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Topic: RC4

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	RC4 cipher
		RC4 is a symmetric key[?], secret key, stream cryptographic cipher designed by Ron Rivest.
		RC4 was initially a trade secret, but in September of 1994 an anonymous person reverse engineered it and posted it to the Cypherpunks mailing list.
		RC4 is one of the fastest ciphers to be widely used for serious work.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/rc/RC4_cipher.html (413 words)

	RC4 Page
		A Practical Attack on Broadcast RC4, Mantin and Shamir, FSE 2001 - the main result mentioned in this paper, is the discovery of the exceptionally biased behavior of the second word of RC4 streams, which takes 0 with probability that is twice the expected (1/128 instead of 1/256).
		Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4, Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir, SAC 2001 - this paper describes two weaknesses in the KSA of RC4 (the mechanism that extends a short key into a huge key of 1700 bits), denoted as the invariance weakness and the IV weakness.
		The IV weakness, is related to a popular mode of operation of stream ciphers, where in order to avoid reusing the key, it is combined with a known vector (denoted the initialization vector or the IV) and this combination is used as the seed to the key stream generator.
	www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il /~itsik/RC4/rc4.html (1025 words)

	What is RC4?
		RC4 is a symmetric stream cipher with an arbitrary key size.
		RC4 is not patented, but it is a trade secret of RSA Security.
		RC4 has been extensively analyzed since that time and has thus far proven to be secure against all reasonable attacks.
	www.tech-faq.com /rc4.shtml (172 words)

	Jail Cell RC4
		The internal state of the keystream generator for generalized RC4 consists of a permutation table of an alphabet, S[0..m-1] (where m is the size of the alphabet), and two counters, i and j.
		This algorithm differs from standard RC4 only in two respects: (1) each keystream value is applied to a plaintext character as a shift, rather than using XOR, and (2) the size of the S-box is variable.
		Because RC4 is a stream cipher and the same S-box configuration cannot be used to send more than one message, K needs to be modified for each message.
	www.mindflare.com /cipher/index.htm (2173 words)

	RC4 Wireless Dimming and Motion
		RC4 remote dimmers get their power from portable batteries and directly drive up to four DC loads.
		RC4 dimmers and the MSS must be used strictly in accordance with manufacturer's instructions and cannot be used for unsupervised operation.
		RC4 Wireless, RC4 Wireless Dimming, RC4 Wireless Motion, MSS, Motor Safety System, RC4 is the Power of Wireless, and the RC4 Wireless, Wireless Dimming, and Wireless Motion logos are trademarks of Soundsculpture Incorporated.
	www.theatrewireless.com (687 words)

	RC4 Encryption Algoritm
		Ronald Rivest of RSA developed the RC4 algorithm, which is a shared key stream cipher algorithm requiring a secure exchange of a shared key.
		The VOCAL implementation of the RC4 algorithm for the MIPS is available in several forms.
		RC4 is used in many commercial software packages such as Lotus Notes and Oracle Secure SQL.
	www.vocal.com /RC4.html (976 words)

	OpenSSL: Documents, rc4(3)
		RC4 is a stream cipher with variable key length.
		RC4 consists of a key setup phase and the actual encryption or decryption phase.
		Since RC4 is a stream cipher (the input is XORed with a pseudo-random key stream to produce the output), decryption uses the same function calls as encryption.
	www.openssl.org /docs/crypto/rc4.html (209 words)

	Chapter 7. RC4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		RC4, also known as ARC4 (Alleged RC4), was developed by Ron Rivest at RSA security (he's the R) in 1987, and it was kept as a trade secret until 1994, when it was posted anonymously to the cypherpunks mailing list.
		The first weakness in RC4 was found by Arthur Roos, who noted that the key scheduling algorithm of RC4 didn't exactly yield a perfectly random distribution over the state table.
		As a result, if you use RC4, it is highly recommended you discard the first several thousand outputs from the PRGA to get the state table into a more even distribution.
	www.acm.uiuc.edu /sigmil/talks/crypto/ch07.html (757 words)

	CipherSaber Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A draft paper by Scott Fluhrer, Itsik Mantin and Adi Shamir was released on July 25, 2001 and announces new attacks on the RC4 cipher that is the basis for CipherSaber-1.
		The CipherSaber-1 encryption algorithm is RC4 as published in the beginning of Chapter 17 of Applied Cryptography, Second Edition, by Bruce Schneier, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1996.
		RC4 is a registered trademark of the RSA Security Inc http://www.rsa.com/.
	ciphersaber.gurus.com (3401 words)

	Weak Keys in RC4
		Although the RC4 algorithm has not been published by RSA Data Security, source code to implement the algorithm was anonymously posted to the Cypherpunks mailing list several months ago.
		RC4 uses a variable length key from 1 to 256 bytes to initialize a 256-byte state table which is used for the subsequent generation of pseudo-random bytes.
		This preliminary analysis of RC4 shows that the algorithm is vulnerable to analytic attacks based on statistical analysis of its state table.
	marcel.wanda.ch /Archive/WeakKeys (2800 words)

	Setting the RC4 key in Windows CryptoAPI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		However the new Acrobat 5 PDF 1.4 format 128 bit encryption uses an algorithm that requires RC4 keys to be set explicitly.
		RC4 is an algorithm for encrypting data streams.
		It is a 76 byte (0x4C) structure starting with a 12 byte BLOBHEADER etc, followed by the reversed key, a zero value, random non-zero padding data and ending with some constants.
	www.phdcc.com /cryptorc4.htm (1231 words)

	RC4 - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
		RC4 fue excluido en seguida de los estándares de alta seguridad por los criptógrafos y algunos modos de usar el algoritmo de criptografía RC4 lo han llevado a ser un sistema de criptografía muy inseguro, incluyendo su uso WEP.
		RC4 es parte de los protocolos de encriptación más comunes como WEP, WPA para tarjetas wireless y TLS.
		RC4 genera un flujo pseudoaleatorio de bits (un keystream) que, para encriptación, se combina con el texto plano usando la función XOR como en cualquier Cifrado Vernam.
	es.wikipedia.org /wiki/RC4 (581 words)

	rc4-amd64: RC4 implementation for AMD64 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Because of this, rc4-amd64 is not the "world's fastest RC4 implementation running on general purpose CPUs", as it was claimed in the conclusion.
		RC4, or Arcfour, is one of the fastest stream cipher available.
		RC4 implementations are not usually optimized for this mode, so they generally use a standard C language implementation.
	etud.epita.fr /~bevand_m/papers/rc4-amd64.html (1057 words)

	man: rc4
		It is believed to be compatible with RC4[TM], a proprietary cipher of RSA Security Inc. RC4 is a stream cipher with variable key length.
		RC4 consists of a key setup phase and the actual encryption or decryp- tion phase.
		RC4() encrypts or decrypts the len bytes of data at indata using key and places the result at outdata.
	www.hmug.org /man/3/rc4.php (247 words)

	www.cyclingnews.com news and analysis
		In short, the RC4 is designed exactly for what it has been doing best for sprinters like Tina Pic the past two years -- transfer slight steering changes quickly down to the road to get around corners, lead-out trains or the occasional water bottle spinning around in the middle of the road.
		Uphill riding was fine as the RC4 is light and responsive, and descending was stable with the RC4 passing the all-important 'top-tube slap' at downhill speeds.
		Though the RC4 is not ridden by a ProTour team, the costs of not sponsoring a team of that level might be passed on to the consumer.
	www.cyclingnews.com /tech.php?id=tech/2005/reviews/blue_rc4 (1969 words)

	ISAAC and RC4
		An alleged implementation of RC4 (Ron's Code \#4) was posted September 13, 1994 anonymously on the Internet newsgroup sci.crypt \cite{rc4} without permission or verification from Ron Rivest.
		Smaller versions of RC4 can be made by reducing the array size and the number of bits per value in the array.
		The cycle lengths of IBAA were considerably longer than the cycle lengths for the same-sized version of RC4, mostly because RC4 requires the internal state to be a permutation while IBAA does not.
	burtleburtle.net /bob/rand/isaac.html (3342 words)

	TCLLIB - Tcl Standard Library: rc4
		This package is an implementation in Tcl of the RC4 stream cipher developed by Ron Rivest of RSA Data Security Inc. The cipher was a trade secret of RSA but was reverse-engineered and published to the internet in 1994.
		The data to be processes can be specified either as a string argument to the rc4 command, or as a filename or a pre-opened channel.
		Instead the command provided is called with the rc4 result data appended as the final parameter.
	tcllib.sourceforge.net /doc/rc4.html (373 words)

	RC4 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While remarkable in its simplicity, RC4 falls short of the high standards of security set by cryptographers, and some ways of using RC4 can lead to very insecure cryptosystems (including WEP).
		The design of RC4 avoids the use of LFSRs, and is ideal for software implementation, as it requires only byte manipulations.
		TEA and XTEA - A family of block ciphers that like RC4 are designed to be very simple to implement.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/RC4 (1226 words)

	Can RC4 be used in either CBC or ECB mode? - Dev Shed
		RC4 (which, btw, is trademarked, so you should legally implement it under the pseduo-name ARCFOUR
		However, let's try a bit of creativity, to see if is possible to stretch these concepts to apply to stream ciphers, such as RC4.
		Although there is no inherient need to apply CBC mode to RC4, it is possible to do, and you lose nothing by doing it.
	forums.devshed.com /security-and-cryptography-17/can-rc4-be-used-in-either-cbc-or-ecb-mode-318225.html (1006 words)

	RC4.java - Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		RC4.java is a Java implementation of the alleged RC4 stream cipher.
		I suggest you initialize the cipher using mutli-round RC4.
		In essence you encrypt a dummy block a few times to make sure the state array (sbox) has been mixed properly to prevent against the Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir attack.
	insanityflows.net /archive/index.php?title=RC4.java (487 words)

	Comp 527: Assignment 4: Measuring RC4
		RC4 in three lines of Perl site (which also includes a full, readable C version).
		With a stream cipher like RC4, it should be the case that, if you toggle exactly one bit in the key, 50% of output bits should toggle.
		If you use a 128-bit RC4 key, each key bit is replicated 16 times in the internal key.
	www.cs.rice.edu /~dwallach/courses/comp527_s99/ass4.html (903 words)

	Repository - markup - cvs: shishi/doc/specifications/draft-jaganathan-rc4-hmac-02.txt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Abstract The Microsoft Windows 2000 implementation of Kerberos introduces a new encryption type based on the RC4 encryption algorithm and using an MD5 HMAC for checksum.
		RC4 is a stream cipher licensed by RSA Data Security.
		In this document the function is referred to as RC4(Key, Data) returning the encrypted data using the specified key on the data.
	josefsson.org /cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/shishi/doc/specifications/draft-jaganathan-rc4-hmac-02.txt?rev=1.1&view=auto (2381 words)

	US-CERT Vulnerability Note VU#565052
		Passwords sent using SSH with RC4 encryption can be easily cracked by an attacker who is able to capture and replay the session.
		This is because the RC4 encryption algorithm is a stream cipher in which a sequence of random bits are XORed with the plaintext to produce the cipher text.
		The password used during an SSH session encrypted with RC4 can be recovered by an attacker who is able to capture and replay the session.
	www.kb.cert.org /vuls/id/565052 (916 words)

	ASPN : Crypt::RC4 2.01 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A simple implementation of the RC4 algorithm, developed by RSA Security, Inc. Here is the description from RSA's website:
		RC4 is a stream cipher designed by Rivest for RSA Data Security (now RSA Security).
		It is a variable key-size stream cipher with byte-oriented operations.
	aspn.activestate.com /ASPN/CodeDoc/Crypt-RC4/RC4.html (184 words)

	2005 Best Year Ever for RC4 Wireless New Customer Shipments
		RC4 Wireless shipped more new customer orders in 2005 than ever before.
		For all the new business that RC4 has done in the past year, virtually nothing has come back for repair.
		This year, RC4 Wireless is promoting the MSS Motion Safety System, moving beyond lighting into wireless motor control and automation.
	www.emediawire.com /releases/2006/1/emw338891.htm (671 words)

	(Not So) Random Shuffles of RC4 (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Abstract: Most guidelines for implementation of the RC4 stream cipher recommend discarding the first 256 bytes of its output.
		This recommendation is based on the empirical fact that known attacks can either cryptanalyze RC4 starting at any point, or become harmless after these initial bytes are dumped.
		The motivation for this paper is to find a conservative estimate for the number of bytes that should be discarded in order to be safe.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /531224.html (554 words)

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