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	JewishEncyclopedia.com - GERSHOM BEN JUDAH
		As he himself says in a responsum reported by R. Meïr of Rothenburg, he owed most of his knowledge to his teacher, Judah ben Meïr ha-Kohen (Sir Léontin), who was one of the greatest authorities of his time.
		Gershom also left a large number of rabbinical responsa, which are scattered throughout various collections.
		When he died a Christian, Gershom none the less grieved for him, observing all the forms of Jewish mourning, and his example became a rule for others in similar cases.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=172&letter=G (410 words)

	Rabbeinu Gershom Ben Judah - The Age of Scholarship
		Rabbenu Gershom's teacher was Rabbi Judah ben Meir Hakohen, known as Sir Leofitin, of France.
		Gershom became a highly skilled goldsmith, and settled in Constantinople, which at that time was a great metropolis, and the trading center of the East.
		When Rabbenu Gershom was thus seated with the crown over his head, courtiers and guests, who, until then had been too overcome with surprise to utter a single syllable, broke out into wild cheers and applause.
	www.chabad.org /library/article_cdo/aid/112511/jewish/Rabbeinu-Gershom-Ben-Judah.htm (2488 words)

	Gershom ben Judah Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Gershom's distinction lay in the fact that he was one of the first and most successful rabbis to transplant and establish the Talmudic learning of Babylonia to Europe.
		Gershom was an excellent rabbinical scholar, was steeped in all the ancient traditions, and was a natural teacher and organizer of studies.
		Gershom was author also of penitential prayers (selihot), and he prepared a copy of the biblical Masorah, or traditional method of reading and pronouncing, and therefore of interpreting, the Bible.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/gershom-ben-judah (513 words)

	Rabbenu Gershom ben Yehuda
		According to tradition, Rabbenu Gershom wrote four special ordinances which differed with Babylonian Halachah (and Spanish Halachah, for that matter).
		In addition, Rabbenu Gershom decreed that a women had to agree to a divorce before a man could give her a get.
		Finally, Rabbenu Gershom forbade Jews to remind a Jew forced to convert to Christianity of his previous shame.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/RabbenuGershom.html (407 words)

	Jewish Law - Articles ("A Suggested Antenuptial Agreement: A Proposal in Wake of Avitzur")
		It is indeed true that, by virtue of an edict promulgated by the 11th century authority, Rabbenu Gershom, no religious divorce may be effected without the consent of the wife and hence a wife may prevent the remarriage of her estranged husband if she refuses to accept a get.
		Since the disintegration of the marriage is attributable to abandonment by the wife, and since it is she who refuses to accept a divorce, it would, in the absence of a biblical prohibition against polygamy, be inequitable to bar the husband from taking another wife by reason of rabbinic legislation.
		However, the edict of Rabbenu Gershom does require that a minimum of at least one hundred scholars domiciled in at least three different countries or, according to some authorities, three different jurisdictions, certify that dispensation for a second marriage is factually justified.
	www.jlaw.com /Articles/antenuptial_agreement1.html (1085 words)

	RABBENU GERSHOM : Encyclopedia Entry
		Rabbeinu Gershom was the head of a yeshiva in Mainz.
		As early as the 14th century Asher ben Jehiel wrote that Rabbeinu Gershom's writings were "such permanent fixtures that they may well have been handed down on Mount Sinai".
		When he died a Christian, Gershom nonetheless grieved for him, observing all the forms of Jewish mourning, and his example became a rule for others in similar cases.
	www.bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Rabbenu_Gershom (744 words)

	Mail-Jewish Volume 44 Number 22
		Rabbenu Gershom ben Yehuda, known as the Luminary of the Diaspora (Meor Ha'Gola), sat Shiva for his son who had converted to Christianity.<< Importantly, he did not sit Shiva, Rabbi Kolatch noted, when the son became an apostate, but only after he had died.
		If the great Rabbenu Gershom did not sit Shiva even when his son rejected Judaism, I stated, there is no reason to sit Shiva when a son or daughter intermarries (God forbid).
		Furthermore, Rabbenu Gershom was lauded by Rashi himself, among the greatest of the Reeshoneem.
	www.ottmall.com /mj_ht_arch/v44/mj_v44i22.html (1296 words)

	gittin
		The basic act is the giving of this bill of separation, by the husband to the wife on the basis of mutual consent.
		Although the original biblical laws allowed the husband to divorce his wife at will, an enactment of Rabbenu Gershom ben Judah (11th century) which was accepted by all the communities of Europe prohibits the husband from divorcing his wife against her will.
		An entire tractate of the talmud (Gittin) is devoted to the validity of the document and how it may be written and delivered.
	www.sofer.co.uk /html/gittin.html (490 words)

	[No title]
		Rabbenu Gershom devoted a major component of his work to copying texts, including, in his own hand, the entire Mishnah, Talmud, and Bible--including the Massorah, the critical apparatus of the vowels and accents--and Jossipon, a Hebrew rendition of Josephus from tenth century Italy, editions that would become important reference works for future generations.
		Rabbenu Gershom wrote important responsa, she'elot uteshuvot, in which he granted rabbinic scholars the exclusive right, at the expense of other Jews, called a maarufiah, to monopolies as suppliers, lenders, or financial administrators to knights, merchants, priests, and monasteries.
		In his talmudic commentaries, based on Rabbenu Gershom and the Geonim of Babylonia as well as his own insights, he did not provide summaries of the arguments, only useful explanations of terms, occasionally indicating that he could not understand the text.
	www.hebroots.org /hebrootsarchive/9806/980610_h.html (3842 words)

	S.C.J. FAQ: Section 8.6. Woman and Marriage: I've heard polygamy is permissible among Sephardic and Yemenite Jews. ...
		Originally, Gershom's ban was limited in time to the year 1260, however it has continued to be accepted by Jews of Europe and the Western World to this day.
		Rabbi Gershom's edict was followed less in sephardic countries: cases of polygamy were found in Spain as late as the 14th cent.
		That such cases were not rare may be inferred from the fact that in the Spanish communities the Ketubah, the document marking the betrothal, exacted that the man was not to take a second wife.
	shamash.org /lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/08-06.html (873 words)

	Gershom ben Judah Summary
		Rabbeinu Gershom was the head of a yeshiva in Mainz.
		He was the spiritual guide of the fledgling Ashkenazic Jewish communities and was very influental in molding them at a time when their population was dwindling.
		When he died a Christian, Gershom nonetheless grieved for him, observing all the forms of Jewish mourning, and his example became a rule for others in similar cases.
	www.bookrags.com /Gershom_ben_Judah (1201 words)

	Rambam - Torah.org
		Rabbenu Gershom, however, explains that this is due to K'vod haTorah - the honor of the Torah.
		It would seem that for the scholars to be outside, digging wells with everyone else is a violation not of their personal honor, rather of the respect for the Torah which they represent.
		Rabbenu Gershom explains that both their deeds and their Torah study protects them.
	www.torah.org /learning/rambam/talmudtorah/tt6.10.html (1453 words)

	Definition of Rabbenu Gershom
		He is commonly known as Rabbenu Gershom Meir Hagolah (Our teacher Gershom the light of the exile).
		There has been suggestion that if Rabbenu Gershom never lived their may not have been something known as Ashkeanzic Judaism alive today as it is. As early as the 14th century Asher ben Jehiel wrote that Gershom's writtings were "such permanent fixtures that they may well have been handed down on Mount Sinai".
		He is famous for his bans, which include the prohibition of polygamy, the prohibition of divorcing a woman against her will, and the prohibition of reading private mail.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Rabbenu_Gershom (318 words)

	How to Navigate a Page of Talmud
		The Tosafot was compiled by being printed in the standard Talmud editions and are merely an accidental selection from a vast literature that circulated in manuscript.
		Rabbenu Tam lived from 1100-1171 and he is the grandson He lived in a French town and was one of the most original and unconventional interpreters of the Talmud.
		He was the grandson of Rashi and the brother of Rabbenu Tam.
	www.geocities.com /pittinsky/answers.htm (788 words)

	Rashi and his daughters. - Encyclopedia.com
		Also known as Rabbenu Tam, he founded his own yeshiva and became the leader of Ashkenazi Jewry, presiding over a synod attended by hundreds of noted rabbis.
		Following in the footsteps of Rabbenu Gershom, Rashi first challenged tradition while still a poor yeshiva student in Germany.
		A list of Rabbenu Gershom's takkanot can be found in Avraham Grossman's Rishonim of Ashkenaz (Jerusalem: Magnes Press of Hebrew University, 2001), p.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-138949898.html (3491 words)

	Kolel: Reb on the Web Archives
		It presumably was instituted by a court headed by Rabbenu Gershom ben Judah (960-1030 C.E.), although there have been scholars who disputed this.
		In terms of geographic extent, it was enacted for those communities under Rabbenu Gershom's jurisdiction, but it is unclear what those communities were.
		The entire Jewish world came under the authority of the Kherem deRabbenu Gershom in 1950, when a rabbinical council convened by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel declared the ban to be binding on all Jews.
	www.kolel.org /pages/reb_on_the_web/polygamy.html (520 words)

	Urban Civilization in Pre-Crusade Europe
		Subsequently, it became known that Rabbenu Gershom had proclaimed that anyone mentioning [a person's previous apostasy] should be under the ban.
		Most certainly [binding on all, is a ban proclaimed "for the honor of Heaven" by] Rabbenu Gershom, the Light of the Exile, from whose teachings we all derive sustenance.
		Thus it has been the practice in recent generations that all those who enact preventive legislation, as "a fence around the Law," to be binding even on future generations, clearly intend that the power to enforce legislation, to punish offenders, and to release them from the accompanying bans, all be vested with the contemporary judges.
	www.history.umd.edu /Faculty/BCooperman/NewCity/Settlers2.html (3263 words)

	L'Chaim: 309: Pekudei
		Gershom ben Judah, who was known as Rabbenu Gershom, "the Light of the Exile," lived in France many years ago.
		Rabbenu Gershom was sailing closer and closer to his native land.
		Rabbenu Gershom, with his wisdom and love of Torah, G-d and man, was a beacon of light in those dark years of the diaspora and for all generations thereafter.
	www.lchaimweekly.org /lchaim/5754/309.htm (3787 words)

	[No title]
		He studied under R' Yehuda Leontin and, some say, in Babylon, under R' Hai Gaon R' Gershom's yeshivah in Mainz was the major center of Torah study in its day, and the students of this academy produced many important commentaries on the Talmud.
		R' Gershom was greatly revered throughout the generations, as evidenced by his title "Me'or Hagolah"/"The Light of the Exile." R' Gershom corrected the text of the Talmud from reliable manuscripts, thereby clarifying many obscure passages.
		R' Gershom is best known for the enactments which were enacted by rabbinic synods at his behest.
	www.acoast.com /pub/sehc/hamaayan/9798/naso.978 (1348 words)

	MyJewishLearning.com - Texts: Commentaries on the Talmud
		Unlike the commentaries of Rashi and Tosafot, the commentary of Rabbenu Hananel is a synopsis of the talmudic discussion and does not explain the text or compare it to other sources.
		The commentary of Rabbenu Hananel to the entire Talmud is not extant. In some tractates the commentary of Rabbenu Nissim Gaon (North Africa--11th century) or variant tosafot are offered instead or as well.
		According to tradition, Rabbenu Gershom died in the year that Rashi was born.
	hillel.myjewishlearning.com /texts/talmud/Gemara/TalmudCommentaries.htm (1445 words)

	Rabbenu Gershom Meor Hagolah for as low as $12.00 at The Gaming Outpost. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Rabbenu Gershom Meor Hagolah for as low as $12.00 at The Gaming Outpost.
		The story of Rabbenu Gershom Meor Hagolah whose name means "The Light of the Diaspora", a title conferred on him by leading rabbis of the tenth century.
		A renowned Talmudist, scholar, physician and skilled craftsmen, he won the admiration of the Emperor of Constantinople after curing his ill daughter Princess Theodora, but incurred the hatred and jealousy of the Emperor's anti-Semitic vizier Johann, who set out to destroy him and exile the Jews of Greece.
	www.gamingoutpost.com /shop/pr/0826603424/si/books/rabbenu_gershom_meor_hagolah (248 words)

	Other Commentaries
		Rabbenu Hananel was believed to transmit many of the traditional interpretations of the Babylonian "Ge'onim," the heirs to the Babylonian academies in the post-Talmudic era.
		The Commentary of Rabbenu Gershom ("The Mainz Commentary"):
		Students of Rabbi Gershom ben Judah "the Light of the Exile"
	www.ucalgary.ca /~elsegal/TalmudMap/OtherComs.html (320 words)

	"For Women, Middle Ages Might Have Been Golden - Forward.com"
		While second wives were virtually unknown in Ashkenaz, the prohibition stopped businessmen traveling from Ashkenaz to the Muslim world from taking second wives and from abandoning their first ones, and stopped men returning home after years abroad from abandoning their second wife in the Muslim world.
		At the same time, Rabbenu Gershom instituted a ban prohibiting a woman from being divorced against her will.
		And already in effect, from the early Middle Ages, was the “edict of the rebellious wife,” which effectively allowed a woman to initiate divorce and even to force it on her husband.
	www.forward.com /articles/for-women-middle-ages-might-have-been-golden (1290 words)

	Hamaayan / The Torah Spring - Naso - Torah.org
		A noted leader of Ashkenazic Jewry during its formative years, Rabbenu Gershom ben Yehuda Me'or Hagolah was probably born in Metz, in the Rhineland, but spent most of his life in nearby Mainz.
		R' Gershom's yeshivah in Mainz was the major center of Torah study in its day, and the students of this academy produced many important commentaries on the Talmud.
		R' Gershom was greatly revered throughout the generations, as evidenced by his title "Me'or Hagolah"/"The Light of the Exile."
	www.torah.org /learning/hamaayan/5758/naso.html?print=1 (1482 words)

	Avot016
		If I remember correctly the institution of marriage was corrupt in the time of Rabbenu Gershom.
		Rabbenu Gershom put an end to this corruption, mainly by his prohibition of bigamy.
		I do not think that Rabbenu Gershom's measures in regard to marriage were prompted by the kind of ills that Mark mentions, but in any case they were accompanied by widespread public debate and accorded formal public acceptance.
	www.bmv.org.il /Shiurim/avot/avot016.html (1121 words)

	Mail.Liberal-Judaism Volume 8 Number 32
		Howard's example relies on one of the cherems (bans) we believe was promulgated by Rabbenu Gershom ben Yehuda, "Light of the exiles" and the acknowledged leader of the Ashkenazik community about 1000 years ago.
		He is said to have convened a council of rabbis to consider a number of important matters, and that council issued under his name a series of rulings.
		And finally, since Rabbenu Gershom's decree that a woman must accept the get before the husband can remarry is what causes him to be an "agun" Rabbenu Gershom, or his council, built in an escape clause for him, though not a cheap one.
	www.mljewish.org /cgi-bin/retrieve.cgi?VOLUME=8&NUMBER=32&FORMAT=html (1757 words)

	[No title]
		It was this Yeshiva that developed scholars such as Rabbenu Gershom Me'or HaGolah (died 1040), the teacher of Rashi's teachers.
		Rabbenu Gershom was himself an important Talmud commentator, and, according to some historians, was for a time a student of the Babylonian sage R' Hai Gaon (939-1038).
		If this is true, it is yet another example of the early mixing of the two major schools of Talmud study.
	www.acoast.com /pub/sehc/hamaayan/9091/bamidbar.901 (1175 words)

	Jewish Polygamists
		Gershom's ban was limited in time to the year 1260, however it has continued to be accepted by Jews of
		The Rabbis of the Talmud said that four wives was the realistic maximum for a man, so that he could devote the proper amount of time for sexual relations with each of them.
		In the middle ages, the takkanah of Rabbenu Gershom forbid polygamy among Ashkenazic Jews, and also forbade a man to divorce his wife without her consent.
	www.religious-freedoms.org /jewish_polygamists.htm (4505 words)

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