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Topic: Quinine

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	Quinine Bark - Cinchona - Database entry for - Quinine Bark - Cinchona - Quinine Bark
		In the U.S., quinine bark is used as a tonic and digestive aid; to reduce heart palpitations and normalize heart functions; to stimulate digestion and appetite; for hemorrhoids, varicose veins, headaches, leg cramps, colds, flu, and indigestion; and for its astringent, bactericidal, and anesthetic actions in various other conditions.
		Quinine was used sporadically through the first half of the 18th century for cardiac problems and arrhythmia and it became a standard of cardiac therapy in the second half of the 19th century.
		"Desensitization of insulin secretory response to imidazolines, tolbutamide, and quinine.
	www.rain-tree.com /quinine.htm (2727 words)

	Quinine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Quinine is a natural white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic, anti-malarial with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties and a bitter taste.
		Quinine was extracted from the bark of the South American cinchona tree, isolated and named in 1820 by French researchers Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou.
		Quinine is a flavour component of tonic water and bitter lemon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quinine (1302 words)

	Quinine definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Quinine acts by interfering with the growth and reproduction of the Plasmodium, the malarial parasite that lives within the victim's red blood cells.
		Quinine causes the parasites to disappear from the blood and the symptoms of the disease are thereby alleviated.
		Quinine has been used outside of malaria as a remedy for fever and pain and to treat and prevent leg cramps.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5178 (429 words)

	Medical Treatment - Quinine tablets/injection/suspension (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Quinine, an alkaloid obtained from the bark of cinchona tree and the levorotatory isomer of quinidine, is an antimalarial agent.
		Quinine is known to accumulate in the acid food vacuoles of malarial parasites and may inhibit the parasite enzyme hemepolymerase.
		Quinine is readily dialyzable by hemodialysis or hemoperfusion.
	www.malaria-ipca.com /quinine.html (2115 words)

	quinine - Encyclopedia.com
		Before the development of more effective synthetic drugs such as quinacrine, chloroquine, and primaquine, quinine was the specific agent in the treatment of malaria.
		Jesuit missionaries had brought cinchona bark to Europe from South America, and quinine was isolated in 1820 by the French chemists J. Caventou and P. Pelletier ; chemical synthesis was achieved in 1944 by R. Woodward and W. Doering, American chemists.
		Quinine also has been used medicinally to allay fever and pain, to induce uterine contractions during labor, and as a sclerosing, or hardening, agent in the treatment of varicose veins.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-quinine.html (395 words)

	Quinine, What is Quinine? About its Science, Chemistry and Structure
		It is a white powder that is obtained from the bark of the cinchona tree that is found in the Andes mountain range of Ecuador and Peru.
		The way in which quinine helps to reduce frequency and severity of cramps is not known either and there have been studies to try and assess the efficacy of the drug.
		Quinine is excellent at reducing fevers and so it became the first and only, until the synthesis of other drugs, anti-malarial drug brought to Europe by the Jesuits.
	www.3dchem.com /molecules.asp?ID=102 (418 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Quinine
		Quinine drugs are associated with serious side effects, such as cardiac arrhythmias, thrombocytopenia, and severe hypersensitivity reactions.
		Quinine is used to prevent and treat malaria.
		Quinine is also used to treat nighttime leg muscle cramps.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682322.html (937 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In this extended in vitro study, quinine 3-hydroxylation was further investigated using microsomes from mouse, rat, dog and human livers and was compared among them in terms of the in vitro enzyme-kinetic parameters and quinine-drug interaction screenings.
		To simulate the effect of quinine on spontaneous firing of the auditory nerve, the drug was given to SG neurons that were firing action potentials regularly.
		Quinine is commonly associated with heroin in illicit drug preparations.
	lycos.cs.cmu.edu /info/quinine--drugs.html (617 words)

	Quinine (UK PID)
		Quinine may cause thrombocytopenia purpura and should be used cautiously in patients with a history of this reaction, or in highly sensitive patients.
		Pregnancy Quinine is used mainly in the treatment of chloroquine resistant malaria.
		Blood for evaluation of plasma quinine level may useful to asses prognosis Renal function Blood gases if patient is unconscious Blood sugar Antidotes There are no effective antidotes Elimination techniques Measures to enhance the elimination of quinine have been generally ineffective (Bateman et al, 1985).
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/pharm/quinine/ukpid13.htm (2413 words)

	Quinine
		Natural quinine is an alkaloid that comes from the bark of the cinchona tree (named for the Countess of Chinchon, Spain) found in the Andes mountains of Ecuador and Peru.
		Quinine gained prominence in Europe as the first anti malarial drug and was used to control the severe malarial fevers.
		Quinine is metabolized in the liver and the metabolites are excreted in the urine.
	filebox.vt.edu /users/lauteany/quinine.htm (488 words)

	Quinine
		Quinine is a drug which is made from the bark of the Cinchona tree.
		Quinine (and other drugs such as chloroquine) are effective in combating malaria because they are able to bind strongly to blood proteins, and form complexes which are toxic to the malarial parasite.
		Nowadays, quinine is rarely employed for the treatment of malaria, except for a severe acute form known as falciparum malaria.
	sres-associated.anu.edu.au /fpt/nwfp/quinine/Quinine.html (903 words)

	Quinine sulfate for malaria - [Medication] - Quest Diagnostics Patient Health Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Quinine sulfate slows or kills the parasites in blood that cause malaria.
		Quinine sulfate plus another medication is the medication of choice for chloroquine-resistant malaria (where chloroquine is no longer effective against the malaria parasite).
		Quinine sulfate given through a needle directly into a vein (intravenously, or IV) is not available in the United States, but intravenous quinidine gluconate, as a substitute, works just as well.
	www.questdiagnostics.com /kbase/topic/detail/drug/hw118913/detail.htm (244 words)

	Quinine, Plasmodium falciparum
		Quinine was used sporadically through the first half of the 18th century for cardiac problems and arrhythmia and it became a standard of cardiac therapy in the second half of the 19th century.
		In the U.S., quinine bark is used as a tonic and digestive aid; to reduce heart palpitations and normalize heart functions; to stimulate digestion and appetite; for hemorrhoids, varicose veins, headaches, leg cramps, colds, flu, and indigestion; and for its astringent, bactericidal, and anesthetic actions in various other conditions.
		(quinine and quinidine) in Australia[6] from November 1972 to March 1988 were thrombocytopenia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, skin rash, fever, rigors, disturbed liver function, arrhythmia, hypotension, arthralgia, and deaths.
	www.earthtym.net /ref-quinine.htm (1663 words)

	Quinine (PIM 464)
		Quinine is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity and in the presence of haemoglobinuria during malaria and in patients with optic neuritis, or tinnitus (Reynolds, 1996).
		Quinine increases the tension response to a single maximal stimulus delivered to the muscle directly or through the nerve, but it also increases the refractory period of the muscle so that the response to tetanic stimulation is diminished.
		As a test for quinine idiosyncrasy a scratch test may be made with a 1 to 10% solution of a quinine salt in physiological saline: redness, oedema, and itching occur within 5 to 15 minutes if the patient is hypersensitive (Reynolds, 1982).
	www.inchem.org /documents/pims/pharm/pim464.htm (3012 words)

	684. Quinine hydrochloride (WHO Food Additives Series 26)
		Quinine, as quinine salts or extracts from cinchona bark, is used as a bittering agent in tonic type drinks, usually at a concentration of approximately 80 mg of quinine hydrochloride per liter.
		Quinine and its derivatives are widely used therapeutically for treatment of protozoal infections such as malaria and treatment of nocturnal leg cramps.
		Quinine is a potent local irritant and is not generally administered by either intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v26je05.htm (3290 words)

	Quinine - Drugs & Vitamins - Drug Library - DrugDigest
		Quinine alone cannot attack all stages of the malarial parasite.
		Quinine can affect your eyesight; until you know how it affects you, do not drive, use machinery, or do anything for which you need to see well.
		Quinine may interact with some of the medicines used during a surgery or procedure.
	www.drugdigest.org /DD/DVH/Uses/0,3915,583\|Quinine,00.html (607 words)

	quinine - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Quinine, drug that reduces fever in the treatment of malaria.
		Although quinine kills certain forms of the parasite that causes malaria, it cannot...
		Quinine Bush, evergreen shrub of the silk-tassel family, also called bearbrush and feverbush, native to dry slopes from central California to...
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=quinine (89 words)

	Quinine S04 (Quinine Sulfate) drug description - prescription drugs and medications at RxList
		Quinine sulfate is an antimalarial drug chemically described as cinchonan-9-ol, 6'- methoxy-, (8a, 9R)-, sulfate (2:1) (salt), dihydrate with a molecular formula of (C
		Quinine sulfate occurs as a white, crystalline powder that darkens on exposure to light.
		Quinine sulfate is supplied for oral administration as capsules containing 324 mg of the active ingredient quinine sulfate USP, equivalent to 269 mg free base.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic3/quinine.htm (135 words)

	CINCHONA, FAIREST OF THE PERUVIANS MAIDS
		Eventually "quinine" was accepted as a cure for malaria in Europe after heads of state were cured by a young and upstart apothecary's assistant named Robert Talbor, who treated Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France with quinine.
		Seeds of quinine plants were smuggled out of South America by Charles Ledger in 1865, for a fee of about 20 dollars (about the cost of Manhattan Island!), and some of these seeds eventually established quinine plantations in Java.
		Quinine, an alkaloid, was isolated in 1820 by French chemists Pelletier and Caventou, and there is a monument in Paris commemorating this achievement.
	www.botgard.ucla.edu /html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Cinchona (751 words)

	LENNON - QUININE SULPHATE 300 MG TABLETS
		Quinine is a highly active blood schizonticide and suppresses the asexual cycle of development of malaria parasites in the erythrocytes.
		Quinine and its salts are contra-indicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to quinine and in patients with tinnitus or optic neuritis and especially when this takes the form of cutaneous, angioedematous, visual, or auditory symptoms.
		Pregnancy in a patient with malaria is not generally regarded as a contra-indication to the use of quinine, as malaria infection is potentially serious during pregnancy and poses a threat to the mother and foetus, there appears to be little justification in withholding treatment in the absence of a suitable alternative.
	home.intekom.com /pharm/lennon/quinine.html (913 words)

	QUININE
		Quinine is used to prevent cardiac arrythmias and is used in tonic beverages which are mixed with alcohols for bitter taste.
		Quinine is one of the most useful alkaloids for pharmaceutical purposes.
		Quinine sulfate: sulfate salt of quinine; having the same actions and uses with the base; administered orally.
	www.chemicalland21.com /arokorhi/lifescience/phar/(-)-QUININE.htm (269 words)

	Quinine - MOTM 2005
		Quinine was isolated from the bark in 1820.
		Quinine is almost insoluble in water (about 0.05 g per 100 ml water) but it is readily soluble in ethanol.
		It is alleged that the British Empire-builders took their daily dose of quinine dissolved in ethanol in the form of gin, using lemon or lime to help mask the bitter taste of the quinine.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /motm/quinine/quinineh.htm (1471 words)

	"Wild Quinine, Parthenium integrifolium, Missouri Snakeroot, herb uses and pictures
		Wild Quinine is a perennial native of Eastern N. America found growing in prairies, rock outcrops, waste places and roadsides from Maryland to Minnesota and Georgia, as far west as Wisconsin and Arkansas.
		Wild Quinine grows to a height of about three feet and has alternate, long rough, hairy, serrated and lancolate, leaves that are often over a foot in length at base.
		Wild Quinine is currently being used with great success by hundreds of herbalists throughout the United States and Europe for diseases such as lymphatic congestion, colds, ear infections, sore throats, fevers, infections, and Epstein barr virus.
	altnature.com /gallery/Wild_Quinine.htm (693 words)

	quinine Consumer Drug Information
		Quinine may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide.
		Quinine is in the FDA pregnancy category X. This means that it is known to cause birth defects, and it can induce premature labor.
		You may not be able to take quinine, or you may require a dosage adjustment or special monitoring during treatment.
	www.drugs.com /MTM/quinine.html (979 words)

	Whole Foods Market : Health Info : Ingredients : Quinine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Quinine is a naturally occurring alkaloid (caffeine is another common alkaloid) isolated from the bark of several species of Cinchona trees.
		It is important to note that to achieve a therapeutic dose of quinine from tonic water, a person would have to drink between 6 and 12 quarts in a 24-hour period.
		At higher levels than those allowed in beverages, quinine does have the potential to cause side effects such as rashes, itching, nausea, ringing of the ears, dizziness, headaches, and even birth defects.
	www.wholefoods.com /healthinfo/quinine.html (433 words)

	Chemical & Engineering News: Top Pharmaceuticals: Quinine
		The bark of the cinchona tree, containing the alkaloid quinine, was the first effective treatment for malaria, appearing in therapeutics in the 17th century.
		A big step came in 1944 when, driven by the quinine shortage during World War II, Robert B. Woodward and William von E. Doering at Harvard University synthesized d-quinotoxine, a molecule that, it was believed, could be converted into quinine using a procedure developed by German chemist Paul Rabe.
		Even if the Harvard team had made quinine, the synthesis was plagued by low yields, did not allow control of the stereochemistry, and could not have afforded commercial quantities, according to Kaufman and Rúveda.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325quinine.html (872 words)

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