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Topic: RFNA

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	Seewaldt, Victoria L. - DukeHealth.org
		rFNA is a recently-validated technique for repeatedly sampling mammary cells from the whole breast to assess both 1) breast cancer risk and 2) response to chemoprevention in high-risk women.
		Two of the great strengths of rFNA are 1) the ability to repeatedly sample field effects in the whole breast and 2) the willingness of high-risk women to undergo subsequent rFNA.
		rFNA is an ideal technique to employ for this purpose because it was specifically designed to obtain multiple cellular samples from throughout the entire breast in high risk women.
	www.dukehealth.org /physicians/1F31F5066533804B85256DFD006A915C (1543 words)

	The Fitzpatrick Center
		rFNA is a recently-validated technique for repeatedly sampling mammary cells from the whole breast to assess both 1) breast cancer risk and 2) response to chemoprevention in high-risk women.
		Breast rFNA is analogous to a cervical Pap smear in its ability to identify pre-cancerous changes in a representative sampling of cells from the entire breast.
		The presence of cellular atypia in breast rFNA obtained in high-risk women is associated with a 4-fold increase in the likelihood of developing breast cancer.
	www.fitzpatrick.duke.edu /AboutCenter/faculty/about_seewaldt.html (1436 words)

	[No title]
		RFNA is about 5 times cheaper than Peroxide (I'm going to withhold a precise estimate until I have a chance to pry prices out of some chemical companies for large bulk buys; not doubting your numbers, Paul 8-)).
		RFNA could be a bit more expensive (although it can be made on-site from conc.
		It was the development of IRFNA from RFNA which made RFNA a practical oxidizer by allowing it to be stored in steel or aluminum tanks.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/mnr/st/std139 (4668 words)

	7.01.59
		Transurethral radiofrequency needle ablation of the prostate (also known as TUNA or RFNA) of the prostate has been proposed as an alternative to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
		Adverse events associated with RFNA were transient and significantly less than for TURP.
		In addition, RFNA did not produce the harmful outcomes related to blood transfusion and post-TURP syndrome.
	www.bcidaho.com /providers/medical_policies/sur/mp_70159.asp (326 words)

	nitric acid
		It most often took the form of RFNA (red fuming nitric acid), containing 5-20% dissolved nitrogen dioxide.
		Compared to concentrated nitric acid (also known as white fuming nitric acid), RFNA is more energetic and more stable to store but produces poisonous red-brown fumes.
		Because nitric acid is normally highly corrosive it can only be stored and piped by a few materials such as stainless steel.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/N/nitric_acid.html (215 words)

	Nitric acid/JP-X
		The price of RFNA was $ 0.20 per kg in drum lots; IRFNA was slightly higher.
		WFNA - White fuming nitric acid is based on anhydrous nitric acid (HNO3), a colourless corrosive liquid which fumes in moist air.
		The IRFNA specification was published in 1954 and thereafter Russian rocket engines using the same fuel appeared.
	www.astronautix.com /props/nitidjpx.htm (597 words)

	GULF WAR SYNDROME
		MOST OF THE RFNA AND KEROSENE ARE USED WITHIN THE FIRST 80 SECONDS OF FLIGHT WHILE THE MISSILE IS GAINING ENOUGH SPEED TO REACH ITS TARGET.
		THE UNUSED PROPELLANTS, ROUGHLY 150 KG (330 LBS) OF RFNA, AND 50 KG (110 LBS) OF KEROSENE REMAIN ON-BOARD FOR THE REMAINDER OF THE FLIGHT.
		RFNA DISPERSED ABOVE 3 KILOMETERS ALTITUDE WOULD NOT BE EXPECTED TO CAUSE ANY HAZARD TO PEOPLE ON THE GROUND.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /scud_info/scud_info_refs/n41en149/cia_72232_72232_01.html (754 words)

	\|\| DukeMedNews \|\| Targeting Breast Cancer
		Physicians at Duke are using a new research tool called rFNA (random fine needle aspiration) to detect pre-cancerous cells in woman who are at high risk for breast cancer.
		This new test is considered revolutionary because of its ability to test more effectively for the presence of abnormal cells even in the absence of a breast lump or an abnormal mammogram.
		RFNA is far more sensitive than a mammogram because a pathologist analyzes each cell for specific molecular changes that are common to many breast cancers.
	www.dukemednews.org /news/article.php?id=7679 (2660 words)

	Transurethral Radiofrequency Needle Ablation of the Prostate
		Transurethral radiofrequency needle ablation of the prostate (also known as TUNA or RFNA) has been proposed as an alternative to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
		Adverse events associated with RFNA were transient and significantly less than for TURP.
		In addition, RFNA did not produce the harmful outcomes related to blood transfusion and post-TURP syndrome.
	www.regence.com /trgmedpol/surgery/sur83.html (483 words)

	RFNA is a rocket fuel a storeable oxidiser red fuming... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		RFNA is a rocket fuel a storeable oxidiser red fuming...
		"RFNA" is a rocket fuel (a storeable oxidiser): red fuming nitric acid nitric acid.
		The colour of the resulting red fuming nitric acid is imparted by N2O4.
	www.biodatabase.de /RFNA (99 words)

	Old cars 631
		Some engineer would go in and visually inspect the material periodically and take note of any evident corrosion, etc. All appeared well until one day the poor victim was inspecting the tank when it suddenly exploded violently, killing him instantly.
		Turns out the RFNA caused microscopic corrosion along grain boundaries in the breastanium which produced a catalyst material which in turn caused explosive decomposition of RFNA.
		The corrosive properties of RFNA are the topic of a whole chapter of the evolution of chemical engineering.
	www.plex86.org /Computer_Folklore/Old-cars-631.html (340 words)

	Mycotoxins and Gulf War Illness: A Possible Link
		It is known that the Iraqis used "red fuming nitric acid" (RFNA), a highly corrosive chemical, as an oxidizer for the kerosene fuel in their ballistic missiles.
		According to a CIA analysis, individual exposures to RFNA released from an intercepted Scud would depend on several factors, including proximity to the impact site, level of shelter and chemical protection, the amount of RFNA remaining in the fuel tank, the amount released when the missile broke up, and the prevailing atmospheric conditions.
		A second problem with the Pentagon's explanation is that although RFNA is a highly corrosive acid, none of the exposed troops observed any damage to their rubber gas masks, protective garments, weapons, ponchos, canteen containers, or tents.
	www.idir.net /~krogers/tucker~1.html (7166 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Red fuming nitric acid (RFNA) is a storable oxidizer used as a rocket fuel.
		During World War II, the German military used RFNA in some rockets.
		Inhibited RFNA, used in SS-1 Scud missiles as a oxidizer by the Iraqi military during the 1991 Persian Gulf War, was suggested as a possible factor causing Gulf War Syndrome.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=RFNA (208 words)

	American National Biography Online
		RFNA and aniline ignited spontaneously, yet were reliable and storable.
		Fueled by RFNA and aniline, the WAC Corporal was boosted out of a 100-foot-tall launch tower by a modified ballistic armament rocket.
		The WAC Corporal met its performance expectation and in 1949, when boosted on the nose of a captured V-2, became the first man-made object to reach outer space.
	www.anb.org /articles/13/13-02215-article.html (1786 words)

	The Spacearium - GALCIT PROJECT, 1939-1946 : A MEMOIR
		Summerfield initiated experiments directed towards the design and construction of a JATO unit using RFNA and gasoline on 1 July 1940 on the basis of experience that we had gained with tests of the gaseous oxygen-methyl alcohol motor in 1936, experiments we had made, and the meager information available in the published literature.
		The volume and shape of the chamber and the mode of injecting RFNA and gasoline into it to obtain regular, efficient combustion had to be determined as well as the method of obtaining ignition.
		Auxiliary ignition methods could be dispensed with, and the danger of propellant accumulating in large quantities in a horizontally mounted motor was avoided provided the propellant components arrived simultaneously at an appropriate mixture ratio.
	www.spacearium.com /article.php?story=20040528034454206 (9225 words)

	Nitric acid (Jeff Greason; Doug Jones; George William Herbert; Henry Spencer)
		WFNA (white fuming nitric acid) and RFNA (red fuming nitric acid) do not by themselves fix concentration.
		Of course, RFNA or IRFNA are often used as an engineering shorthand for something specific, namely type III-A nitric acid, which is 14% NO2, 1.5-2.5% H2O, 0.7% HF, balance HNO3.
		But RFNA is also used as a simple abbreviation for nitric acid which is both red and fuming.
	yarchive.net /space/rocket/fuels/nitric_acid.html (3368 words)

	Evaluation of Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Techniques: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis -- Ozanne and Esserman 13 (12): ...
		Conclusion: rFNA and DL appear to be cost-effective in high-risk
		The threshold values for the percentage of women taking tamoxifen that make the tamoxifen strategy equivalent in terms of incremental survival to the DL (open bar) and the rFNA (hatched bar) strategies are graphed for each age group.
		When 24% (age 40 years) or 25% (ages 50 and 60 years) of women in the tamoxifen strategy take tamoxifen, this strategy becomes equivalent to the DL strategy.
	cebp.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/13/12/2043 (4927 words)

	La CWF célèbre la victoire RFNA
		Lorsque le Congrès américain a refusé d’inclure une disposition au projet de loi de conciliation budgétaire — celle qui aurait permis les activités de forage dans la plaine côtière de la Réserve faunique nationale de l’Arctique (RFNA) — la FCF a poussé un profond soupir de soulagement suivi d’un cri de joie pour cette victoire.
		Les sociétés pétrolières ont l’œil sur la RFNA depuis des décennies en raison de ses richesses potentielles en hydrocarbures.
		La RFNA ne peut être ouverte à l’exploitation pétrolifère que par une loi du Congrès.
	www.cwf-fcf.org /pages/wildnews/anwr_f.asp?section=8&page=58&news=77&language=f (300 words)

	Nitric acid - Wikinfo
		One specification for white fuming nitric acid is that it has a maximum of 2 percent water and a maximum of 0.5 percent dissolved NO Red fuming nitric acid, or RFNA, contains substantial quantities of dissolved nitrogen dioxide (NO) leaving the solution with a reddish-brown color.
		One formulation of RFNA specifies a minimum of 17% NO, another specifies 13% NO In either event, an inhibited fuming nitric acid (either IWFNA, or IRFNA) can be made by the addition of 0.6-0.7% hydrogen fluoride, HF.
		This fluoride is added for corrosion resistance in metal tanks (the fluoride creates a metal fluoride layer that protects the metal).
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Nitric_acid (1729 words)

	Nitric acid (Jeff Greason; Doug Jones; George William Herbert; Henry Spencer)
		WFNA (white fuming nitric acid) and RFNA (red fuming nitric acid) do not by themselves fix concentration.
		Of course, RFNA or IRFNA are often used as an engineering shorthand for something specific, namely type III-A nitric acid, which is 14% NO2, 1.5-2.5% H2O, 0.7% HF, balance HNO3.
		But RFNA is also used as a simple abbreviation for nitric acid which is both red and fuming.
	www.yarchive.net /space/rocket/fuels/nitric_acid.html (3368 words)

	Naturist Photography
		The teen web team has created the website which will feature images that they and others from the Russian Free Naturist Association (RFNA) have taken during the past few summers.
		The RFNA sponsors various activities through out the year, protects and establishes nude beaches in Western Russia, and organizes clean beach days 6 times a year.
		Our beaches have been frequented by nudists for over 200 years.
	www.studio33photography.com (180 words)

	R-11 / SS-1B SCUD-B - Russian / Soviet Nuclear Forces
		When this speed is reached, the Scud is designed to shut off its engine by shutting off the propellant tanks (a fuel tank and an oxidizer tank).
		The unused propellants—roughly 150 kilograms (330 pounds) of RFNA and 50 kilograms (110 pounds) of fuel—remain on board for the remainder of the flight.
		In the early 1970s, the Soviet Army sought a replacement for the 9K72 Elbrus (SS-1C `Scud B') system, which had a very slow reaction time [around 90 minutes to prepare and fire] and its poor accuracy when using conventional warheads.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/russia/theater/r-11.htm (771 words)

	Transterrestrial Musings
		Compared to concentrated nitric acid (called white fuming nitric acid), RFNA is more energetic, more stable in storage, and less corrosive to many tank materials.
		For strategic missiles, which are fired from hardened--and heated--sites, N2O4, with a somewhat greater performance, is the oxidizer used.
		Also, there was a problem with RFNA and Titanium in late 1953 when a technician at Edwards was killed by explosion/asphyxiation.
	www.transterrestrial.com /archives/005593.html (713 words)

	TopekaPedia™- The Combat Air Museum - M 2 Corporal Army Missile
		The SSM-A-17 Corporal had many inherent problems, some of which resulted from it being essentially a slightly modified research missile.
		Its JPL liquid fueled rocket motor was not only rather complex and unreliable, but also used red fuming nitric acid (RFNA) as oxidizer.
		RFNA is a highly toxic and corrosive substance, and fueling was a very dangerous process.
	www.topekapedia.com /Business/Combat_Air_Museum/M_2_Corporal_Army_Missile.html (777 words)

	UCSF - UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center - Research & Training - Breast Oncology
		Random fine-needle aspiration (rFNA) and ductal lavage (DL) were evaluated and compared as the risk assessment tools used to discover atypia.
		Sensitivity analyses explore assumptions regarding the prognostic and predictive characteristics of atypia, both the relative breast cancer risk and benefit from chemoprevention women with atypia incur.
		This site will look much better in a browser that supports web standards, but it is accessible to any browser or Internet device.
	cancer.ucsf.edu /research/breast_sub1_2005.php (705 words)

	Subject: GULF WAR SYNDROME
		MOST OF THE RFNA AND KEROSENE ARE USED WITHIN THE FIRST 80 SECONDS OF FLIGHT WHILE THE MISSILE IS GAINING ENOUGH SPEED TO REACH ITS TARGET.
		THE UNUSED PROPELLANTS, ROUGHLY 150 KG (330 LBS) OF RFNA, AND 50 KG (110 LBS) OF KEROSENE REMAIN ON-BOARD FOR THE REMAINDER OF THE FLIGHT.
		RFNA DISPERSED ABOVE 3 KILOMETERS ALTITUDE WOULD NOT BE EXPECTED TO CAUSE ANY HAZARD TO PEOPLE ON THE GROUND.
	www.fas.org /irp/gulf/cia/960522/72232_01.htm (758 words)

	nitric acid — FactMonster.com
		Solutions containing over 86% nitric acid are commonly called fuming nitric acid.
		White fuming nitric acid (WFNA) is similar to the anhydrous variety, and red fuming nitric acid (RFNA) has a reddish brown color from dissolved nitrogen oxides.
		When treated with hydrogen fluoride, both varieties form inhibited fuming nitric acid, which has increased corrosion resistance in metal tanks, e.g., when used as an oxidizer in liquid fuel rockets.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0835736.html (333 words)

	RFNA program from OR nursing - Nursing - allnurses.com
		RFNA program from OR nursing - Nursing - allnurses.com
		Welcome to allnurses.com, the largest and most active online nursing forum community where you can join 200,000+ nurses from around the world discussing all things related to nursing.
		I am wanting to focus on the RFNA (registered first nurse assistant) program, and it requires a minimum of 2 years in the OR.
	allnurses.com /forums/f39/rfna-program-nursing-56465.html (324 words)

	Spaceline: History of Rocketry Chapter 5
		It had been determined that liquid-fueled JATO units would be more powerful than solid-fueled JATO units, but an alternative fuel to liquid oxygen would need to be incorporated since liquid oxygen could not be transported or stored for long periods.
		As a result, the JATO engines actually developed and tested burned red fuming nitric acid (RFNA), which could be stored for long periods of time, in combination with either gasoline or benzene.
		Although the U.S. was able to introduce a number of missiles during World War II, the best known and perhaps most popular remains the bazooka.
	www.spaceline.org /history/5.html (4081 words)

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