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	R - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The R is the nickname of the rapper Rakim.
		°R or °Ré is the symbol for the Réaumur degree
		In radiocommunication, R is one of the ITU prefixes allocated to Russia
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/R (995 words)

	R programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		R is considered by its developers to be an implementation of the S programming language, with semantics derived from Scheme.
		R is also highly extensible through the use of packages, which are user-submitted libraries for specific functions or specific areas of study.
		R provides a freely available downloadable newsletter [7] featuring statistical computing and development articles in the R programming language that might be of interest to both users and developers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/R_programming_language (530 words)

	programming language. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		All computers operate by following machine language programs, a long sequence of instructions called machine code that is addressed to the hardware of the computer and is written in binary notation (see numeration), which uses only the digits 1 and 0.
		PL/1 [Programming Language 1], developed in the late 1960s by the IBM Corp., and ADA [for Ada Augusta, countess of Lovelace, biographer of Charles Babbage], developed in 1981 by the U.S. Dept. of Defense, are designed for both business and scientific use.
		With some languages, such as C or Pascal, the program is turned into a separate machine language program by a compiler, which functions much as an assembler does.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pr/progrlan.html (1032 words)

	Statistical programming with R \| Lambda the Ultimate
		R is a suite of software facilities for data manipulation, calculation and graphical display, which is quite useful for statistical analysis.
		R and S were touched on fairly briefly in the LtU discussion about Regression Analysis.
		In the meantime, there's a timely article on Analyzing Baseball Stats with R for those would be sabermetricians - though probably not in time to save the Cardinals from their demise.
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /node/view/315 (508 words)

	Statistical programming with R: Part 1. Dabbling with a wealth of statistical facilities
		The R environment is not intended to be a programming language per se, but rather an interactive tool for exploring data sets, including the generation of a wide range of graphic representations of data properties.
		R is available in compiled form for many computer platforms: Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, and Mac OS Classic.
		Nonetheless, R is generally stable, fast, and comes with an absolutely amazing range of statistical and math functions.
	www-128.ibm.com /developerworks/linux/library/l-r1 (2458 words)

	The Scheme Programming Language
		Scheme was one of the first programming languages to incorporate first class procedures as in the lambda calculus, thereby proving the usefulness of static scope rules and block structure in a dynamically typed language.
		Scheme is also the first programming language to support hygienic macros, which permit the syntax of a block-structured language to be extended reliably.
		PLT Scheme is an umbrella name for a family of implementations of the Scheme programming language.
	www.swiss.ai.mit.edu /projects/scheme (700 words)

	The R Programming Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		programming languaged used "Teutonic" runes (which, contrary to popular belief, were invented by the Druids for this purpose) for the elements of the language.
		Refer to the illustration for a key of the elements of the language decyphered thus far.
		The language is notable for it's lack of a FOR statement (which is approximated by using GOTO branching) and it's ambiguous use of the equals sign and parentheses.
	www.jbum.com /idt/r.html (173 words)

	Define programming language generations - a definition from Whatis.com - see also: 1GL, 2GL, 3GL, 4GL, 5GL, program ...
		In the computer industry, these abbreviations are widely used to represent major steps or "generations" in the evolution of programming languages.
		1GL or first-generation language was (and still is) machine language or the level of instructions and data that the processor is actually given to work on (which in conventional computers is a string of 0s and 1s).
		Visual programming allows you to easily envision object-oriented programming class hierarchies and drag icons to assemble program components.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci211502,00.html (348 words)

	FreeTechBooks.com - The Scheme Programming Language, Third Edition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Scheme is now a complete general-purpose programming language, though it still derives its power from a small set of key concepts.
		Early implementations of the language were interpreter-based and slow, but some current Scheme implementations boast sophisticated compilers that generate code on par with code generated by the best optimizing compilers for lower-level languages such as C and Fortran.
		The reader is expected to have had some experience programming and to be familiar with terms commonly associated with computers and programming languages.
	www.freetechbooks.com /about290.html (338 words)

	What is programming language? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		Each language has a unique set of keywords (words that it understands) and a special syntax for organizing program instructions.
		Assembly languages are similar to machine languages, but they are much easier to program in because they allow a programmer to substitute names for numbers.
		The choice of which language to use depends on the type of computer the program is to run on, what sort of program it is, and the expertise of the programmer.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/R/programming_language.html (688 words)

	R Statistical Programming Language
		R is a free statistical programming language based on the S and S/Plus programming languages.
		Beginning in 1976, the S programming language was developed at Bell Labs by John Chambers and others.
		R begun by Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka of the University of Auckland.
	www.weborial.com /macstats/R/Overview.html (539 words)

	R programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There are several GUIs for R, including JGR [1] RKWard, SciViews-R [2], and Rcmdr [3].
		R Wiki User contributed R documentation and how to information.
		Tinn-R, an advanced open source script editor for R under Windows
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/R_programming_language#Bioinformatics_and_R (530 words)

	The R programming Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		What is R? is a very high level language and an environment for data analysis and visualisation.
		R is a free implementation of the S language developed at ATandT Bell Laboratories by Rick Becker, John Chambers and Allan Wilks.
		When you use the R program it issues a prompt when it expects input commands.
	www-users.york.ac.uk /~jb35/cse/r.html (685 words)

	About APL (A Programming Language)
		In the verbosity of most programming languages, the "forest" gets lost in the proliferation of "trees": The wordiness of the implementation tends to foreground itself vis-à-vis the "play" of exploring computational possibilities.
		I used to describe it as a: "fascist programming language", because it is dictatorially rigid.
		Build a vector the same length as R, but with 1 in each place where the corresponding number in R is in the table [true=1], and 0 where the corresponding number is not [false=0] (0, 0, 1, 0, 1).
	www.users.cloud9.net /~bradmcc/APL.html (1548 words)

	A Linguistics Oriented Programming Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The interesting property of these programs is that two of them were written in quite a short space of time by students with no experience in either LINGOL or linguistics.
		The program consisted of a page of grammar and semantics, a page of dictionary and a page of useful functions for conjugating verbs, arranging agreements of articles and adjectives, performing liason and so on, so it was not particularly large.
		In particular, in the programming methodology to be described, large items are gradually built up from smaller ones, and it is tricky to cast this in a stimulus-response format.
	boole.stanford.edu /pub/lingol.html (6767 words)

	The Icon Programming Language
		Icon is a derivation of SNOBOL, a language originally designed by Bell Telephone Laboratories in the early 60s to promote development of string and structure intensive applications.
		The name Icon was chosen before the term "icon" became popular for GUI images in use today and does not stand for anything correlating to the language (apparently it is just a catchy name).
		Icon is a high-level, imperative, procedural language especially useful for processing strings and structures.
	www.engin.umd.umich.edu /CIS/course.des/cis400/icon/icon.html (448 words)

	Mixed Language Programming
		The topic of mixed language programming, or inter language communication, has in recent years received greater attention than before.
		This is partly due to the successful acceptance of the high-level languages Ada, C and Pascal, together with the strong survival of the classical languages Cobol and Fortran.
		Hayes and R. Schlichting (1984): The Application of a Universal Type System to the Problem of Mixed Language Programming, Report TR 84-15, Department of Computer Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.
	www.nsc.liu.se /~boein/vita/mlp.html (1021 words)

	The Scheme Programming Language - The MIT Press
		Written for professionals and students with some prior programming experience, it begins by leading the programmer gently through the basics of Scheme and continues with an introduction to some of the more advanced features of the language.
		Numerous examples are presented throughout the introductory and reference portions of the text, and a unique set of extended example programs and applications, with additional exercises, are presented in the final chapter.
		The Scheme Programming Language is illustrated by artist Jean-Pierre Hebert, who writes Scheme programs to extend his ability to create sophisticated works of digital art.
	mitpress.mit.edu /0262541483 (460 words)

	The Intercal Programming Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Any resemblance of the programming language portrayed here to other programming languages, living or dead, is purely coincidental.
		It was inspired by one ambition; to have a compiler language which has nothing at all in common with any other major language.
		A more detailed analysis of a program is made in section 6 of this manual.
	bears.ece.ucsb.edu /personnel/astornet/humor/humor45.html (640 words)

	Zeno Programming
		Zeno is a programming language named after the philosopher Zeno of Elea.
		The Zeno language is an easy to learn, user friendly, high level, computer programming language.
		The program assumes that the executable and on-line help files are in a subdirectory of the directory you chose for Zeno.
	home.att.net /~srschmitt/zeno.html (368 words)

	The XPL Programming Language
		The XPL programming language is a derivative of PL/I designed for compiler writing.
		XPL is the name of both the programming language and the compiler generator system (or TWS: translator writing system) based on the language.
		A number of languages are based on XPL, including the PL/M family and Hal/S.
	www.cs.toronto.edu /XPL (382 words)

	Amazon.com: The C Programming Language (2nd Edition): Books: Brian W. Kernighan,Dennis Ritchie,Dennis M. Ritchie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The book focuses on the language itself - this is no hands-on book (no explanations on how to use this compiler or that debugger, though it is a little biased toward Unix) in a clear, concise, and thorough way covering all of the language and it's standard libraries.
		I especially liked the excercises (the solutions come in a seperate volume) and the C source code examples of how some of the library routines are (or may be) implemented.
		This book is not for people who study C as their first programming language (those would be better served with a pair of books - a first course in programming and compiler guide).
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0131103628?v=glance (1371 words)

	The APL Programming Language
		APL stands for "A Programming Language." It was created in the 1960's by Ken Iverson and his colleagues at IBM.
		It is a dynamically typed interactive, array oriented language with a dynamic scope.
		This a course description of a programming language course taught here at the University of Michigan - Dearborn.
	www.engin.umd.umich.edu /CIS/course.des/cis400/apl/apl.html (261 words)

	RPy home page
		It can manage all kinds of R objects and can execute arbitrary R functions (including the graphic functions).
		All errors from the R language are converted to Python exceptions.
		Any module installed for the R system can be used from within Python.
	rpy.sourceforge.net (157 words)

	Language Oriented Programming.
		Via Andres Aguiar I stumbled into one of the most insightful articles I've read in the last couple of months: Language Oriented Programming, The Next Programming Paradigm, written by Sergey Dmitriev of Jetbrains.
		It brilliantly describes one of the biggest problems of today's software engineering: that there is no (or at most weak) connection between what we're intented to develop and what's actually developed; you need to reverse engineer the code written to understand which functionality it represents, while it should be that what you intended (i.e.
		Essentially, all you need is a mapper between a DSL and a generic language like C#.
	weblogs.asp.net /fbouma/archive/2004/11/21/267479.aspx (255 words)

	PLNews: Programming Language News
		News, articles, announcements and information focusing on computer programming languages and their implementations.
		Chris Lattner has announced that the 'Introduction to the LLVM Compiler Infrastructure' presentation he gave at the 2006 Itanium Conference and Expo is now available online.
		Rugg is a harddrive and filesystem harness tool which includes a domain-specific language for describing test scenarios.
	tacojuice.org /plnews (573 words)

	The C Programming Language
		Here is a list of errata in the published version; many of these are corrected in recent printings.
		The history of the language is traced in ``The Development of the C Language'', from HOPL II, 1993: browsable, or printable PostScript or PDF.
		This and other historical material, including early manuals and compilers, is available at Dennis Ritchie's home page, while Brian Kernighan's home page collects pointers to his work on C and diverse other languages and systems.
	cm.bell-labs.com /cm/cs/cbook (621 words)

	PC AI - LISP Programming Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Lists are essential for AI work because of their flexibility: a programmer need not specify in advance the number or type of elements in a list.
		On top of this nondeterministic substrate, Screamer provides a comprehensive constraint programming language in which one can formulate and solve mixed systems of numeric and symbolic constraints.
		Visual LISP(TM), a new programming language from Autodesk Inc., extends the capabilities of the AutoLISPr programming language by providing ease-of-use and development, performance, Microsoft(R) Windows integration and improved software modularity and security features.
	www.pcai.com /web/ai_info/pcai_lisp.html (884 words)

	Visual Programming Languages Bibliography: A Branch of the Visual Language Research Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The papers are: (1) all the IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages (VL) conference papers starting with VL'98, (2) Journal of Visual Language and Computing papers that authors have listed here (authors of all JVLC papers are strongly encouraged to list their papers here), and (3) any additional papers an author chooses to contribute.
		Ambler, Allen L. and Margaret M. Burnett, Visual Languages and the Conflict Between Single Assignment and Iteration, 1989 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Rome, Italy, 138-143, Oct. 1989.
		Burnett, Margaret M. and Allen L. Ambler, A Declarative Approach to Event-Handling in Visual Programming Languages, 1992 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Seattle, WA, 34-40, Sept. 15-18, 1992.
	web.engr.oregonstate.edu /~burnett/vpl.html#TableOfContents (15396 words)

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