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	RORSAT - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		RORSATs were launched under cover name of Cosmos satellites.
		Normally the nuclear reactor cores were ejected into high orbit (a so-called "disposal orbit") at the end of the mission, but there were several incidents, some of which resulted in radioactive material re-entering the Earth's atmosphere.
		RORSATs have also been identified as a prime cause of space debris orbiting some 950 km (590 miles) above Earth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/RORSAT (476 words)

	rorsat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		RORSAT is the common name of Radar-equipped Ocean Reconnaissance Satellites, launched in low earth orbit between 1967 and 1988, by the Soviet Union.
		An incidental concern is that the disposal orbit will persist only for a small number of hundred years, after which the very highly radioactive cores will return, presumably to be burned up and dispersed in the Earth's atmosphere.
		In 1978, a RORSAT, designated Kosmos-954, with a reactor core 30kg of enriched uranium holding re-entered the earth's atmosphere and left a trail of radioactive pollution over an estimated 124.000 sq km of Canada.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /rorsat.html (250 words)

	RORSAT -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Radar-equipped Ocean Reconnaissance SATellite or RORSAT is the western name given to the (An elected governmental council in a Communist country (especially one that is a member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)) Soviet Upravlenniye Sputnik-Aktivny (US-A) (Man-made equipment that orbits around the earth or the moon) satellites.
		RORSATs are a sub-class of (Any of various mostly Mexican herbs of the genus Cosmos having radiate heads of variously colored flowers and pinnate leaves; popular fall-blooming annuals) Cosmos satellites.
		RORSATs have also been identified as a prime cause of (additional info and facts about space debris) space debris orbiting some 950 km (590 miles) above Earth.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ro/rorsat5.htm (433 words)

	Russia and Sigint (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The RORSAT program ceased flight operations in 1988 after five serious mishaps in 33 missions, including two nuclear reactors falling back to Earth from orbit and two launch failures.
		The RORSAT spacecraft possessed some similarities with its EORSAT relation and was 3,800 kg in mass, 1.3 m in diameter, and 10 m in length.
		Following the reentry of Kosmos 954 over Canada in 1978, the RORSAT reactor underwent several modifications, including the ability to eject the fuel assembly at the end of life, hopefully in the disposal orbit but prior to reentry in the event of accident, e.g.
	www.fas.org /spp/guide/russia/military/sigint/rorsat.htm (352 words)

	RORSAT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		RORSAT is the common name of Radar-equipped Reconnaissance Satellites launched in low earth orbit between 1967 and 1988 by the Soviet Union.
		An incidental concern is the disposal orbit will persist only for small number of hundred years after which very highly radioactive cores will return presumably be burned up and dispersed in the Earth 's atmosphere.
		In 1978 a RORSAT designated Kosmos-954 with a reactor core 30kg of enriched uranium holding re-entered the earth's atmosphere and a trail of radioactive pollution over an 124.000 sq km of Canada.
	www.freeglossary.com /RORSAT (563 words)

	Havoc in the Heavens: Soviet-Era Satellite's Leaky Reactor's Lethal Legacy
		RORSATs were orbited by the Soviets starting in 1967 and stopped in 1988.
		A report on the RORSAT leakage in 1997, led by Alessandro Rossi, a researcher at the Centro Nazionale Universitario di Calcolo Elettronico (Electronic National University Center for Calculation) in Pisa, Italy, pointed out another issue.
		There is no doubt that the NaK coolant was radioactive when a RORSAT was running, said Gerald Kulcinski, associate dean for research in the College of Engineering and a professor of nuclear engineering at the University of Wisconsin at Madison.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1107371/posts (1517 words)

	New RORSAT Leaks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Therefore, the possibility that one of the RORSATs still in graveyard orbit might be punctured by a centimetric debris, leaking into space the NaK metallic fluid contained in the secondary cooling circuit (26 kg), is far from remote.
		The averaged values, out of 10 independent simulations, are shown for the RORSAT case, with and without an additional NaK leakage from the secondary cooling loop of Cosmos 1932 in 2025.
		The averaged values, out of 10 independent simulations, are shown for the RORSAT case, with and without an additional NaK leakage from the secondary cooling loop of Cosmos 1900 in 2025.
	apollo.cnuce.cnr.it /~rossi/publications/iaf97/node7.html (685 words)

	RORSAT (Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite)
		A characteristic feature of RORSATs was their large radar antennas used to bounce signals off the ocean in order to locate ships.
		The strength of the signals required for this to work effectively, combined with the relatively backward state of electronics technology in the Eastern bloc, forced Soviet designers to adopt a radical solution — the use of a small nuclear reactor to power the RORSAT radar (see nuclear power for spacecraft).
		To counter the problem, each RORSAT consisted of three major components: the payload and propulsion section, the reactor, and a disposal stage used to lift the reactor into a higher orbit, with an altitude of 900-1,000 km, at the end of the mission.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/R/RORSAT.html (371 words)

	Bambooweb: RORSAT
		Design flaws in the satellites have led many to discharge their sodium-potassium (NaK) eutectic alloy coolant into orbit - in the form of from 110,000 to 115,000 (possibly frozen) drops measuring in size from 50 to 70 mm diameter and below.
		An incidental concern is that the disposal orbit will persist only for several hundred years, after which the very highly radioactive cores will return, presumably to be burned up and dispersed in the Earth's atmosphere.
		In 1978, a RORSAT, designated Kosmos-954, with a reactor core 30 kg of enriched uranium re-entered the earth's atmosphere and left a trail of radioactive pollution over an estimated 124,000 km² of Canada.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/r/o/RORSAT.html (231 words)

	Nuclear Powered Space Missions - Past and Future by Regina Hagen (Past Missions)
		The Estimated Life Duration given for the Soviet RORSAT missions is stated in the Missions database of the Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Technische Universität Berlin (Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Technical University of Berlin).
		RORSAT is the acronym for 'Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite'.
		The RORSAT design was examined to determine a possible cause of this debris and was found to contain a significant amount of coolant consisting of the liquid-metal alloy Sodium-Potassium (NaK).
	www.space4peace.org /ianus/npsm3.htm (3885 words)

	К теме ПКР - загоризонтное наведение ПКР в ВМФ России (Airbase Forums) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The use of RORSATs for detecting Western ships on a continuous basis is limited because bad weather over the target area greatly restricts or precludes radar servation.
		Although the ocean scanning radar of the Soviet RORSATs is thought to be very effective in detecting ships for real-time targeting, it is considered upsophisticated compared with its US counterparts.
		RORSAT и EORSAT это как раз та самая МКРЦ "Легенда" и есть насколько я понимаю.
	forums.airbase.ru /index.php?showtopic=6036 (2004 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		RORSAT (Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite) Soviet naval reconnaissance satellites often launched to coincide with major NATO and American navy maneuvers.
		New phenomena: RORSAT drops Next: Acknowledgments Up: Study of the long-term Previous: Constellations of satellites New phenomena: RORSAT drops In the last few years, thanks to measurement carried out from...
		RORSAT Leaks Next: Conclusions Up: EFFECTS OF THE RORSAT Previous: Simulations New RORSAT Leaks From the evolution of the debris population, modeled by SDM using CODRM-97, it is possible to compute the...
	rorsat.iqexpand.com (372 words)

	Signals that were never heard
		Kosmos-102 was a prototype RORSAT (Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite - a Western designation for this spacecraft called US-A in Russian (5)) hardware using chemical batteries in place of the nuclear reactor to feed the radar subsystem.
		The third RORSAT, Kosmos-198, launched on 27 December 1967 on a Tsyklon launch vehicle, was the first satellite in the series to be boosted to a 900 km storage orbit, but according to Rudenko (4) did not yet carry the BES-5 nuclear power generator.
		Observations of many RORSAT missions showed that the short-wave signals were very rare during the low-orbit phase of the mission, but much more frequent in the high-orbit, "storage" phase of the flight.
	www.svengrahn.pp.se /radioind/Spoof/Spoof.html (1030 words)

	Nuclear Powered Space Missions - Past and Future by Regina Hagen (Technology)
		2.2 The USSR/Russia - RORSAT, Topaz, And RTG
		A RORSAT consists of three major components: the payload and propulsion section, the nuclear reactor, and the disposal stage, which is used to maneuver the reactor to an orbit of 900 to 1,000 km of altitude at the end of the mission.
		A RORSAT weighs 3,800 kg, of which 1,250 kg are made up by the reactor and the disposal stage.
	www.space4peace.org /ianus/npsm2.htm (3115 words)

	NuclearSpace: Past Space Nuclear Power System Accidents
		In April 1973, a Soviet RORSAT mission launch failure resulted in the return of the power source in the Pacific Ocean, North of Japan.
		Radioactive release consistent with the RORSAT mission profile was detected by U.S. air sampling planes (Ref. 2).
		The reactor core separated from the remainder of the spacecraft and was the last piece of the satellite to return to Earth in February 1983.
	www.nuclearspace.com /past_accidents.htm (1068 words)

	World Affairs Board - Supersonic Torpedo (Shkval)
		RORSAT is not a sub, it's a Radar Ocean Reconnaisance SATellite
		A fleet moving at 20kts could be expected to move 100 nautical miles or more in the time it takes to get the info from the bird to the shooter, even under ideal conditions.
		That means that even with RORSAT there is no guarantee the shooter will be able to find the shootee.
	www.worldaffairsboard.com /printthread.php?t=2011&pp=50 (4312 words)

	Simulations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		To investigate the effects of the RORSAT NaK droplets on the long term evolution of the orbiting debris, we performed twenty 50-year simulations starting on 1997, 10 with (``RORSAT'') and 10 without (``NO_RORSAT'') such anomalous population of liquid spherical particles.
		The RORSAT liquid metal drops are therefore not able to affect the circumterrestrial environment in such a way to make easier the onset of a collisional chain reaction.
		The results are practically the same in the RORSAT and NO_RORSAT cases.
	apollo.cnuce.cnr.it /~rossi/publications/iaf97/node6.html (927 words)

	US-A
		Prototype RORSAT hardware using chemical batteries in place of BES-5 nuclear reactor.
		RORSAT hardware, representative of production hardware, but using chemical batteries in place of BES-5 nuclear reactor.
		First RORSAT flight confirmed by Russian source to have had BES-5 nuclear reactor.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/usa.htm (2444 words)

	The US-A program (Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satelites)
		It was based on the US-A RORSAT bus, but was fitted with the new Topaz nuclear rector, which used thermo-emission conversion method to convert heat to electricity.
		As noted, the RORSATs were too low during their operational lifetime to contribute much to the trapped-positron problem.
		Those satellites, which are not in use any more, are dumped in a 950 km storage orbit, where the later version of RORSATs release their fuel rods from the reactor core to ensure complete disintegration during later re-entry.
	www.svengrahn.pp.se /trackind/RORSAT/RORSAT.html (12894 words)

	US-A
		The high power consumtion of the active radar required a nuclear reactor as power source.
		The satellites were known as RORSAT in the west.
		At the end of the mission, the reactor compartment is seperated and boosted ito a higher storage orbit.
	www.skyrocket.de /space/doc_sdat/us-a.htm (120 words)

	Space Today Online -- Beating Swords Into Plowshares -- Tsyklon Space Launches
		One kind of satellite launched on a Tsyklon rocket was RORSAT (Radar Ocean Reconnaissance).
		When the RORSAT's mission was over, its nuclear power source was boosted to a higher orbit by a small solid-fuel rocket built into the satellite.
		A similar kind of satellite launched on Tsyklon has been EORSAT (Electronic Ocean Reconnaissance), which is used to detect electronic counter measures (ECM) signals from U.S. Navy task forces and shipping.
	www.spacetoday.org /Rockets/Plowshares/Tsyklon.html (439 words)

	World Affairs Board - Supersonic Torpedo (Shkval)
		Sea state is clear and there is no way to hide from RORSAT radar.
		Subs are 200+ miles away and still unnoticed, haven't spend a single torpedo yet.
		RORSAT continues to scan seas from it's orbit.
	www.worldaffairsboard.com /printthread.php?t=2011&pp=50 (1826 words)

	Surface Forces RE:The Deadliest AShMs StrategyPage.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The alternative is the use the early Russian method of command-guiding the missile into the area where the enemy was last reported and then turn on the seeker, or in the case of the U.S. TASM missile, just let it fly to the area on its own.
		RORSAT satellites can be avoided as the orbits are known.
		High speed is generally found in long-range missiles to reduce the possibility of target location error, not to make them less vulnerable to interception.
	www.strategypage.com /messageboards/messages/8-2981.asp (977 words)

	RORSAT - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation RORSAT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Here you will find more informations about RORSAT.
		If you find this encyclopedia or its sister projects useful,
		* Space.com on the RORSATs' leaky radiator problem
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/RORSAT.html (506 words)

	Russian Aerospace Guide - Proton
		Suspected use of this feature would be a surprise attack on the United States coming over the South Pole, instead of the traditional and shorter sub-orbital ballistic path over the North pole.
		The RORSAT's nuclear power source was boosted to a higher orbit by a small solid rocket when the satellites mission was over.
		The upper stage remained attached to the payload for the duration of the mission and fired small sustainer rockets to counter aerodynamic drag and keep the orbit a precise 93.3 minutes.
	home.comcast.net /~rusaerog/boosters/Tsyclon.html (600 words)

	[FPSPACE] RORSAT photos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		One is a picture of EORSAT and RORSAT models in a St. Petersburg museum.
		However, another photo that I do not remember seeing before actually shows what looks to be a piece of RORSAT flight equipment.
		This is the radar bus for the vehicle.
	www.friends-partners.org /pipermail/fpspace/2004-September/013794.html (222 words)

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