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Topic: Quinolones

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Fluoroquinolones

Antibiotic

Glycopeptide antibiotic

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	QUINOLONES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Quinolones should be discontinued at the first sign of possible tendon rupture (eg: pain, inflammation) and to refrain from exercise until the diagnosis of tendinitis is excluded.
		The effect on theophylline metabolism varies with the quinolone, enoxacin having the greatest effect (40-65% reduction in theophylline clearance), followed by ciprofloxacin (30% reduction in theophylline clearance), and norfloxacin, ofloxacin, lomefloxacin having the least effect (2-11% increase in theophylline levels).
		Quinolones would be effective alternatives when infections are caused by gram-negative bacteria such as Hemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis that are resistant to agents such as amoxicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
	www.uic.edu /pharmacy/courses/pmpr342/itokazu/quinolones.html (1282 words)

	Fact Sheet: Quinolones and the Clinical Laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Quinolones are antimicrobial agents effective in the treatment of selected community-acquired and nosocomial infections.
		Quinolone activity: Early quinolones, such as nalidixic acid, had poor systemic distribution and limited activity and were used primarily for gram-negative urinary tract infections.
		Quinolones inhibit two enzymes that are required for bacterial DNA synthesis, i.e., DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/hip/Lab/FactSheet/quinlolones.htm (673 words)

	Journal of Family Practice: Quinolones: a practical review of clinical uses, dosing considerations, and drug ...
		Quinolones administered either as a single dose or for 3 days is effective in curing chancroid, but longer treatment (5 to 10 days) is required to eradicate chlamydial infections.
		Quinolones have inferior activity against streptococci and should not be used as primary therapy for common upper respiratory tract infections.
		Quinolones are alternatives for treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease who are intolerant of or have developed resistance to first-line antibiotics.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0689/is_n1_v42/ai_17872615 (1114 words)

	Quinolones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The quinolones are a group of drugs known as broad-spectrum anti-infectives; that is, they are effective against many different bacteria.
		One quinolone, ciprofloxacin, has been making headlines lately: it was used to treat the recent anthrax scare in the United States.
		Quinolones work by interfering in the cell’s reproductive process — they actually stick, or bind, to a specific target in the cell.
	www.infectionspotlight.com /resistance/Quinolones.jsp?id=20022 (322 words)

	The Fluoroquinolone Toxicity Research Foundation
		Quinolones are effective in the treatment of prostatitis because of their excellent penetration into prostatic tissue.
		However, we believe that quinolones should not be used as first-line agents in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis because of the potential for development of bacterial resistance.
		The efficacy of the newer quinolones (moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin) in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia is currently being assessed in clinical trials.
	www.fqresearch.org /m2.htm (3762 words)

	Merck Vet. Edition - Pharmacokinetic Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Quinolones are commonly administered PO, although forms of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin are available for IV, IM, and SC administration.
		Bioavailability is often >80% for most quinolones, except in ruminants with functional forestomachs, in which bioavailability may be as low as 20%.
		Quinolones appear in the milk of lactating animals, often at high concentrations that persist for some time.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/191127.htm (445 words)

	Purification and inhibition by quinolones of DNA gyrases from Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium smegmatis and ...
		Purification and inhibition by quinolones of DNA gyrases from Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium fortuitum bv.
		Guillemin, I., Jarlier, V. and Cambau, E. Correlation between quinolone susceptibility patterns and sequences in the A and B subunits of DNA gyrase in mycobacteria.
		Hallet, P. and Maxwell, A. Novel quinolone resistance mutations of the Escherichia coli DNA gyrase A protein: enzymatic analysis of the mutant proteins.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/145/9/2527 (2690 words)

	The Body: Quinolones Show Promise of Much Shorter Therapy; A Match with RFP Seen
		TB researchers are excited about a new generation of quinolones, a family of antibiotics well known to TB clinicians.
		Rick O'Brien, MD, head of the research and evaluation branch of the CDC's Division of TB Elimination, thinks it might be possible to use quinolone along with RFP to achieve a super-short induction phase of perhaps two weeks, followed by once-weekly therapy for six months.
		Ofloxacin along with a quinolone known as levofloxacin are well-respected members of second-line drugs used to treat drug-resistant disease.
	www.thebody.com /cdc/news_updates_archive/jun11_01/quinolones.html (446 words)

	Quinolones for the treatment and prophylaxis of tuberculosis.
		Quinolones for the treatment and prophylaxis of tuberculosis.
		Quinolones possess enormous potential as antimycobacterial agents, and have been proven to have excellent in vitro activity against M. tuberculosis, as well as limited in vivo efficacy.
		Quinolones exhibit great promise for initial treatment and retreatment of MDRTB, a rapidly growing problem, as well as for prevention.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1997/mar/M9730698.html (374 words)

	MRB: The Quinolones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Quinolones are at the forefront of this research.
		Quinolones - Quinolones, including fluoroquinolones, are a family of antibiotics used to treat a broad spectrum of bacterial infections occurring in the body.
		Quinolones seem to possess all the qualities that would ensure maximum efficacy and least resistance development in bacteria.
	www.medical-research-books.com /mrb-books-reviewed/0120595176.html (540 words)

	American Family Physician: Quinolones: A Comprehensive Review
		Quinolones rapidly inhibit DNA synthesis by promoting cleavage of bacterial DNA in the DNA-enzyme complexes of DNA gyrase and type IV topoisomerase, resulting in rapid bacterial death.(1-3) As a general rule, gram-negative bacterial activity correlates with inhibition of DNA gyrase, and gram-positive bacterial activity corresponds with inhibition of DNA type IV topoisomerase.(1)
		The quinolones can be classified into four generations based on antimicrobial activity (Table 1).(8) First-generation agents, which are used less often today, have moderate gram-negative activity and minimal systemic distribution.
		Marginal susceptibility and acquired resistance limit the usefulness of second-generation quinolones in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and enterococcal infections.(9) The presently available fluoroquinolones with in vitro activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae (including current penicillin-resistant strains) are levofloxacin (Levaquin), sparfloxacin, gatifloxacin (Tequin), moxifloxacin, and trovafloxacin.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_3_65/ai_82897174 (1100 words)

	Quinolones
		Quinolones, including fluoroquinolones, are a family of antibiotics used to treat a broad spectrum of bacterial
		There are interactions that are common to antibacterial drugs in general and interactions involving a specific quinolone.
		A common side effect of antibiotics is diarrhea, which may be caused by the elimination of beneficial bacteria normally found in the colon.
	www.naturesbounty.com /vf/healthnotes/HN_live/Drug/Quinolones.htm (968 words)

	Neurotoxic Effects from Quinolones
		Since quinolones cause paresthesias, this would be considered to be a sensory neuropathy.
		I am unsure whether the reported side effect of muscle weakness is peripheral or central but my guess would be peripheral and in that case it would be considered to be a peripheral motor neuropathy.
		I hope this helps, it may be that you were looking up information that just described the reaction and not the pathophysiology of how the quinolones may work on the nervous system.
	www.medhelp.org /perl6/neuro/archive/10265.html (447 words)

	Target Preference of 15 Quinolones against Staphylococcus aureus, Based on Antibacterial Activities and Target ...
		Quinolone antibacterial agents have potent activities against gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and they are currently
		Quinolone resistance mutations in topoisomerase IV: relationship to the flqA locus and genetic evidence that topoisomerase IV is the primary target and DNA gyrase is the secondary target of fluoroquinolones in Staphylococcus aureus.
		Alterations in DNA topoisomerase IV grlA gene responsible for quinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/45/12/3544 (2836 words)

	The Quinolones - New Discoveries, January 22, 2005
		There is actually one quinolone that was just approved by the FDA within the last week or two and I'll mention that.
		If you know the quinolones and were up to date on antibiotics one or two years ago, you are still up to date on antibiotics, with perhaps the exception of the quinolones and Synercid.
		The quinolones we'll talk about today are fluoroquinolones and are very, very different in terms of their activity from what Nalidixic acid, or NegGram, was.
	www.ccspublishing.com /journals5a/quinolones.htm (1258 words)

	Medindia.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		They are excluded for use in children (except- Ciprofloxacin in cystic fibrosis, and Nalidixic acid for UTI in children) because of the fear of Chondrotoxicity.
		Some of the quinolones are available for IV use viz., Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin.
		Quinolones primary target is DNA Gyrase(Topoisomerase II) in many of the gram-ve organisms whereas in the case of gram+ve organisms Topoisomerase IV appears to be the primary target as is the case of Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, and Sparfloxacin.
	medindia.org /doctors/Epharma/december.asp (651 words)

	[Frontiers in Bioscience 2, e63-71, August 15, 1997] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The co-administration of aluminum and magnesium antacids and iron sulfate interferes with the absorption of the quinolones.
		Anaerobic organisms (found in the sinuses) are less susceptible to the action of quinolones perhaps due to their less susceptible DNA gyrase or by inactivation of the quinolones in the anaerobic environment.
		Hence, except for urinary tract infections where amoxicillin cannot be used, the quinolones are not considered to be clinically useful against the entercoccus (54).
	www.bioscience.org /1997/v2/e/bonomo/4.htm (1105 words)

	Levofloxacin Infections Pharmatia Pharmacy: drugs & medicines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Levaquin is a member of the quinolone family of antibiotics.
		Quinolone antibiotics have been known to cause tendon rupture during and after therapy.
		The danger of this is greater when quinolones are combined with steroid medications, especially among older adults.
	pharmatia.net /infections/levofloxacin.php (1461 words)

	Third Generation Quinolones
		The challenge for third generation quinolones is to provide successful weapons in the battle against the most resistant bacteria whilst attaining an improved side effect profile.
		There are a number of promising potent and safer quinolones in development and the study of structure activity relationships has played a major role in their development.
		Whether these will offer the answer to a number of key problems experienced with the older drugs and fulfil their early promise remains to be seen.
	www.ims-global.com /insight/news_story/news_story_000106a.htm (357 words)

	Activities of 13 quinolones by three susceptibility testing methods against a collection of Haemophilus influenzae ...
		Activities of 13 quinolones by three susceptibility testing methods against a collection of Haemophilus influenzae isolates with different levels of susceptibility to ciprofloxacin: evidence for cross-resistance -- Pérez-Vázquez et al.
		Activities of 13 quinolones by three susceptibility testing methods against a collection of Haemophilus influenzae isolates with different levels of susceptibility to ciprofloxacin: evidence for cross-resistance
		that cross-resistance to all quinolones was the rule.
	jac.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/51/1/147 (1669 words)

	The Fluoroquinolone Toxicity Research Foundation
		Quinolones may also cause central nervous system (CNS) events including: dizziness, confusion, tremors, hallucinations, depression, and, rarely, suicidal thoughts or acts.
		As with all quinolones, moxifloxacin should be used with caution in patients with known or suspected CNS disorders (e.g.
		Quinolones have been reported to have proconvulsant activity that is exacerbated with concomitant use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
	www.fqresearch.org /moxifloxacin.htm (1761 words)

	Structures of existing and new quinolones and relationship to bactericidal activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae -- ...
		Relationship between the chemical structure of quinolones and bactericidal activity, PAE in S.
		Lewin, C. S., Morrissey, I. & Smith, J. The mode of action of quinolones: the paradox in activity of low and high concentrations and activity in the anaerobic environment.
		Comparative activity of fluorinated quinolones in acute and subacute Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia models: efficacy of temafloxacin.
	jac.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/44/2/201 (2497 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The Quinolones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Quinolones constitute a large class of synthetic antimicrobial agents that are highly effective in the treatment of many types of infectious diseases, particularly those caused by bacteria.
		* Role of quinolones in treating various types of infections, including respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, STDs and bacterial meningitis as well as their use in immunocompromised patients.
		The development of quinolone antibacterials, since the discovery of the naphthyridine agent nalidixic acid some 40 years ago [1], has progressed with periods of great clinical innovation, alternating with periods of apparent inactivity following unexpected recognition of rare, but severe, adverse reactions associated with specific agents.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0120595176?v=glance (754 words)

	Re: Neurotoxic Effects from Quinolones
		As you probably know already, the quinolones are also a GABA inhibitor (a neurotransmitter that balances the excitatory stimuli with a negative influence), in addition to it's antibiotic property.
		The company recommends that this medication not be given to anyone with a pre-existing neurological problem such as seizures.
		Since quinolones are GABA inhibitors they probably should not be taken with other CNS stimulants like large doses of caffeine or theophylline.
	www.medhelp.org /perl6/neuro/archive/10232.html (336 words)

	How Quinolones Work...
		Much is known about the structure activity relationships of the quinolones:
		Quinolones bind to DNA gyrase via the carboxy group at C3 in the 4-quinolone ring so these are essential for activity.
		This carboxy group may also be responsible for chondrotoxicity as the same part of the molecule chelates cations like Mg2+.
	www.ims-global.com /insight/news_story/news_story_000106b.htm (136 words)

	Pharmaceutical Consulting Services
		Responsible for microbiological and clinical development of new quinolone antiinfective in the international marketplace for the Company.
		Siporin, C., The Evolution of Fluorinated Quinolones: Pharmacology, Microbiological Activity, Clinical Uses and Toxicities.
		Cox, C., Siporin, C. et al., A Multicenter, Double Blind Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Controlled Study of Enoxacin in the Treatment of Patients with Complicated Urinary Tract Infection.
	www.greystoneconsult.com /about.cfm (1104 words)

	Quantitative Brain Microdialysis Study on the Mechanism of Quinolones Distribution in the Central Nervous System -- ...
		Quantitative Brain Microdialysis Study on the Mechanism of Quinolones Distribution in the Central Nervous System -- Ooie et al.
		of the quinolones were 7-30 times lower than the unbound serum
		among the quinolones for the in vitro brain slice-to-medium concentration
	dmd.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/25/7/784 (491 words)

	quinolones
		Can anyone give me a complete list of all the quinolone drugs?
		My husband has been effected by Cipro,my Mother by Tequin and from her symptoms, I believe that my daughter has taken one of these drugs.The damage that they do seems to be harmful for years.
		My husband has been > effected by Cipro,my Mother by Tequin and > from her symptoms, I believe that my > daughter has taken one of these drugs.The > damage that they do seems to be harmful for > years.
	www.rxlist.com /rxboard/levaquin.pl?read=1585 (195 words)

	MotherNature.com - Quinolones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Library Home > Safetychecker by Drug Name > Quinolones
		Quinolones, including fluoroquinolones, are a family of antibiotics used to treat a broad spectrum of bacterial infections occurring in the body.
		Vitamin K* May be Beneficial: Supportive interaction—Taking these supplements may support or otherwise help your medication work better.
	www.simplebasic.com /Library/Ency/Index.cfm/Id/1478001 (1043 words)

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