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	Quinine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Quinine was the primary agent used in the treatment of malaria until it was supplanted by more effective synthetic drugs like quinacrine, chloroquine, and primaquine.
		The theorized mechanism of action for quinine and related anti-malarial drugs is that these drugs are toxic to the malaria parasite, specifically by interfering with the parasite's ability to degrade and digest hemoglobin, thus starving the parasite or causing the build-up of toxic levels of partially degraded hemoglobin in the parasite.
		Quinine was extracted from the bark of the South American cinchona tree, isolated and named in 1820 by French researchers Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quinine (546 words)

	Quinine biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It was originally derived from the bark of the Cinchona, an Amazonian tree.
		Quinine was isolated in 1820 by Pelletier and Caventou, and synthetical manufacturing was achieved in 1944.
		Use of quinine in theraputic or excessive doses may cause cinchonism and even death (in excessive doses or rare cases).
	quinine.biography.ms (255 words)

	Quinine: Definition and links. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It was derived from the bark of the Cinchona, a Peruvian tree.
		Quinine was isolated in 1820 and synthesis was achieved in 1944.
		However, if this was the case, today's refreshing gin & tonic is a rather different drink from theirs: The quantity of quinine in a glass of modern-day tonic water is a tiny fraction of that formerly used in treating malaria.
	www.encyclopedian.com /qu/Quinine.html (160 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Quinine
		Quinine was the specific agent used in the treatment of malaria until it was supplanted by more effective synthetic drugs like quinacrine, chloroquine, and primaquine.
		The quinine containing bark of the Cinchona tree (also called Peruvian_Bark) was know for its medical properties by the natives, but did not enter popular knowledge to Europeans until its abilities to combat malaria was discovered.
		Cinchona trees remained the only source of quinine until research under wartime pressure led to its artificial production: its chemical synthesis was accomplished in 1944 by R.B. Woodward and W.E. Doering, American chemists.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Quinine (653 words)

	Quinine
		Quinine may be familiar to you if you drink gin and tonic or perhaps vodka and tonic.
		It is a white powder that is obtained from the bark of the cinchona tree that is found in the Andes mountain range of Ecuador and Peru.
		Quinine is excellent at reducing fevers and so it became the first and only, until the synthesis of other drugs, anti-malarial drug brought to Europe by the Jesuits.
	www.chem.ox.ac.uk /mom/quinine/Quinine.htm (377 words)

	Quinine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Quinine was one of the first anti-arrhythmics (quinidine is an isomer of quinine), "re-discovered " in Europe for this purpose in the 1912.
		Quinine is classified as Pregnancy Category X because it causes congenital malformations, has been associated with stillbirths, and in large doses it may be an abortifacent.
		The Cinchona tree was renamed by the Swedish botanist Linnaeus in 1742 in honour of the wife of the Viceroy of Peru, who was known as the Countess of Chinchon, who was reputed to be the first European to use an extract of bark to cure her of malaria.
	www.science.siu.edu /plant-biology/PLB117/Nickrent.Lecs/Quinine.html (1737 words)

	Quinine, Plasmodium falciparum
		Cinchona is a genus of tropical evergreen trees and shrubs
		Quinine was used sporadically through the first half of the 18th century for cardiac problems and arrhythmia and it became a standard of cardiac therapy in the second half of the 19th century.
		In the U.S., quinine bark is used as a tonic and digestive aid; to reduce heart palpitations and normalize heart functions; to stimulate digestion and appetite; for hemorrhoids, varicose veins, headaches, leg cramps, colds, flu, and indigestion; and for its astringent, bactericidal, and anesthetic actions in various other conditions.
	www.earthtym.net /ref-quinine.htm (1663 words)

	Ethnobotanical Leaflets
		Quinine was used in the battle against malaria since the 1630's.
		Trees may be partially stripped and bound with moss for protection.
		Tree and Field Crops of the Wetter Regions of the Tropics.
	www.siu.edu /~ebl/leaflets/quinine.htm (1285 words)

	Quinine
		Quinine is a drug which is made from the bark of the Cinchona tree.
		Quinine (and other drugs such as chloroquine) are effective in combating malaria because they are able to bind strongly to blood proteins, and form complexes which are toxic to the malarial parasite.
		Nowadays, quinine is rarely employed for the treatment of malaria, except for a severe acute form known as falciparum malaria.
	sres.anu.edu.au /associated/fpt/nwfp/quinine/Quinine.html (883 words)

	Hemorrhoids, Parasites, Bloating, Herbal Cleansers, Anal Itch, No Rinse Cleansers, IBS, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and ...
		There, quinine bark was used by the Jesuits very early in the group's history and due to the influence of the Compa ny of Jesus, the newly named "Jesuit's powder" became known all over Europe.
		In the U.S., quinine bark is used as a tonic and digestive aid; to reduce heart palpitations and normalize heart functions; to stimulate digestion and appetite; for hemorrhoids, varicose veins, headaches, leg cramps, colds, flu, and indigestion; and for its astringent, bactericidal, and anesthetic actions in vari ous other conditions.
		Quinine was used sporadically through the first half of the eighteenth century for cardiac problems and arrhythmia and it became a standard of cardiac therapy in the second half of the nineteenth century.
	www.herbalabs.org /Quinine.htm (2074 words)

	Quinine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree.
		Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose.
		Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /Qu/Quinine.html (1004 words)

	Cinchona Tree (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The quinine made from the bark is most commonly used in the treatment of malaria.
		Ancient Indians knew of the medicinal advantages of the Cinchona Tree in treating malaria long before the rest of the world did, but they only knew the tree as "hin-hin." Years later, when malaria became a prevalent disease throughout the Western Hemisphere, a cure was badly needed.
		Quinine cannot completely cure malaria, since it is unable to kill the malaria parasite, but it reduces the growth of the parasite by preventing it from oxidizing glucose.
	www.forestsoils.org /esc110/2001Fall/projects/020/cinchonatree.html (443 words)

	Raintree Health bring you details on Quinine Bark
		Quinine bark was used by the Jesuits very early in its history, first advertized for sale in England in 1658 and was made official in the London Pharmacopoeia in 1677.
		Quinine bark is harvested today much as it has been for hundreds of years and most all commercial sources of cinchona come from plantations established during World War II.
		The bark partially regenerates on the tree and after a few years and several cycles of removing the bark and letting it grow back, the trees are uprooted and new ones planted.
	www.raintree-health.co.uk /plants/quinine.html (2210 words)

	National Trees (Geobopological Survey) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		I've also indicated which trees are depicted on national flags or coats of arms, even though they may or may not be considered "national trees." Red type indicates a tree that, as far as I know, is NOT really considered the national tree.
		A "madrona tree" and a bear are depicted on the coat of arms of Madrid, Spain's capital.
		A coconut palm and banana tree are depicted on the coat of arms, while the color yellow on the national flag represents citrus and bananas, as well as Caribs (the native people) and sunshine.
	www.geobop.com /symbols/Plants/Trees/National (1663 words)

	Science Line - Articles & Features - Archaeology & Palaeontology - Quinine & Malaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Quinine, named after the indigenous word for the Cinchona tree, is an alkaloid.
		The severe quinine shortage caused by the Japanese capture of Java in 1942, however, prompted the development of synthetic alternatives.
		The Plasmodium that causes the disease is evolving resistance to the synthesised compounds.
	www.sciencenet.org.uk:16080 /articlesfeatures/archpal/malaria.html (339 words)

	Quinine - Talk Medical
		Quinine, a large and complex molecule, is the most important alkaloid found in cinchona bark.
		Quinine causes the parasites to disappear from the blood and the symptoms of the disease are thereby alleviated.
		Quinine has been used outside of malaria as a remedy for fever and pain and to treat and prevent leg cramps.
	www.talkmedical.com /medical-dictionary/11947/Quinine (344 words)

	quinine on Encyclopedia.com
		Before the development of more effective synthetic drugs such as quinacrine, chloroquine, and primaquine, quinine was the specific agent in the treatment of malaria.
		Jesuit missionaries had brought cinchona bark to Europe from South America, and quinine was isolated in 1820 by the French chemists J. Caventou and P. Pelletier ; chemical synthesis was achieved in 1944 by R. Woodward and W. Doering, American chemists.
		Quinine also has been used medicinally to allay fever and pain, to induce uterine contractions during labor, and as a sclerosing, or hardening, agent in the treatment of varicose veins.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/q1/quinine.asp (442 words)

	Tree Chemicals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Trees come to the aid of humans again with the bark of a tree native to South America.
		So it is with quinine, an alkaloid from the bark of the cinchona tree that grows where malaria is a severe disease.
		Quinine is well known also for its place in tonic to make a gin and tonic.
	www.chesco.com /~treeman/SHIGO/TREECHEM.html (2681 words)

	How to Plant Trees - Tree (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		We plant trees for their beauty of leaf, whether green in Summer or red in the Autumn; for their bark which becomes particularly fascinating in Winter; for the delicate tracery of the branches which frame our view of the eternal blue or star-scattered heavens; for their flowers which seem like giant nosegays.
		We plant trees for their economic use-lumber, furniture, turpentine, rubber, quinine, nuts, cork, paper, windbreaks and one thousand and one uses for which we have as yet found no substitute.
		We plant avenues of trees in cities and along the roadsides because we believe that no road or street is dressed or finished until it has been planted to furnish shade, frame vistas of outlying beauty, and prevent snowdrifts.
	www.backyardgardener.com /tree/index.html (440 words)

	Plant Glossary: C - EnchantedLearning.com
		The cinchona tree is a tropical tree that is the primary source of the anit-malarial drug quinine.
		Quinine is found in the bark of the cinchona tree.
		Quinine is a chemical that cures malaria, a deadly tropical disease carried by mosquitoes.
	www.zoomdinosaurs.com /subjects/plants/glossary/indexc.shtml (3444 words)

	Quinine Bark - Cinchona - Database entry for - Quinine Bark - Cinchona - Quinine Bark
		Quinine bark was first advertised for sale in England in 1658, and was made official in the British Pharmacopoeia in 1677.
		The bark partially regenerates on the tree and, after a few years and several cycles of bark removal, the trees are uprooted and new ones are planted.
		The longstanding natural remedy for quinine bark usually calls for a cup of boiling water to be poured over approximately 1-2 g of ground or chopped natural bark and allowed to steep for ten minutes.
	www.rain-tree.com /quinine.htm (2374 words)

	Cinchona
		An evergreen tree, growing to between 50 and 100 feet, cinchona has leaves that are flat and broad, with a shiny green surface and large veins.
		French chemists J.B. Caventou and P.J. Pelletier isolated the alkaloid quinine from the cinchona bark in 1820.
		The trees are propagated from cuttings in late spring, and the bark of the trunk, branches, and root are removed from 6- to 8- year-old trees, and then dried in the sun.
	www.herbs2000.com /herbs/herbs_cinchona.htm (1424 words)

	CINCHONA, FAIREST OF THE PERUVIANS MAIDS
		Eventually "quinine" was accepted as a cure for malaria in Europe after heads of state were cured by a young and upstart apothecary's assistant named Robert Talbor, who treated Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France with quinine.
		Quinine, an alkaloid, was isolated in 1820 by French chemists Pelletier and Caventou, and there is a monument in Paris commemorating this achievement.
		The world supply of cultivated quinine trees in Asia (especially in Indonesia and Java) was captured by Japan in 1942, and Germany captured the quinine reserves in Amsterdam, so Allied forces had to use emergency measures during World War II.
	www.botgard.ucla.edu /html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Cinchona (751 words)

	quinine -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		For three centuries quinine, obtained from the bark of the cinchona tree, was one of the most valuable of all drugs.
		Obtained from the bark of the Cinchona tree, quinidine shares many of the pharmacological actions of quinine; i.e., both have antimalarial and fever-reducing activity.
		A trading centre of the Bamiléké peoples, it lies in a densely populated region where coffee, kola nuts, tobacco, tea, and cinchona (from which quinine is made) are grown and pigs and poultry are raised.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article?tocId=9276622 (727 words)

	Diagnostic woodland trees and shrubs of central Cape York Peninsula
		Trees and plants of Uw Olkola and Uw Oykangand land
		This is a genetic list of the trees and shrubs diagnostic of central Cape York Peninsula woodlands.
		For the present purposes the list has been augmented with various woodland tree and shrub species not on the Frith & Frith list which were encountered on fieldwork and for which there are names in Oykangand, Olkola and Pakanh.
	www.geocities.com /athens/delphi/2970/genlist.htm (251 words)

	Washington Monthly: Race for the cure. . - Political Booknotes - book review
		What is clear is that quinine, the active anti-malarial alkaloid in the bark of the South American cinchona tree soon became the only known treatment for the disease caused by the as-yet undiscovered Plasmodium falciparum parasite.
		Quinine retained its central status as an anti-malarial treatment until synthetic chloroquine and other advanced medications were introduced in the mid 20th century--medications which raised their own complex ownership issues.
		And so the tension between profits and philanthropy that characterized early efforts to control ownership of the quinine tree remains central to the battle against malaria, even as the science has moved on.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1316/is_5_34/ai_87024499 (1309 words)

	Maricela Argudo Ecuador biologists photographers mammals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The "tree" the Charles Darwin Foundation refers to is Cinchona pubescens and it was introduced to the Galapagos a long time ago since it isn't native there.
		After six years the trees are ready and you can obtain bark from the tree which contains a lot of quinine, but it's better to wait until the plant attains seven years of age or more.
		With respect to quinine content of the bark of the Cinchona tree, the bark of the trunk and branches are valued the same.
	www.cuencanet.com /biologist/cinchona.htm (1589 words)

	Rauvolfia caffra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		White-scented flowers in dense heads cover this 18 foot tall evergreen tree during South Africa’s winter into spring season.
		The tree grows fast and is considered showy.
		The leaves are large, a foot long and half as much wide, and are distinguished by a prominent mid-rib of striking white.
	www.tfts.org /rauvolfia_caffra.htm (49 words)

	quinine Information and Resources Online at The Drug Database - Find Useful Articles and Websites on quinine Right Now. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Quinine: The original antimalarial agent, quinine took its name from the Peruvian Indian word "kina" meaning...
		Quinine, C20H24N2O2, is a natural alkaloid having antipyretic, antimalarial and analgesic...
		Quinine Bark - Cinchona - Database entry for - Quinine Bark -...
	www.thedrugdatabase.com /directory/Q/quinine (552 words)

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