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	RBMK - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		RBMK is an acronym for the Russian reaktor bolshoy moshchnosti kanalniy which means "reactor (of) large power (of the) channel (type)", and describes a now obsolete class of nuclear power reactor which was built only in the Soviet Union.
		An RBMK employs long (7 meter) vertical pressure tubes running through graphite moderator and is cooled by water, which is allowed to boil in the core at 290°C, much as in a boiling water reactor.
		Of the 13 RBMKs built (and one is still under construction at Kursk), all four reactors at the Chernobyl plant have now been closed and one of the two reactors at Ignalina in Lithuania has shut down with the second due to close by 2010.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/RBMK (1177 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		RBMK is an acronym for the Russian reaktor bolshoi moshchnosty kanalny which means "reactor (of) large power (with) channels", and describes a now-obsolete class of nuclear power reactor which was built only in the Soviet Union.
		The RBMK was the culmination of the Soviet program to produce a water-cooled power reactor based on their graphite-moderated plutonium production reactors.
		An RBMK employs long (7 metre) vertical pressure tubes running through graphite moderator, and is cooled by water, which is allowed to boil in the core at 290 Â°C, much as in a boiling water reactor.
	www.kisanji.org /?modulo=wikipedia&arg=RBMK (1237 words)

	ENS glossary - RBMK
		RBMK is a graphite-moderated boiling water pressure tube reactor in which the steam is not generated in a pressure vessel, but in up to 2,000 separate pressure tubes containing the fuel elements.
		Consequently, the control of the reactor is relatively complicated from the neutron physical point of view and imposes increased requirements on the mode of operation concerning the control rods.
		In Lithuania, two RBMK units with an electric output of 1,500 MWe and in Russia eleven RBMK units with 1,000 MWe each and four with 12 MWe each are in operation.
	www.euronuclear.org /info/encyclopedia/r/rbmk.htm (137 words)

	RBMK Reactor
		There are currently 15 RBMK reactors in operation: 11 units in Russia, two in Ukraine and two in Lithuania.
		The most significant difference between the RBMK design and most of the world's nuclear power plants is the RBMK's lack of a massive steel and/or concrete containment structure as the final barrier against large releases of radiation in an accident.
		Modifications made to all RBMKs are generally considered to be adequate to maintain this positive void defect at a low enough level to preclude the type of nuclear excursion--a sudden, rapid rise in power level--that occurred at Unit 4.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/world/russia/rbmk.htm (483 words)

	Reaktortípusok
		The RBMK is a unique reactor type: its moderator is graphite (in this respect it resembles to the AGRs), the coolant is boiling light water (like in the case of BWRs), moreover it has pressure tubes (like the CANDUs).
		RBMK reactors only oparete in a few successor states of the former Soviet Union.
		Eventually, the result of the process is that the chain reaction stops.) In many of the RBMK reactors the void coefficient has been achieved to become practically zero and in this way their safety has been enhanced.
	www.npp.hu /mukodes/tipusok/rbmk-e.htm (534 words)

	Nuclear Power Plants
		The RBMK is a boiling-water cooled, graphite-moderated, channel-type reactor unique to the former Soviet Union.
		The electric power capacity of all operating RBMK units is 1000 MWe with the exception of the two Ignalina units in Lithuania.
		The RBMK is known as a channel-type reactor.
	www.arctic.uit.no /straalevern/NPP/NPP.html (1057 words)

	[No title]
		The Chernobyl RBMK reactor is a large mass of graphite pierced with 1661 holes or "channels." Inside each channel is a steam pressure tube (9 cm diameter) made of an alloy of zirconium; and inside each pressure tube is a bundle of zirconium alloy metal clad, uranium oxide fuel rods (29,898 fuel rods total).
		The fuel material in the RBMK reactor is dispersed among 1661 channels in the graphite mass, and so the possibility of such a concentration of molten material is greatly reduced.
		These reactors are similar to the Chernobyl RBMK reactor, in that they each consist of a large graphite mass, pieced with holes, or channels, in which the fuel rods are placed (e.g., in the AGR, there are 360 or so channels in the graphite with 36 fuel rods in each channel).
	www.technidigm.org /c5001/RBMK.htm (3798 words)

	World Nuclear Association \| Information and Issue Briefs \| The RBMK reactor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Positive void coefficient is a term often associated with the RBMK reactors, the type involved in the Chernobyl disaster.
		In some of these reactors, most notably the RBMK, the neutron absorbing properties of the cooling water are a significant factor in the operating characteristics.
		Since the Chernobyl disaster, the RBMK reactor design has been altered and units have been equipped to protect them against the runaway effects of the positive void coefficient.
	world-nuclear.org /info/inf31.htm (1860 words)

	Chernobyl Status, April 1997
		The RBMK reactor ("Reactor of Large Capacity Channels") is a graphite-moderated water-cooled Boiling Water Reactor.
		The RBMK design has been developed from the Soviet military reactors designed for the prodcution of Plutonium to be used in nuclear weapons.
		Minatom still intends to complete and start a new RBMK at Kursk while proposals are already underway to allow the reactors to operate for a further fifteen years as the reactors cores are replaced - a process known as rechannelling.
	archive.greenpeace.org /nuclear/reactor/cherncloses.html (1293 words)

	Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) - Report STUK-YTO-TR 168
		RBMK is the Russian acronym for "Channelized Large Power Reactor".
		This report describes the insights from the RBMK risk studies, especially from the LNPP PandDSA with emphasis on the deeper understanding of the risk-important design factors and identification of possible ways to increase safety.
		It is highly recommended that the PSA activity is also launched at the other RBMK plants to support the identification and prioritization of cost-effective safety improvements and to facilitate tackling the generic safety weaknesses of this type of reactor and plant.
	www.stuk.fi /julkaisut/tr/stuk-yto-tr168.html (490 words)

	Chernobyl: RBMK vs LWR
		It can either turn to steam inside the reactor core, as in the RBMK and U.S. Boiling Water Reactors (BWR), or be sent to a steam generator in which its heat is used to turn water into steam in a secondary loop, as in a U.S Pressurized Water Reactor.
		The RBMK and a typical U.S. LWR are both thermal reactors that burn uranium dioxide fuel.
		In the RBMK, the moderator is solid graphite and the water coolant acts as a poison.
	users.owt.com /smsrpm/Chernobyl/RBMKvsLWR.html (1325 words)

	Welcome To Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant
		The INPP is unique among all RBMK type reactors in the scope and comprehensiveness of international studies which have been conducted to verify its design parameters and analyse its level of risk.
		The objective reasons for this are the higher complexity of an RBMK type reactor (a considerably larger number of pipes, valves and associated equipment) and the lower level of quality control for Soviet design and construction.
		Operational experience in other RBMK plants has shown that under the influence of fast neutrons and high temperature the gap which initially exists between the graphite blocks and the fuel channel tube gradually shrinks.
	www.iae.lt /inpp.asp?lang=2&subsub=12 (2443 words)

	Chernobyl: Basic Facts - NIRS
		One distinguishing feature of the RBMK design is its use of graphite to slow the neutrons produced by the fissioning of uranium-235 atoms.
		Besides the RBMK reactors, the U.S. Department of Energy operated a graphite-moderated reactor at Hanford, Washington for the dual purpose of producing military plutonium and electricity up until the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident.
		Within the reactor core of a RBMK, nuclear fuel is placed in long separate vertical channels surrounded by graphite, which is expected to absorb large amounts of heat as a safety feature to give reactor operators ample time to take corrective action in the event of an accident.
	www.nirs.org /reactorwatch/accidents/cherfact.htm (992 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United ...
		RBMK fuel enriched to 2 percent typically reaches an average burnup of about 30,000 megawatt days per metric ton of heavy metal (MWd/MTHM).1 The VVER reactors operate with UO2 fuel enriched to 3.0– 4.4 percent,2 sealed in zirconium alloy rods.
		It is anticipated that the roughly 8-meter-long RBMK fuel assemblies will have to be cut in two to fit inside the dry storage casks.
		Although accumulation of RBMK SNF at the power plant site can lead to difficulties when the plant is to be decommissioned,18 this spent fuel is not seen as a proliferation or an immediate health hazard, so it is the committee’s judgment that leaving it in place is a reasonable allocation of scarce resources.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309087244/html/31.html (6896 words)

	INSP: RBMK Description
		The former Soviet Union built 17 nuclear units based on the RBMK design used at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant.
		The most significant difference between the RBMK nuclear plant design and most of the world's nuclear power plants is the RBMK's lack of a massive steel and concrete containment structure as the final barrier against large releases of radiation in an accident.
		In the Chornobyl accident, the RBMK plant's accident localization system (the RBMK's version of containment) could not withstand the force of the accident.
	insp.pnl.gov /-profiles-reactors-rbmk.htm (336 words)

	RBMK - TheBestLinks.com - Chernobyl, Graphite, Heavy water, Isotope, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Using light water for cooling and graphite for moderation, it is possible to use natural uranium for fuel.
		Thus, a large power reactor can be built that requires no separated isotopes, such as enriched uranium or heavy water, and the RBMK remains the only large power reactor yet built without needing these expensive materials.
		Since that accident, remaining RBMKs have been operated with a reduced number of fuel elements containing more highly enriched fuel, enabling them to operate relatively safely but defeating the original concept.
	www.thebestlinks.com /RBMK.html (517 words)

	NEI Source Book: Fourth Edition (NEISB_1.1)
		Three generations of RBMK reactors are operating in the former Soviet Union: 11 units in Russia, two in Ukraine and two in Lithuania.
		The corrections and modifications made to all of the RBMKs since the Chernobyl accident are generally considered to be adequate to preclude the type of nuclear excursion--a sudden, rapid rise in power level--that occurred at Chernobyl Unit 4 in April 1986.
		At the time of the Chernobyl accident, six RBMK units were under construction in the U.S.S.R.: Kursk 5 and 6 and Smolensk 4 in Russia, Chernobyl 5 and 6 in Ukraine and Ignalina 3 in Lithuania.
	www.insc.anl.gov /neisb/neisb4/NEISB_1.1.html (3065 words)

	Chernobyl - About nuclear plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The RBMK reactor used at Chernobyl wasn't housed in a containment vessel - that is, a large steel and concrete casing which houses reactors in other parts of the world.
		This was important because Chernobyl's RBMK reactors were designed to produce plutonium for Soviet nuclear weapons, which required changing the nuclear fuel every few weeks, instead of every year.
		But when the reactor is operating at less than 20% of capacity, the RBMK reactor tends to become unstable, and prone to massive power surges.
	www.andrew.cmu.edu /user/jamerril/chernobyl/aboutnuclear (466 words)

	Chernobyl
		I was particularly interested to learn about the disaster at Chernobyl’s RBMK reactor because I live within twenty-five miles of a nuclear power plant (Indian Point).
		RBMK reactors were Soviet designed, and stands for Reactor Bolshoy Moshchnosty Kanalny, which translates from Russion to high-powered channel reactor
		They also ran the reactor at lower power due to the tests, and that happens to be one of the weaknesses of RBMK reactors.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/m/s/mss318/Essay4.htm (480 words)

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