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Topic: Racial Hygiene

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		The principles of racial hygiene permeated Western society in the early 20th century.
		Although easy to ridicule now, it is important to remember that racial hygiene was the "mainstream science of its day," according to Joel Howell, professor of internal medicine, of health management and policy, and of history.
		Racial hygiene is just one of several historical examples showing how scientific research is never as objective and bias-free as scientists and the general public would like to believe---according to Howell and three other panelists who discussed "Science, Discourse and Power" during a public forum last week.
	www.umich.edu /~urecord/9596/Jan23_96/artcl06.htm (585 words)

	Racial hygiene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Racial hygiene (often labeled a form of "scientific racism") is the selection, by a government, of the putatively most physical, intellectual and moral persons to raise the next generation (selective breeding) and a close alignment of public health with eugenics.
		Racial hygiene was historically tied to traditional notions of public health, but usually with an enhanced emphasis on heredity.
		A key part of Nazism was the concept of racial hygiene and during their rule the field was elevated to the primary philosophy of the German medical community, first by activist physicians within the medical profession.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Racial_hygiene (490 words)

	Chapter 7 "Live Not Worth Living"
		German social Darwinists were among the leaders of the movement for racial hygiene, spurred on by fears that the poor and decrepit were beginning to out-reproduce the able portion of the population.
		Fritz Lenz, known as the grandfather of Racial Hygiene, was the focus of the second chapter.
		German government pushed women that were thought to be racially hygienic and Caucasian to have large families of children to increase their superior race.
	www.history.vt.edu /Jones/3724_S99/books/proctor.html (2065 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for racial
		Influenced by the racial ideology of Alfred Rosenberg, in 1934 Mengele joined the research staff of the newly founded Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene.
		Racial inequality and restricted rights for non-whites were institutionalized when the Afrikaner -dominated National Party came to power in 1948.
		Any action, practice, or belief that reflects the racial worldview—the ideology that humans are divided into separate and exclusive biological entities called 'races,' that there is a causal link between inherited physical traits and traits of personality, intellect, morality, and other...
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=racial&StartAt=11 (1007 words)

	Hygiene - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Bath (hygiene), in medicine, any of numerous systems for submerging all or part of the human body in water for therapeutic purposes, in the...
		In broader call, scientific terms hygiene is the maintenance of health and healthy living.
		Racial hygiene (often labeled a form of scientific racism) is the selection, by a government, of the putatively most physical, intellectual and moral persons to raise the next generation (selective...
	encarta.msn.com /Hygiene.html (190 words)

	DeadMed
		The sterilization of ethnic minorities defined as "racially foreign" was not mandated under the 1933 law.
		Nazi racial hygiene culminated in the near-annihilation of European Jewry.
		After the war, few of the biomedical experts who helped, in varying degrees, implement and legitimize Nazi racial hygiene policies were ever indicted or brought to a moral accounting of any kind for their actions.
	pnews.org /ArT/EcoN/DeaD.shtml (2100 words)

	Book reviews of Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race and From Darwin to Hitler: Evolutionary Ethics, Eugenics, and ...
		In short, under the Third Reich, eugenics (racial hygiene), medical experimentation on prisoners, euthanasia, extermination of inferiors, and extermination of internal enemies were not connected but were undertaken for different reasons, not all related to eugenics.
		Racial science under the Nazis was an amalgam of both honest, human genetics and pseudoscience.
		Racialism was so prevalent during the age of Darwinism, it was just assumed by many of the elite that it would be natural to exterminate the lower races.
	home.comcast.net /~neoeugenics/eug2007.htm (4327 words)

	Porajmos
		Given the Nazi predilection for "racial purity," it would seem inevitable that the Roma would be among their first victims.
		While he conceded that the Gypsies were, in fact, descended from Aryans, they were of poorer classes that mingled with the various "inferior" races they encountered during their wanderings.
		In order to study the problem further, the Nazis established the Racial Hygiene and Population Biology Research Unit in 1936.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/po/Porajmos.html (743 words)

	Professor Sheila Faith Weiss
		Hallway of Otmar von Verschuer's Institute for Genetics and Racial Hygiene in Frankfurt., 1935.
		Laboratory in Otmar von Verschuer's Institute for Genetics and Racial Hygiene in Frankfurt, 1935.
		Classroom in Otmar von Verschuer's Institute for Genetics and Racial Hygiene in Frankfurt, 1935.
	people.clarkson.edu /~sheilafw/kwpics2.htm (335 words)

	Nazi Racial Policy
		To National Socialists, whose racial standpoint is anchored in blood, the wide-ranging scope of this historic decision makes all the other political and economic aspects of laws regarding the Jews of secondary importance.
		Many peoples have suffered heavy blows, including huge costs in living racial comrades, yet recovered within a few generations because their fertility was unharmed and their will to life remained healthy and strong.
		From the standpoint of racial hygiene, a particularly painful and serious loss is the 3 to 3.5 million unborn children who would have been born to the best of our people, those who remained on the field of honor.
	www.calvin.edu /academic/cas/gpa/pt36rasse.htm (3535 words)

	Hadamar: Committed to Hadamar Hospital - Backgrounds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In his arguments Hitler made use of tendencies observed in eugenics and racial hygiene that, at the turn of the century, developed in different concepts in Germany and.
		Their view was characterized by a "social biology" and inter-human relationships, that - in the case of Social Darwinists - even showed as a social model of the "Struggle for Survival" (Charles Darwin) observed in the animal kingdom.
		As early as 1913, Lenz, a student of the Social Darwinist Alfred Ploetz (1860-1940) who established racial hygiene in Germany, asked for the "man of action" to implement this ideology.
	www.chgs.umn.edu /Histories__Narratives__Documen/Hadamar/Backgrounds/backgrounds.html (675 words)

	American Nazi Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In a 1912 interview for the Berliner Tageblatt, Alfred Ploetz, a founder of the science for racial hygiene in Germay, stated that, “…the United States was a bold leader in the realm of eugenics”(Kuhl 13).
		In his book Rassenhygiene in den Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika [Racial Hygiene in the United States of North America] Hoffman described the acceptance of eugenic ideals in the U.S. and that Galton’s hope that eugenics would become the new religion was starting to become recognized.
		Racial hygiene in Germany remained until 1926 a purely academic and scientific movement.
	www.dickinson.edu /~cantwelr/page5.htm (709 words)

	Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene
		The authors argue that racial hygiene was a consensus value within the German medical profession, serving to reform treatment for the curable and to justify murder of the incurable.
		By 1939, euthanasia was the method ordained by the Nazis to eliminate the infirm, mentally ill, socially or racially "inferior" and anyone unable to work.
		Readers may be driven to examine their own beliefs concerning the benefits of doctor-assisted suicide, when confronted with a society that takes this seemingly benign idea and turns it into a great evil.
	www.ftrbooks.net /psych/nazi/cleansing.htm (634 words)

	THE NAZI DOCTORS: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		From his prestigious position as director of the Research Institute for Psychiatry of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in Munich, Rüdin worked closely with a regime whose commitment to genetic principles he applauded, and was one of the principle architects of the sterilization laws.
		He became a significant source of scientific legitimation for the regime’s racial policies (including consultations with Hans F. Günther, the leading Nazi anthropologist-publicist on racial matters, whose intellectual repute was generally held to be very low).
		Rüdin was not involved in the direct medical killing of the “euthanasia” program; but a younger associate to whom I spoke had the impression that his teacher, though not without doubts about the program, could well have favored a version of it with careful medical control.
	www.holocaust-history.org /lifton/LiftonT028.shtml (448 words)

	Mental Hygiene Society - Demopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1916, Ernst Rüdin was appointed Professor of Psychiatry of the Department of Genealogy of the German Research Institute for Psychiatry in Munich and in 1919 became its director.
		In 1933, he was promoted within the Third Reich to Commissioner of the German Society for Racial Hygiene and named Chairman of the Advisory Board of experts on population and racial politics.
		Besides being a racial hygienist and the principal drafter of the Sterilization Act he was also the co-author of the treatise which was relied upon as the Nazi's justification for the Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Children.
	demopedia.democraticunderground.com /index.php/Mental_Hygiene_Society (548 words)

	Eugenics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The German term Rassenhygiene or race hygiene was broader than the word eugenics; it included all attempts at improving hereditary qualities as well as measures directed at population increase (III, Weiss 1987).
		Kater says that medical schools and their faculties became advocates of racial hygiene early in the 20th century, urging medical selection to improve and augment a superior race while impeding those thought to be inferior.
		Racial hygiene was considered as a complement to personal and social hygiene.
	www.georgetown.edu /research/nrcbl/publications/scopenotes/sn28.htm (8866 words)

	The Mazal Library
		The core belief of “racial hygiene” was based on “Social Darwinism”, with its goal of protecting the purity of the German Aryan Race by making sure that only fit Aryans survived.
		The theory of racial hygiene was vigorously debated from the end of the nineteenth century to the time of the assumption of control of the German government by the National Socialist Workers (Nazi) Party in 1933.
		In 1908, another of the fathers of racial hygiene, Dr. Eugen Fischer, became deeply concerned about the German settlers in German West Africa who were cohabiting with native women and producing babies of mixed race.
	www.mazal.org /archive/documents/Franzblau/Franzblau01/FRA01.htm (5282 words)

	Men Behind Hitler - Chapter II
		As racial hygiene was closely connected with political anthropology - a pseudo-science developed by Gobineau - eugenics was used as the scientific basis upon which racialist and political ideas, especially those of the Nazis, were based.
		Also Dr. Luxenburger, a well known racial hygienist and colleague of Rüdin's in the Genealogical Department of the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie (German Research Institute for Psychiatry) at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute in Munich, and Dr. W. Wlassack, racial-hygienist and exponent of the Swiss Mental Hygiene movement, both mental hygiene theorists with a racial hygienic background.
		As the original supposed purpose of the mental hygiene movement was improved care of the mentally ill, it is strikingly odd that the first laws passed on an international basis at the instigation of the mental hygiene movement were laws to sterilise the mentally ill and prevent them from reproducing.
	www.mentalhealth.faithweb.com /behindhitler/survive.html (3612 words)

	hygiene - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		bathing, dental hygiene, education on hygiene practices, fashion, hygiene practices around the world, industrial hygiene, mental hygiene movement,...
		Hygiene : prevention of specific ailments: puerperal fever (picture)
		Hygiene is commonly understood as preventing infection through cleanliness.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=hygiene (190 words)

	Social hygiene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This link between racial hygiene and social hygiene can be seen in Australia, where the Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales is now named The Family Planning Association.
		Social hygiene as a profession grew alongside social work and other public health movements of the era.
		The American Social Hygiene Association was formed in 1913.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Social_hygiene (265 words)

	Men Behind Hitler - Chapter V
		The introduction of racial hygienic education in the secondary schools (high-schools) and universities could effectively counter this illiteracy (lack of education); unfortunately this will only be possible when the importance of racial hygiene has become known in the right places.
		And when racial damage has been caused through war, be it through error or because it was inevitable, it must be the first concern of those who do not want to see the race blind but seeing, to even out these damages.
		They were racial, they served as tools to pass the Sterilisation Laws, they exerted pressure to direct the national politics towards the elimination of the mentally ill and they were very successful in all these.
	www.toolan.com /hitler/useless.html (4667 words)

	The Scientist : Dissecting The Nazis' Perverse Scientific Practices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The key to understanding the warped views of Nazi medicine lies in recognizing the historical rise of German eugenics or “racial hygiene,” the preferred German term.
		In Racial Hygiene, Robert Proctor’s contribution goes deeper into this dark side of German medicine.
		Proctor tends to downplay the fact that while certain sciences, such as psychology, anthropology, human genetics, and various forms of racial science flourished, they did so at the expense of mathematics, physics, and traditional medical education.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/8995 (640 words)

	The 'Ethnic Cleansing' Agenda - Freedom Magazine Published by Church of Scientology
		But to blame Hitler singularly with the destruction of the Balkan peoples — not to mention the millions of Germans, Poles and others who were deemed unworthy of life — would be a severe understatement, as history has proved.
		But the psychiatric theories that spawned the racial hygiene movement in the 1930s did not end with World War II and the tribunals that followed.
		And while most of the world’s attention regarding eugenics remained focused on Germany during the past half century, the same fundamental theories of racial hygiene sown by Nazi psychiatrists continued to germinate among leaders in their Balkan neighbor, bringing unspeakable horror upon the innocent.
	violence.freedommag.org /page21.htm (504 words)

	Eugenics and Population Control -- The 1935 Nazi World Population Conference and the 1994 UN Cairo Conference
		At the Berlin Congress--where for tactical reasons the subject of actual racial culling was almost entirely suppressed--it was Campbell who delivered the summons to a policy of racial purity and ``homogenous blood'': ``The survival of a race is essentially a cooperative process, which is impaired by all discordance of the contributory influences....
		A population with racially homogenous blood, without racially alien elements which serve to confuse, obstruct, and defeat its racial goals, will always be united in conformity with the tendency of its racial goals....
		Herman Lundborg, director of the State Institute for Racial Biology in Uppsala, Sweden, attacked not only industrialization, but society's higher cultural development as a whole: ``Coinciding with a society's increase in prosperity, diminution of mortality, and prolongation of the average lifespan, is the threat of racial degeneration.
	members.tripod.com /~american_almanac/eugenics.htm (4326 words)

	Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race
		To understand how Nazi racial science led ultimately to the Holocaust, read the exhibition narrative and examine some key artifacts that illustrate how eugenics proponents and physicians offered biological solutions to social problems.
		When Nazi racial hygiene was implemented, the categories of persons and groups regarded as biologically threatening to the health of the nation were greatly expanded to include Jews, Roma (Gypsies), and other minorities.
		Under cover of World War II, and using the war as a pretext, Nazi racial hygiene was radicalized and there was a shift from controlling reproduction and marriage to simply eliminating persons regarded as biological threats.
	www.ushmm.org /museum/exhibit/online/deadlymedicine/overview (334 words)

	MALTHUSIANISM MISCARRIED : Melbourne Indymedia
		In 1930 the NSW government withdrew its subsidy from the Racial Hygiene Association and, at the Lambeth Conference in England, the Anglican clergy approved the use of birth control.
		The 1935-36 annual report for the Racial Hygiene Association made strident appeals for eugenic policies and reported that the Association had sent a body of representatives to the Minister for Health to ask for the establishment of farm colonies to house the mentally unfit separately from gaols and mental asylums.
		In June 1935 The Mental Hygiene Society presented two speakers, Dr A.E. Machin, chief medical officer of the Education Department, on segregation of 'the mentally unfit in schools' and Dr J McGeorge, on the 'necessity of stopping the propagation of the mentally unfit'.
	melbourne.indymedia.org /news/2004/09/79730_comment.php (6382 words)

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