.
		The Brazilian 1988 constitution granted the remaining quilombos the collective ownership of the lands they have occupied since colonial times, thus recognizing their distinct identity at the same level of the Indians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quilombos (393 words)

	Ashoka Fellow Profile - Josilene Brandão da Costa
		Brazil’s quilombo population — the last vestiges of the country’s slave culture — is facing increasing hardship on a number of fronts, from land ownership to access to basic services.
		Quilombos, a legacy of the nearly 400 years of officially sanctioned slavery in Brazil, were clandestine agricultural communities founded deep in the Brazilian outback, primarily by fls who managed to escape bondage.
		Her vision of where quilombos fit into the broader experience of African descendents in Latin America makes her methodology exportable to other countries in the region, and she is already establishing links with fl populations in Central and South America.
	www.ashoka.org /fellows/viewprofile3.cfm?reid=153759 (1366 words)

	Untitled Document
		Once a plastics factory, the Quilombo Cultural Center was founded to provide a home for Capoeira Angola in Chicago and to create a cultural performance and rehearsal space where other individuals and groups can rehearse, perform, and celebrate their art.
		A quilombo was a place where the African slaves of Brazil took refuge, and together built a self-sustaining community.
		It was in the quilombos that free Africans and run-away slaves created a genuine culture of resistance to the barbarizing oppression of slavery.
	www.quilombocenter.org /qabout.html (216 words)

	Stephen Buckley, For Some Brazilian Slave Descendants, Home at Last
		Quilombos stayed alive even after slavery officially ended in 1888, as social and economic isolation compelled millions of the freed Afro-Brazilians to remain.
		These sons and daughters of slaves were almost certainly doomed to decades of struggle in a country where laws and tradition have conspired to make large plots of land the almost exclusive province of the country's wealthiest, most politically influential classes.
		The rights of quilombo residents became a priority for leaders of the Afro-Brazilian rights movement, and over the past five years the government gradually has begun to issue the titles.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/42/135.html (1300 words)

	Quilombos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Brazilian concept of Quilombos has come to mean the communities that were constituted out of the struggle of rebel slaves during the centuries of slavery, as territories of housing, resistance and social organization.
		The Quilombos adapted to the ecological and economic conditions of the regions were they settled, producing the food and materials they needed for survival in accordance with their traditions and the opportunities available to them.
		Therefore, the principal demands of the Quilombos communities are regularisation of the lands they have been traditionally occupied and the implementation of public policies aimed at improving their quality of life and providing access to essential services and work opportunities.
	www.cohre.org /quilombos/eng/eng-02.htm (907 words)

	[No title]
		Today, “quilombo” refers generally to rural communities of fls whose way of life, due to geographic, racially based and/or socioeconomic isolation, is distinct from Brazil’s mass society and reflects the African antecedents of its inhabitants.
		The quilombos studied here conduct for the most part a subsistence economy, in the sense that they produce largely for their own consumption and consume most of what they produce.
		Housing All types of shelter in the quilombos are built in essentially the same manner: A rectangular frame of wooden poles is lashed together and the spines of palm fronds are then lashed, inside and out, to the frames in intervals of approximately a hand span.
	www.quilombofilm.com /quilomboreport.doc (6427 words)

	[NYTr] News from Brazil No.515 - August 20, 2004
		Quilombos are rural Afro-Brazilian communities that distinguish themselves from other sectors of the population because of their customs, traditions, culture, social and economic conditions.
		The delimitation of the quilombo includes the geographic area used by the communities for social, economic, and cultural activities as well as the areas of habitation, planting, fishing, and forestry.
		The identification, delimitation, demarcation and titling of quilombo lands is now the responsibility of INCRA, the Minister of Agricultural Development, the Palmares Foundation, the Minister of Culture, and the Special Secretary for the Promotion of Racial Equality, the movement of communities of Quilombos, and the President of the Republic.
	tania.blythe-systems.com /pipermail/nytr/Week-of-Mon-20040823/005352.html (703 words)

	United States and Brazil: Palmares and Slave Resistance / Brasil e Estados Unidos: Palmares e a Resistência ...
		The best-known quilombo, Palmares, was built in the seventeenth century in the interior of the northeastern province of Alagoas.
		A "Quilombo" was a community organized by rebel or fugitive slaves as a means of resistance to the oppressions and tortures of slavery.
		Refelcting African ethnic communities, Quilombos were located as inaccessibly as possible in order to prevent their inhabitants' recapture and reenslavement.
	international.loc.gov /intldl/brhtml/br-1/br-1-3-2.html (630 words)

	Jennifer Metz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Quilombo formation seems to have begun in first decades of expansion of cocoa bean cultivation.
		Quilombos maintained commercial relation with inhabitants of Obidos cultivating tobacco and gathering of natural substances.
		details borrowed from an article by Lúcia M. de Andrade called "The Quilombos* of the Trombetas River Basin: Brief History." The paper was conceived to provide information for the work of the Association of Remaining Descendants of Quilombola Communities of the Municipality of Oriximiná (ARQMO).
	www.jenmetz.com /quilombo.html (375 words)

	Global Justice
		The remaining 153 ethnic quilombo communities that have traditionally occupied considerable areas in the Alcântara region have been carrying on an arduous struggle to guarantee the implementation of their fundamental human rights and to prevent violations of their right to Adequate Housing and to independent self-determination.
		Kothari to the Alcantara quilombo communities, in particular to those of Marudá which has already been relocated to an agrovila and also to that of Mamuna which is now threatened with the same fate.
		During the visit a Public Audience was arranged with representatives of the various quilombo communities, of Civil Society, of COHRE, of the Centre on Global Justice and of Social Watch in addition to the official reporters.
	www.global.org.br /english/arquivos/230604.html (1057 words)

	BBC NEWS \| In Depth \| Brazil Journey \| Slave descendants want their land back
		But in the past 20 years the "quilombolas" - those from the quilombos - have come out of their isolation to fight for the legal right of possession of land that was once occupied by their ancestors - a right that is now guaranteed by federal law.
		The quilombo of Conceicao das Crioulas is said to have been founded in the 18th Century by six fl women and one fl man.
		The main representative of the quilombo outside the village is Gilmaria Silva, a councillor in the city of Salgueiro, of which Conceicao das Crioulas is a district.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/americas/2263792.stm (665 words)

	Slave Quilombos
		This selection is clear evidence that some slaves managed to achieve permanent freedom by fleeing to a quilombo, especially in the huge jungle-covered regions of Maranhao, Para, and Amazonas.
		Another detachment of forty soldiers, under the command of a Captain, left Para to destroy the Quilombo of Trombetas, a famous Settlement, over fifty years old, and which hitherto had been deemed inaccessible to military enterprise, and looked upon by the slave population as a sort of enchanted land.
		About three leagues from the Quilombo of Trombetas exists a tribe of white Indians, of the Uariquena nation, who being on friendly terms with the fugitive slaves, are supposed to have given them notice of the intended attack.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /slatta/hi216/documents/slavery/quilombos.htm (460 words)

	Quilombo DVD at Video Universe
		It's an epic tale of an attempted utopian society, and the inability of that utopia to survive in the face of racism, colonialism, and militarism.
		Quilombo was, and is, unheard of by billions of people.
		As I watched Quilombo and saw the language and religion of my people displayed regularly through the depictions of the slaves, I felt a kinship of seeing the fate of my people who were brought over to Brazil in chains, but still used the "source" to garner the strength to chase off their captors.
	www.cduniverse.com /search/xx/movie/pid/6880189/a/Quilombo.htm (579 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		There were at least ten major quilombos with internal socio-economic organizations and commercial relationships with neighboring cities.
		The quilombo dos Palmraes lasted sixty-seven years in the interior of the state of Alagoas, rebuffing almost all expeditions sent to extinguish it.
		Because of the consistency and type of threat present, Capoeira developed it's structure as a fight in the quilombos.
	www.capoeira.co.za /index_files/Hist1.htm (659 words)

	Wild Sphere: The Great Guilds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A strange alliance of anti-establishment rebels on New Leopold, the Quilombos de Liberdade also control one of the largest illegal drug empires in the galaxy, which they use to finance their struggle to oust the ruling regime in Kurtzville.
		The seeds for the Quilombos' genesis were first planted nearly thirty years ago after a massive ecological disaster ravaged the once prosperous colony of Katanga, leaving millions destitute and the local economy in shambles.
		Quilombos is stronger than ever, and has started directly attacking Kurtzville.
	www.wildsphere.com /background/adventure/f_bga1_mocs.html (1662 words)

	A BRIEF HISTORY OF BRAZIL
		Another interesting fact from this period was founding of the Quilombos by slaves who escaped from the plantations.
		The Quilombos were built in remote areas, and could have hundreds of people living, raising families, growing crops and fighting to keep their independence.
		The Paulistas soon destroyed the Quilombos, including the most famous one at Palmares, which required cannon and a long seige.
	www.brazilbrazil.com /historia.html (2219 words)

	Martial Arts Disciplines and Styles - Capoeira (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		At the time, there was about ten large 'Quilombos' that had economic and social organizations and some commercial dealings with their neighboring cities.
		The 'Quilombos des Palmares' was in effect for sixty-seven years.
		Due to the consistent types of threats that were present, 'Capoeira' was developed as a fight, instead of a dance, in the 'Quilombos'.
	www.realmartialarts.com /dictionary/capoeira/capoeira_pg1.htm (528 words)

	Brazil - Brasil - BRAZZIL - News from Brazil - Quilombos to Be Legalized - Brazilian Blacks - August 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A national campaign to legalize quilombo lands was inaugurated August 18 in São Paulo by Brazil's National Coordination Board of Rural Black Quilombo Communities, the Center on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE, headquartered in Geneva), and the Maranhão Association of Rural Black Quilombo Communities (Aconeruq - MA).
		Quilombos are rural ethnic communities founded by fls originally transported from Africa as slaves, from the 17th century on, and their descendants, and who either fled from slavery, acquired their freedom, or were the beneficiaries of the emancipation.
		According to a survey conducted by the Palmares Foundation, the Ministry of Culture, the University of Brasília (UnB), and the Association of Rural Black Quilombo Communities (Aconeruq), at least 1,098 communities exist, and they are present in most of the states.
	www.brazil-brasil.com /2004/html/articles/aug04/p145aug04.htm (454 words)

	Capoeira
		This Quilombo led by King Ganga Zumba and later King Zumbi offered the example of one of the few democratic and free societies in Brazil during the period of enslavement.
		Quilombo dos Palmares offered fierce resistance to the invading Portuguese armies who wanted very badly to see it destroyed, so much so, that they sent seven armies and spent almost 100 years trying to bring about the destruction of Palmares.
		In 1695 the Portuguese were finally successful and Palmares was disbanded in series of intense battles, however, many survived and took their Capoeira with them so that it could live on today.
	www.negogato.org /capoeira.html (410 words)

	Brazil: Waiting for their Land of Freedom by Marlinelza B de Oliveira
		There are also quilombos formed by lands where the slaves were fattened to be sold, or through lands donated or abandoned by former landlords.
		This quilombo occupies an area of 400 hectares and is a group of 30 families, all descendants of slaves.
		While organization working with the quilombos understand the bureaucratic hurdles, they point out that there is a racist streak in Brazilian society, which seeks to deny the Afro-Brazilian people their properties.
	www.boloji.com /wfs4/wfs493.htm (1300 words)

	Choike - African descendants communities and housing rights
		This Bulletin is part of the National Campaign for Regularization of Quilombo Land in Brazil that is being carried out by COHRE — Center on Housing Rights and Evictions, CONAQ — National Coordination of Quilombo Communities and ACONERUQ — Association of Rural Afro-Descent Communities in the State of Maranhão.
		The analysis of quilombos in Brazil allows to give visibility to the impact of European colonization, its dimension and extent upon, in this particular case, the peoples of Africa and the Americas.
		Quilombos communities represented a major issue from the early African pockets of resistance to colonial slavery, re-emerging in times of the Brazilian Republic with the Brazilian Negro Front (1930/1940) and returning to the political scene at the end of the 1970s, during the country’s redemocratization process.
	www.choike.org /nuevo_eng/informes/3146.html (983 words)

	RaceandHistory.com - Former Slave Havens in Brazil Gaining Rights
		Indeed, quilombos — the word quilombo means encampment or forest settlement in various West African languages — have been found in settings as diverse as mountains, jungles and arid scrubland.
		At first glance, quilombos like this one, whose name means red clay mangrove thicket, seem indistiguishable from any other poor village in the Brazilian interior.
		But the words commonly used here and in nearby quilombos for such everyday concepts as house, spoon, straw and grandparents are derived from West African languages like Yoruba.
	www.raceandhistory.com /historicalviews/brazilformerslaves.htm (567 words)

	Africa Update Archives
		Despite the large amount of tasks performed by Quilombos (communities of enslaved Africans who liberated themselves) in-depth and global study of these communities within the areas of Brazilian politics, sociology, economics, history, philosophy and thought, is lacking.
		Quilombos, communities of Africans who had escaped the slave system, because of their large numbers, their long periods of existence, their material, political and social organization are indeed of great significance.
		The Quilombos have existed for 200 years and continue to exist at the present moment in significant numbers, retaining principles of political, economic and social organization.
	www.ccsu.edu /afstudy/updvol64.htm (5663 words)

	Activists for Reelection of Lula, but With Reduced Hopes
		Matildes pointed out that the government created the Secretariat for the Promotion of Racial Equality, which has the rank of a government ministry, put in place affirmative action programmes, including university quotas for fl students, and established laws and incentives that favour domestic workers, most of whom are fl women.
		Furthermore, the government has made great progress in legalising land ownership in the country's "quilombos" - rural Afro-Brazilian communities originally founded by escaped slaves - and made it mandatory to include African history and culture in educational curricula, she added.
		But the strides made in terms of social policies do not exempt Lula from criticism of his government's economic policies, which have aggravated inequality by failing to generate employment and decent wages for fls, who have the highest unemployment rate and earn the lowest wages, the activist argued.
	www.globalexchange.org /countries/brazil/3906.html (1119 words)

	Race Matters - Slave Havens
		But they and other defenders of quilombo residents complain that the land titling process is so long and complicated that it encourages commercial interests to try to drive the residents off their lands before deeds are granted.
		Since the runaway slaves were illiterate, there are no documents that would verify claims that their communities date to colonial times, and because they were fugitives, they rarely registered the births of their children.
		Santos said other quilombos had been founded by slaves who had fled salt and gold mines farther south or cotton and sugar cane plantations nearer the coast.
	www.racematters.org /slavehavens.htm (1370 words)

	Term-Papers.us - Brazilian - Haitian Slavery
		In addition to supplying the residents of the quilombos with provisions and equipment, Brazilians from Rio de Janeiro always warned them when there was reason to suspect that the authorities were trying to capture them.
		Their trading partners were the inferior class of tradesmen in the neighboring towns with whom the members of the quilombo traded for provisions and equipment.
		As in the case of the Brazilian quilombos, Haitian maroon colonies became centers of African culture on the island, and spawned Voodoo, a mixing of Western and African religious beliefs.(James 20) However, The ties to plantation slaves in Haitian maroon colonies were stronger than those maintained by the Brazilian quilombos.
	www.term-papers.us /ts/ea/hsz253.shtml (1944 words)

	* Irene's Country Corner * - Brasil - 503 Years of History
		Maintenance of African cultural traditions in Brazil was also made possible by the establishment of "quilombos", communities of runaway slaves located in the most inaccessible parts of the "sertão" (hinterland).
		During the disruptions caused by the years of Dutch occupation of northeastern Brazil, when the Portuguese struggled to expel these interlopers, many more "quilombos" were founded in the Brazilian interior.
		While he searched for reinforcements, he dressed some fls who had been captured, in ill people clothes and let them run to the "quilombos" in order to contaminate the others, thus reducing their numbers.
	www.irenescorner.com /home/braziliancorner/history/history03.htm (1428 words)

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