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Topic: RNA polymerase

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	RNA polymerase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		RNA polymerase enzymes are essential and are found in all organisms and many viruses.
		The process of adding nucleotides to the RNA strand is known as elongation, and in eukaryotes RNAP can build chains as long as 2.4 million nucleosides (the full length of the dystrophin gene).
		RNA polymerase I synthesizes a pre-rRNA 45S, which matures into 28 S, 18S and 5,8S rRNAs which will for the major RNA sections of the ribosome.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/RNA_polymerase (964 words)

	Polymerase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6/7/19/48/49) is an enzyme whose central function is associated with polymers of nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA.
		The most well known function of a polymerase is the catalysis of production of new DNA or RNA from an existing DNA or RNA template, a process known as polymerization.
		One particular polymerase, from the thermophilic archae, Thermus aquaticus (Taq, pronounced "tack") (PDB 1BGX, EC 2.7.7.7) is of vital commercial importance due to its use in the polymerase chain reaction, a widely used technique of molecular biology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polymerase (204 words)

	3D Structures from Darst Lab
		Transcription elongation factors stimulate the activity of the RNA polymerase by increasing the overall elongation rate and the completion of RNA chains.
		The three-dimensional structure RNA polymerase holoenzyme was determined by electron microscopy of negatively stained, two-dimensional crystals tilted at various angles to the incident electron beam in Roger Kornberg lab (Stanford University) by Darst et al.
		The structure of Yeast RNA Polymerase II (pol II) was determined by 3D reconstitution from electron micrographs of 2D crystals at ~16 Å in Roger Kornberg lab (Stanford University) by Darst et al.
	www.rockefeller.edu /labheads/darst/structures.htm (602 words)

	[4] RNA Polymerases
		The chemical reaction catalyzed by RNA polymerases is shown in Figure 4-B-2.
		RNA polymerase II is involved in the transcription of all protein genes and most snRNA genes.
		RNA polymerase I is located in the nucleolus, transcribing rRNA genes except 5S rRNA.
	www.web-books.com /MoBio/Free/Ch4B1.htm (345 words)

	RNA polymerase
		RNA polymerase A polymerase enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.(From Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture)
		A new approach, which uses RNA polymerase II to generate small interfering RNAs, not only seems to be more effective than previous approaches but also allows...
		RNA Polymerase II Is Required for RNAi-Dependent Heterochromatin...
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/RNA_polymerase.html (368 words)

	RNA Synthesis
		Transcription is the mechanism by which a template strand of DNA is utilized by specific RNA polymerases to generate one of the three different classifications of RNA.
		The resultant RNA is, therefore, complimentary to the template strand of the DNA duplex and identical to the non-template strand.
		Elongation involves the addition of the 5'-phosphate of ribonucleotides to the 3'-OH of the elongating RNA with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/rna.html (1938 words)

	RNA polymerase
		RNA polymerases are enzymes that produce RNA polymers[?] from their building blocks (nucleotides).
		They serve several functions, but the most important one is in RNA transcription.
		The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/rn/RNA_polymerase.html (46 words)

	RNA Polymerase
		RNA Polymerase transcribes genetic information into a message that can be read by the ribosome to produce protein.
		RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a large (550 kDa) complex of 12 subunits that is at the heart of the transcription mechanism.
		Gene expression, and therefore RNA pol II, is regulated by a number of proteins, in particular initiation and transcription factors.
	www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu /research/highlights_archive/RNA_Polymerase.html (450 words)

	Pfam 19.0 : RNA_pol_Rpb6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Each class of RNA polymerase is an assemblage of ten to twelve different polypeptides.
		In archaebacteria, there is generally a single form of RNA polymerase which also consists of an oligomeric assemblage of 10 to 13 polypeptides.
		A component of 14 to 18 kDa shared by all three forms of eukaryotic RNA polymerases and which has been sequenced in budding yeast (gene RPB6 or RPO26), in fission yeast (gene rpb6 or rpo15), in human and in African swine fever virus is evolutionary related to the archaebacterial subunit K (gene rpoK).
	pfam.wustl.edu /cgi-bin/getdesc?name=RNA_pol_Rpb6 (271 words)

	T7 RNA Polymerase, Mesophilic Polymerases, New England Biolabs
		T7 RNA Polymerase can be used to generate high specific activity labeled RNA probes, RNA for in vitro translation, biologically active mRNA, and/or preparative quantities of defined length RNA by the run off transcription method (1).
		A 50 μl reaction containing 1 μg of λDNA and 200units of T7 RNA Polymerase incubated for 16 hours at 37ºC resulted in a DNA pattern free of detectable nuclease degradation as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis.
		Incubation of a 50 μl reaction containing 100 units of T7 RNA Polymerase with 1 μg of RNA Ladder for 1 hour at 37ºC resulted in no detectable degradation of the RNA as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis.
	www.neb.com /nebecomm/products/productM0251.asp (785 words)

	New RNA polymerase discovered in plants
		Biologists have studied three kinds of RNA polymerase for decades in organisms ranging from brewer's yeast to humans.
		He and his colleagues looked specifically at two polypeptides that would be the key subunits if the fourth polymerase were functional, namely the largest and second largest subunits, what Pikaard refers to as the catalytic, or "business end" of any known polymerase.
		While Pikaard and his collaborators have indirect evidence that Pol IV is a distinct RNA polymerase, they still have many aspects of Pol IV to unravel.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-02/wuis-nrp021005.php (802 words)

	New RNA polymerase discovered in plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		RNA polymerase is an enzyme, or protein machine, essential for carrying out functions of cells and for expression of biological traits.
		In all eukaryotes, the RNA polymerases Pol I, II, and III perform the same distinct, though separate, functions in different species.
		Pikaard first noticed the evidence for a fourth polymerase when analyzing gene sequences after Arabidopsis thaliana, the "laboratory rat" of the plant world, was sequenced in 2001.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=19903&nfid=mnf (850 words)

	Transcription
		An enzyme, an RNA polymerase, binds to the complex of transcription factors.
		In eukaryotes, this requires — at least for protein-encoding genes — that the nucleosomes in front of the advancing RNA polymerase (RNAP II) be removed.
		Whether it is the polymerase or the DNA that does the spinning in vivo remains to be determined.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Transcription.html (2067 words)

	SP6 RNA Polymerase, Mesophilic Polymerases, New England Biolabs
		SP6 RNA Polymerase can be used to generate high specific activity labeled RNA probes, RNA for in vitro translation, biologically active mRNA and/or preparative quantities of defined length RNA by run off transcription (1).
		A 50 μl reaction containing 1 μg of λDNA and 200units of SP6 RNA Polymerase incubated for 16 hours at 40ºC resulted in a DNA pattern free of detectable nuclease degradation as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis.
		Incubation of a 50 μl reaction containing 200 units of SP6 RNA Polymerase with 1 μg of RNA Ladder for 1 hour at 40ºC resulted in no detectable degradation of the RNA as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis.
	www.neb.com /nebecomm/products/productM0207.asp (829 words)

	The Poly(A) Signal, without the Assistance of Any Downstream Element, Directs RNA Polymerase II to Pause in Vivo and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Polymerases Terminate Stochastically as a Single Homogeneous Class Downstream of the SV40 Early Poly(A) Signal-- To measure polymerase density as a function of distance downstream of a poly(A) signal, we constructed a series of plasmid
		Note that polymerase density in the post-cassette is expressed for wild type as a percentage of that for the mutant.
		polymerase the length of the gene as an elongation factor (55,
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/277/45/42899 (8437 words)

	Architecture of initiation-competent 12-subunit RNA polymerase II -- Armache et al. 100 (12): 6964 -- Proceedings of ...
		RNA polymerase (Pol) II synthesizes all eukaryotic mRNA in the
		The saddle between the wall and the clamp and the assumed direction of RNA exit are indicated.
		in eukaryotic Pol I and Pol III and in the archaeal RNA polymerase.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/12/6964 (3854 words)

	Life on a planet of its own: regulation of RNA polymerase I transcription in the nucleolus -- Grummt 17 (14): 1691 -- ...
		Comai, L., Tanese, N., and Tjian, R. The TATA-binding protein and associated factors are integral components of the RNA polymerase I transcription factor, SL1.
		Milkereit, P. and Tschochner, H. A specialized form of RNA polymerase I, essential for initiation and growth-dependent regulation of rRNA synthesis, is disrupted during transcription.
		Peyroche, G., Milkereit, P., Bischler, N., Tschochner, H., Schultz, P., Sentenac, A., Carles, C., and Riva, M. The recruitment of RNA polymerase I on rDNA is mediated by the interaction of the A43 subunit with Rrn3.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/17/14/1691 (6355 words)

	Initiation of Transcription by RNA Polymerase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In order to begin transcription, RNA polymerase requires a number of general transcription factors (called TFIIA, TFIIB, and so on).
		(E) TFIIH then uses ATP to phosphorylate RNA polymerase II, changing its conformation so that the polymerase is released from the complex and is able to start transcribing.
		One view holds that the general factors assemble off the DNA with the polymerase and that this whole assembly then binds to the DNA in a single step.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AB/GG/RNA_trans.html (253 words)

	Lecture #7: Transcription: RNA Polymerase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		DNA + RNA are synthesized in the nucleus
		RNA polymerase is thought to grasp the DNA on either side of the transcription bubble
		The RNA hairpin structure causes RNA polymerase to pause for several seconds, probably inducing a conformational change in the RNA polymerase that permits the nontemplate DNA strand to displace the weakly bound oligo(U) tail from the template strand, terminating transcription.
	www.biochem.uwo.ca /undergrad/381a/is/ilona7.html (1031 words)

	Transcription and Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		One at a time, this enzyme adds ribonucleotides to a growing RNA strand by joining incoming ribonucleotide triphosphates to the ribose sugar molecule of the last nucleotide of the growing RNA strand.
		Two of the phosphate groups are removed from the triphosphate and a covalent bond is formed between the remaining phosphate and the third carbon atom of the ribose sugar at the end of the RNA strand.
		The RNA polymerase enzyme does not copy the promotor into the RNA, but begins the synthesis of the RNA at a specific nucleotide sequence called the start signal or initiation site which is often the bases GTA on the DNA (which then become the bases CAU on the RNA molecule).
	www.brooklyn.cuny.edu /bc/ahp/BioInfo/TT/TscriptG.html (220 words)

	Drosophila gene families: RNA polymerase and general transcription factors
		General Transcription Factors, as the protein factors involved in messenger RNA synthesis are known, are conserved across species as diverse as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila and humans.
		For RNA polymerase II, the transition from initiation to elongation is accompanied by covalent modification of an unusual
		Aoyagia, N. and Wassarman, D. Genes encoding Drosophila melanogaster RNA polymerase II general transcription factors: diversity in TFIIA and TFIID components contributes to gene-specific transcriptional regulation.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/aignfam/rnapfacr.htm (2929 words)

	Transcription Syndromes and the Role of RNA Polymerase II General Transcription Factors in Human Disease -- Aso et al. ...
		with or subsequent to the binding of polymerase (48).
		Roberts, and D.L. Bentley (1994) Transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II is stimulated by transactivators.
		Serizawa, H., J.W. Conaway, and R.C. Conaway (1993) Phosphorylation of C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II is not required in basal transcription.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/97/7/1561 (5801 words)

	Architecture of initiation-competent 12-subunit RNA polymerase II -- Armache et al. 100 (12): 6964 -- Proceedings of ...
		RNA polymerase (Pol) II consists of a 10-polypeptide catalytic
		RNA polymerases but not in the bacterial enzyme.
		The Fission Yeast Protein Ker1p Is an Ortholog of RNA Polymerase I Subunit A14 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Is Required for Stable Association of Rrn3p and RPA21 in RNA Polymerase I
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/100/12/6964 (1046 words)

	Baculovirus P35 interacts with a subunit of human RNA polymerase II and can enhance promoter activity in human cells -- ...
		RNA polymerase II is a complex of 12 subunits that assembles
		The physiological role of RNA polymerase II is the nuclear transcription
		Architecture of RNA polymerase II and implications for the transcription mechanism.
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/84/11/3011 (5191 words)

	Bacterial RNA Polymerase
		However, it is now known that omega is necessary to restore denatured RNA polymerase in vitro to its fully functional form.
		Structure of RNA polymerase holoenzyme - from Seth Darst's laboratory at Rockefeller University
		It directs RNA polymerase to the promoter and ensures that transcription is initiated only where it is supposed to be initiated.
	www.mun.ca /biochem/courses/3107/Lectures/Topics/RNAP_bacterial.html (1346 words)

	RPAP1, a Novel Human RNA Polymerase II-Associated Protein Affinity Purified with Recombinant Wild-Type and Mutated ...
		RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is the multisubunit enzyme that synthesizes
		Proteins that bind to RNA polymerase II are required for accurate initiation of transcription at the adenovirus 2 major late promoter.
		Factors involved in specific transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II: role of transcription factors IIA, IID, and IIB during formation of a transcription-competent complex.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/24/16/7043 (8999 words)

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