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	Qumran
		Qumran is a ruin from the days of the Second Temple on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea.
		Before the discovery of the Dead Sea scrolls, three variants of the Hebrew Bible texts were known: the "proto-masoretic" type (one that was a base for a later canonized text), the type apparently underlying the Septuagint, and the one close to Samaritan Bible.
		The ruins of Qumran are under the auspice of the Qumran National Park, west of the Road 90 going along the Dead Sea.
	mosaic.lk.net /g-qumran.html (1905 words)

	YHWH, Your People at Qumran Bet Community
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	www.qumran.com (57 words)

	Qumran (BiblePlaces.com)
		Qumran: A Day in the Life (The Foundation for Biblical Archaeology) A fictional story, written about a man whose name was actually mentioned in one of the scrolls, based on details of daily life taken from the scrolls and other relevant sources.
		Qumran (Donald D. Binder, SMU) An article focusing on the dwellings of the community at Qumran.
		The Essenes and the Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran (Goodnews Christian Ministry) A lengthy article dedicated primarily to the identity of the Essenes.
	www.bibleplaces.com /qumran.htm (758 words)

	The Enigma of Qumran By Yaron Ben-Ami
		Qumran was not a place of learning and solitude: one can hardly be expected to find the quietude needed to study in the middle of a busy, loud, and dirty factory.
		Qumran was built on a very uneven hill, and the settlement itself was surrounded by deep depressions in the ground to channel away some of the flood water that would otherwise have swept away many of the buildings.
		This was the essence of Qumran, in his opinion: a fortress which, after the Roman occupation in 63 BCE and the disbanding of the Hasmonean army, was turned by the out-of-work soldiers into a pottery factory.
	www.bibleinterp.com /articles/Ben-Ami--The_Enigma_of_Qumran.htm (2188 words)

	Qumran Calendar
		While several documents discovered at Qumran give schedules of events according to their calendar, the best descriptions of the workings of the calendar itself are probably found in the Book of Jubilees and the Book of Enoch.
		One crucial piece of data to understand the importance of this event for those at Qumran is that the Book of Enoch explicitly states that the year is to begin when the sun rises in the east such that the day and the night are of equal length, and then begins moving north (Enoch 71:12-13).
		Astronomers at Qumran would have been aware that the way their calendar worked is that every year the true equinox would come earlier by about 1 1/4 days.
	www.johnpratt.com /items/docs/lds/meridian/2003/qumran.html (5551 words)

	Qumran
		Qumran (in Arabic: Khirbet Qumran; its ancient name is unknown) is located on the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea, several kilometers south of Jericho.
		Settlement at Qumran was renewed at the end of the 2nd century BCE, probably during the reign of the Hasmonean King John Hyrcanus I, when the existing structure was restored and enlarged.
		The main entrance to the settlement was in the north, at the foot of a watchtower.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Archaeology/Qumran.html (1566 words)

	Qumran - Walking in Their Sandals - location profile
		Qumran is located nine miles south of Jericho, thirteen miles east of Jerusalem, and approximately twenty miles northeast of Engedi.
		Qumran is located on a small plateau by the Wadi Qumran, with deep ravines to the west and north and the narrow coastal plain of the Dead Sea to the east.
		Qumran was home to the Essenes, an extreme sect of the Pharisees.
	www.ancientsandals.com /overviews/qumran.htm (458 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Qumran
		Qumran Ancient village on the nw shore of the Dead Sea, in the Israeli-occupied West Bank.
		AD Scrolls of the Qumran Caves Three types of documents have been found in the caves near...
		Theological attitudes toward the scriptural text: lessons from the Qumran and Syriac exegetical traditions.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Qumran (904 words)

	Ancient Latrine Fuels Debate at Qumran - Science - RedOrbit
		QUMRAN, West Bank - Researchers say their discovery of a 2,000-year-old toilet at one of the world's most important archaeological sites sheds new light on whether the ancient Essene community was home to the authors of many of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
		Qumran and its environs have already yielded many treasures: the remains of a settlement with an aqueduct and ritual baths, ancient sandals and pottery, and the Dead Sea Scrolls - perhaps the greatest archaeological find of the 20th century.
		The scrolls, according to this view, were written in Jerusalem and stashed in caves at Qumran by Jewish refugees fleeing the Roman conquest of the city in the first century.
	www.redorbit.com /news/science/786577/ancient_latrine_fuels_debate_at_qumran/index.html?source=r_science (824 words)

	QUMRAN and
		Qumran is located on a small plateau by the Dead Sea.
		Two thousand years ago, the only sound you would hear at Qumran would be the wind whistling up the wadi cliffs and the constant buzz of insects.
		The Qumran community was occupied for almost 500 years, a long time for a celibate commune.
	www.geocities.com /rabbishlomo/qumran.htm (970 words)

	Lehrhaus Judaica - The Adult School For Jewish Studies
		Qumran seemed so much like a medieval monastery to the modern excavator of the site that it clearly affected his interpretation of what he found.
		DeVaux discovered that Qumran was originally settled sometime in the Eighth Century BCE as a defensive outpost of the southern Jewish kingdom of Judah.
		Along with Golb's idea that Qumran was a fortress, or the Donceels' notion that it served as a caravanserai/way-station, Schiffman has proposed that the village was a kind of Palm Springs resort for wealthy Sadducees who wanted to get away from the chills of wintry Jerusalem.
	www.lehrhaus.org /catalog/scrolls/scrolls3.html (3972 words)

	Dead Sea Scrolls, Qumran, Israel
		The Qumran site was discovered in 1946 by a bedouin boy, who went to find a lost goat, but instead found a cave in which clay pots were hidden.
		In these excavations, remains of an ancient settlement were found, where a mysterious sect used to live, starting from the 2nd century BC, and until the year of 68 AD, when the place was taken by the Romans, and destroyed.
		The Qumran area contains remains from various periods, but the most important are findings from the end of the second temple period, and from the Bar-Kachva rebellion era.
	www.trekker.co.il /english/dead-sea-scrolls-qumran.htm (454 words)

	Qumran
		Ruins [Arabic: Khirbet] of a settlement on a low plateau on the west bank of the Dead Sea at Wadi Qumran, 1.5 miles north of the spring/oasis of 'Ain Feshka and about 8 miles south of Jericho, near the caves where the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered (1947-1956).
		The Enigma of Qumran - Yaron Ben-Ami summarizes the reasons why Israeli archaeologists Itzhak Magen and Yuval Peleg conclude that the settlement was not a monastery but a pottery factory [Bible and Interpretation October 2004].
		Qumran Controversy - Haim Watzman sketches the issues debated by scholars at 1997 conference in Jerusalem for October issue of Archaeology.
	virtualreligion.net /iho/qumran.html (443 words)

	Israel Nature & National Parks Protection Authority - Site page
		The discovery of the ancient settlement of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls was thrilling to Christians and Jews alike.
		From the scrolls and the more prosaic material artifacts found in the Qumran area, historians were able to patch together a clear picture of the way of life and manner of thought of the residents of Qumran.
		According to histories written at the time, the residents of Qumran cast off the trivialities of their world, pooled their capital, were forbidden to marry, and refrained from having sexual relations.
	www.parks.org.il /ParksENG/company_card.php3?NewNameMade=46&from=116&CNumber=854515 (472 words)

	Qumran
		The archaeological case for connecting the scrolls with the community at Qumran was originally made by Roland de Vaux, the initial excavator of Khirbet Qumran.
		De Vaux identified two areas amid the Qumran ruins as places of assembly: locus 4, a room with benches along four walls, and locus 77, the refectory or dining room that contained the base of a podium on the west end of the room.
		The refectory or dining hall (locus 77) also appears to have been an assembly hall since there is a circular paved area on the west end of the room that was clearly used as the base of a podium.
	www.pohick.org /sts/qumran.html (544 words)

	Qumran, Israel
		The 4,000 members of the sect scattered throughout the country established their center at Qumran, where there was a community of some 200 Essenes.
		The settlement at Qumran was established soon after 150 B.C. over the remains of an earlier settlement of the ninth-sixth centuries B.C. It was destroyed in an earthquake in 31 B.C., rebuilt and then finally destroyed by Roman forces in A.D. 68 during the Jewish War.
		The determinant elements in the theology of Qumran were the expectation of the coming of the Messiah and the dualist doctrine (set out in a scroll almost 3m/10ft long) of the conflict in the last days between the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness.
	www.planetware.com /israel/qumran-isr-wb-q.htm (716 words)

	qumran
		QUMRAN, KHIRBET [KIRbeht KOOM rahn] - an ancient ruin on the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea.
		Excavations reveal that Khirbet Qumran was a Jewish community that was active from 130 B.C. to A.D. In 31 B.C. an earthquake destroyed the settlement and made it uninhabitable.
		Some of the writings of this community remind the reader of the themes of "repentance" and the "coming of the new age" that were preached by John the Baptist and Jesus.
	www.fortunecity.com /millenium/rintintin/237/qumran.html (1658 words)

	Scrolls from the Dead Sea (Library of Congress Exhibition)
		The exhibition Scrolls From the Dead Sea: The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Scholarship brings before the American people a selection from the scrolls which have been the subject of intense public interest.
		Over the years questions have been raised about the scrolls' authenticity, about the people who hid them away during the period in which they lived, about the secrets the scrolls might reveal, and about the intentions of the scrolls' custodians in restricting access.
		The Library's exhibition describes the historical context of the scrolls and the Qumran community from whence they may have originated; it also relates the story of their discovery 2,000 years later.
	www.loc.gov /exhibits/scrolls/toc.html (197 words)

	Qumran
		Qumran (Khirbet Qumran) is located on a desolate terrace between the hills of the Judean desert and the flats of the Dead Sea in Israel.
		Occupied by different cultures throughout antiquity, Qumran was inhabited by a communal sect of Jews known as the Essenes from the second half of the second century BC until Roman conquest in 68 AD.
		As such, Qumran has become the strongest candidate for the origin of the numerous scrolls and fragments hidden in the local hills that are now popularly known as the Dead Sea Scrolls.
	www.allaboutarchaeology.org /qumran-faq.htm (181 words)

	THE QUMRAN COMMUNITY AND THE ESSENE SECT
		As we look at the community a Qumran, presumed to be part of the sect of Essenes, we need to evaluate their lifestyle, religious practices, and theology.
		Regardless of whether or not the Essenes or Qumran community (if they were not Essenes) wrote and/or copied the texts known as the Dead Sea Scrolls, it appears that this community is responsible for hiding the multiple volumes to protect them from being captured or destroyed (possibly by the Romans).
		MMT, is that a process of sectarianism and separatist mentality grew throughout the Hasmonean period and blossomed in the Herodian period.
	www.lighttrek.com /Qumran.htm (4209 words)

	Redating the Dead Sea Scroll Deposits at Qumran.... by Greg Doudna
		All palaeographical dates for Qumran texts in formal hands published since 1961 have been assigned on the basis of a single chart made by Cross showing the evolution of the formal hands of the Hasmonean and Herodian periods (Cross 1961: Figure 2).
		The scribal hands of Qumran texts are compared to the lines of letters on this script chart, and the dates of the corresponding lines on the chart become the dates for the Qumran texts.
		The Qumran texts, on the other hand, as is well known, have an astonishingly wide variety of versions and editions of biblical texts.
	www.bibleinterp.com /articles/Doudna_Scroll_Deposits_3.htm (2470 words)

	Dead Sea Scrolls & Qumran - Index
		The early editors certainly appeared to be participating in an attempt to control the interpretation of the scrolls by limiting access to the evidence.
		possible scenario which permits an extensive sectarian presence in a large region around Qumran during the 100 years from 31 BCE to 70 CE is one in which they served as support staff for the official representatives in exchange for their use of the facilities and camping rights nearby.
		The materials from the Qumran caves are, rather, merely a part of an expanding documentary reservoir from the region in and near greater Palestine from a range of historic periods, as well, apparently, as from an assortment of literary traditions.
	www.flash.net /~hoselton/deadsea/deadsea.htm (9174 words)

	Dr. Claude Mariottini - Professor of Old Testament: The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Qumran Community: Are They Linked?
		By the time the Romans destroyed Qumran in A.D. 68 in the Jewish revolt, the archaeologists concluded, the settlement had been a center of the pottery industry for at least a century.
		Other scholars have suggested that Qumran was a fortified manor house or a villa, possibly an agricultural community or a commercial entrepôt.
		The view that the texts found at Qumran belonged to the temple in Jerusalem and that they were hidden in the caves prior to the Roman destruction of the temple has been proposed, but many scholars continue to associate the texts with a religious community at Qumran, whether they were the Essenes or not.
	www.claudemariottini.com /blog/2006/08/dead-sea-scrolls-and-qumran-community.html (2185 words)

	Qumran
		Its fame comes from a break-away sect known as the Essenes who are thought to have lived and studied here for two centuries, from the end of the Hasmonean period, through the great revolt of the Jews against the Romans, and left in the surrounding caves the magnificent legacy now called the Dead Sea Scrolls.
		The Qumran site was first excavated by Pere Roland de Vaux, a French Dominican monk, as part of his effort to find the habitation of those who deposited the scrolls in nearby caves.
		Whatever the nature of the Qumran complex, archaeological and historical evidence indicates that the settlement was founded towards the end of the 2nd century BC., during the rule of either John Hycanus I or Alexander Yannai (the Hasmonean or Maccabean era).
	www.ourfatherlutheran.net /biblehomelands/palestine/qumran.htm (3225 words)

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