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Topic: Racial Integrity Law of 1924

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Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Miscegenation

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Interracial marriage

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James Longstreet

The Birth of a Nation

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Standard of living in India

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Music of El Salvador

Family tree of the Greek gods

	The "One-Drop" Rule
		There's a modern term, "triracial isolate," for communities whose racial origins are not clear and who may be a blend of white, fl, and Indian ancestry.
		By his standards, codified by the General Assembly in the 1924 Racial Integrity Act, one drop of Negro blood would cause a person to be categorized as fl.
		As a result, Virginians whose ancestry was one-sixteenth Native American or less were declared to be "white" in the Racial Integrity Law of 1924.
	www.virginiaplaces.org /population/onedrop.html (457 words)

	Racial Integrity Act of 1924 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Racial Integrity Act of 1924 of Virginia, United States, was a law that had required the racial makeup of persons to be recorded at birth, and prevented marriage between "white persons" and non-white persons.
		This law was subject to the "Pocahontas exception"—since many influential families claimed descendence from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry.
		The portion of the law which had prohibited marriages between "whites" and "nonwhites" was found to be contrary to the guarantees of the 14th amendment to the United States Constitution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act_of_1924 (534 words)

	Loving v. Virginia
		In Naim, the state court concluded that the State's legitimate purposes were "to preserve the racial integrity of its citizens," and to prevent "the corruption of blood," "a mongrel breed of citizens," and "the obliteration of racial pride," obviously an endorsement of the doctrine of White Supremacy.
		In the case at bar, however, we deal with statutes containing racial classifications, and the fact of equal application does not immunize the statute from the very heavy burden of justification which the Fourteenth Amendment has traditionally required of state statutes drawn according to race.
		To deny this fundamental freedom on so unsupportable a basis as the racial classifications embodied in these statutes, classifications so directly subversive of the principle of equality at the heart of the Fourteenth Amendment, is surely to deprive all the State's citizens of liberty without due process of law.
	www.law.umkc.edu /faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/loving.html (1500 words)

	Perez v. Lippold (Cal. 1948) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		If the miscegenation law under attack in the present proceeding is directed at a social evil and employs a reasonable means to prevent that evil, it is valid regardless of its incidental effect upon the conduct of particular religious groups.
		Laws forbidding marriages between Negroes and whites were passed in Massachusetts in 1705, in Delaware in 1721, in Virginia in 1726, *748 and in North Carolina in 1741.
		However, it is the law that if there is some factual background for the legislation, that circumstance forms an appropriate reason for the enactments, and it is then proper to consider the rules of law which govern the courts in that connection.
	www.brownat50.org /brownCases/PreBrownCases/PerezvLippoldCal1948.html (16790 words)

	One-drop theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This law was then followed in hundreds of court cases without exception until U.S. slavery was ended by the 13th Amendment.
		In 1924 Plecker wrote unscientifically, "Two races as materially divergent as the white and negro, in morals, mental powers, and cultural fitness, cannot live in close contact without injury to the higher".
		Virginia, conclusively invalidated Plecker's Virginia Racial Integrity Act, along with its key component, the one-drop rule, as unconstitutional.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/One_drop_rule (1829 words)

	Georgetown Law - Published Articles (GLH)
		Under the law, a white woman who had a mulatto child was fined and bound out to servitude if she could not pay; her child was also bound out.
		The General Assembly passed laws in 1748 and 1753 that reiterated the 1705 anti-miscegenation law.
		Additional glosses were added in the 1924 "Bill to Preserve the Integrity of the White Race," which defined "white" to include only people without non-white blood, and prohibited the marriage of whites to any non-whites (Asians, Hispanics, etc.).
	www.law.georgetown.edu /glh/austin.htm (508 words)

	Social Origins of Eugenics
		Laws forbidding marriage between people of different races were common in America from the Colonial period through the middle of the 20th century.
		His ideas on racial interbreeding as the source of "public health" problems appeared in state-published pamphlets distributed to all who planned to marry.
		Within a decade, similar laws prohibiting inter-ethnic marriages and attempting to sort citizens by percentage of Jewish "blood" were adopted by the government of Nazi Germany.
	www.eugenicsarchive.org /html/eugenics/essay7text.html (767 words)

	The Avalon Project : Justice Jackson's Report to the President on Atrocities and War Crimes; June 7, 1945
		This was not the legitimate activity of a state within its own boundaries, but was preparatory to the launching of an international course of aggression and was with the evil intention, openly expressed by the Nazis, of capturing the form of the German state as an instrumentality for spreading their rule to other countries.
		But International Law as taught in the Nineteenth and the early part of the Twentieth Century generally declared that war-making was not illegal and is no crime at law.
		This, however, was a departure from the doctrine taught by Grotius, the father of International Law, that there is a distinction between the just and the unjust war, the war of defense and the war of aggression.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/imt/jack01.htm (5300 words)

	College of Law Archive - News Headlines - Willamette University
		A native of Salem, Weiss obtained an undergraduate degree from Stanford, a law degree from Harvard and a Ph.D. from the University of California-Berkeley.
		She is the Francis Cabell Brown Professor of International Law at Georgetown University Law Center and is currently on leave to serve as the chair of the Inspection Panel of the World Bank.
		Dean M. Richardson, professor of law at Willamette, served as legal counsel to the Rochester, N.Y., Urban Renewal Agency from 1970-72 and was a partner with Wood, Richardson and O'Bryne in 1973-74.
	blog.willamette.edu /news/archives/graduate_schools/college_of_law (8850 words)

	Cooter & Fikentscher
		Navajo law stipulates that a tribal judge must be fluent in Navajo, knowledgeable in Navajo customs, have at least two years of experience in a law-related area, and be over 30 years of age.
		Law applicable (a): In all cases the Courts of the Navajo Nation shall apply any laws of the United States that may be applicable and any laws or customs of the Navajo Nation not prohibited by applicable federal laws.
		For example, Canby defines "American Indian Law" as that body of law dealing with the status of the Indian tribes and their relationship to the federal government, with all the consequences for the tribes, their members, the states, their citizens, and the federal government itself.
	www.comparativelaw.org /jour-curr-2.html (16759 words)

	University of Chicago Law Review
		If law should be informed by political experience then, he argued, the law of equal protection must be informed by the southern resistance that he abhorred.
		In 1987, almost 2,000 law professors‑‑reportedly 40 percent of the total‑‑announced their opposition to the confirmation of Robert Bork as a Justice of the Supreme Court.
		And, because the ramifications of constitutional law now so frequently reach down into the daily working lives of teachers, police, reporters, social workers, and homemakers, it is to be expected that the Court's vocabulary is gradually spreading and is increasingly shaping the thinking of nonlawyers.
	www.law.berkeley.edu /faculty/yooj/courses/forrel/reserve/nagel.htm (8402 words)

	--:: The Bill of Rights Institute ::---
		The Lovings moved to Washington, D.C. and appealed their conviction on the grounds that Virginia law, The Racial Integrity Law of 1924, violated their rights to equal protection of the law and due process under the Fourteenth Amendment.
		The Supreme Court held that the Virginia law was unconstitutional because it violated citizens’ Fourteenth Amendment rights to equal protection of the law and due process.
		By striking down the law banning interracial marriage, the Supreme Court affirmed that the decision to marry someone of another race could not be interfered with by the state.
	www.billofrightsinstitute.org /Instructional/Resources/Lessons/Lessons_List.asp?action=showDetails&id=78&ref=showCatD&catId=7 (864 words)

	von Briesen & Roper, s.c. - Indian Law - Resources
		A: For purposes of Indian law, "Indian tribe" generally means a group of persons, descended from one of the indigenous peoples of North America, that the federal government recognizes as a political entity possessing powers of self-government.
		In 1924, Congress passed a law providing that all Indians born in the United States are United States citizens, as well as citizens of the states where they reside.
		Even in the absence of tribal laws, state regulation of Indians within Indian country may be struck down as unduly intrusive and inconsistent with the tribe's right of self-government.
	indianlaw.vonbriesen.com /resources/101.htm (2980 words)

	Law Library, Regent University, Virginia Beach, VA
		Richard Nixon and the rise of affirmative action : the pursuit of racial equality in an era of limits.
		Martial law -- United States -- History -- 19th century.
		Justice as integrity : tolerance and the moral momentum of law.
	www.regent.edu /acad/schlaw/library/newtitles/FirstAmendLaw.cfm (1513 words)

	Racial Integrity or `Race Suicide': Virginia's Eugenic Movement, W. E. B. Du Bois, and the Work of Walter A. Plecker ...
		Racial Integrity or `Race Suicide': Virginia's Eugenic Movement, W. Du Bois, and the Work of Walter A. Plecker
		The preservation of the white race is a true eugenic measure." These early beginnings point to a historical movement that involved leading Virginia intellectuals and public officials who became angst ridden over the issue of miscegenation.
		This article examines Virginia's eugenic movement by focusing on the 1924 racial integrity law.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1157/is_1999_April-Sept/ai_70872606 (389 words)

	Walter Plecker
		The law of Virginia says that any one with any ascertainable degree of negro is to be classified as colored and we are endeavoring to so classify those who apply for birth, death and marriage registrations.
		They have been using the advantage thus gained as an aid to intermarriage into the white race and to attend white schools, and now for some time they have been refusing to register with war draft boards as negroes, as required by the boards which are faithfully performing their duties.
		The law is explicit that the license be issued by the clerk of the county or city in which the woman resides.
	www.geocities.com /ourmelungeons/plecker.html (3347 words)

	Chesapeake Bay - Native Americans - The Mariners' Museum
		In spite of this outreach effort, during the nineteenth century, state laws were passed that restricted the Virginia Powhatans' ability to travel and prohibited them from testifying in court or inheriting property.
		A group called the Anglo-Saxon Club, led by Dr. Walter A. Plecker, prevailed upon the General Assembly to pass the Racial Integrity Law in 1924.
		This law was meant to erase the existence of all people descended from the Powhatans and other tribes.
	www.mariner.org /chesapeakebay/native/nam027.html (585 words)

	Tan American Community Forum
		It is also important to note that the continued use of the "one drop" rule to exclude Tan Americans from the census process is not only unconstitutional, discriminatory and antidemitic but creates a special disability for Tan Americans of Natirah ancestry because of their color, race and circumstances of origin in the New World.
		Renown racial purist, antidemite, and crusader for Virginia's Racial Integrity Law of 1924.
		This collectivist movement which closely resembles the racial reconfiguration era of the 1920s has the potential of denying mixed-race children of their rights to have an appropriate racial identity, a true sense of self, a history and a culture.
	hometown.aol.com /natirah (4268 words)

	Arthur Estabrook Papers
		The papers of Dr. Arthur H. Estabrook contain correspondence, news clippings, research materials, and reports and publications on his research on racial integrity, sterilization of the mentally defective, venereal disease campaign in New York City, crippled children in Buffalo and Erie County, and a housing study in Buffalo.
		The material dealing with the Carrie Buck trial (the 1924 case against the Virginia statute on sterilization of the mentally defective, which was eventually upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Buck v.
		Materials on the 1924 Supreme Court case against the Virginia statute of sterilization of the mentally defective.
	library.albany.edu /speccoll/findaids/apap069.htm (5059 words)

	Charles Hamilton Houston (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Held a Sheldon Traveling Fellowship from Harvard Law School and traveled to North African and to Spain, where he studied civil law.
		Joined his father's law practice in the District of Columbia firm of Houston and Houston.
		Awarding the Spingarn Medal to Houston in 1949, Harvard Law School Dean Erwin Griswold said: "It is doubtful that there has been a single important case involving civil rights during the past fifteen years in which Charles Houston has not participated either directly or by consultation and advice."
	www.iulaw.indy.indiana.edu /glj/chh.htm (696 words)

	Fascism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While Nazism saw both party and government as a means to achieve an ideal condition for certain chosen people, fascism was a squarely anti-socialist form of statism that existed as an end in and of itself.
		The Nazi movement, at least in its overt ideology, spoke of class-based society as the enemy, and wanted to unify the racial element above established classes.
		In 1924, following the murder of the leader of the Socialist Party by fascists, the Partito Popolare joined with the Socialist Party in demanding that the King dismiss Mussolini as Prime Minister, and stated their willingness to form a coalition government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fascism (4573 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the slave-holding South, racial membership was essentially the reverse of the 20th-century one-drop rule.
		This law was then followed in hundreds of court cases without exception until U.S. slavery was ended by the 13th Amendment.
		When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance which racial classification he/she belonged to, the pencil test was employed.
	www.gamecheatz.net /games.php?title=One-drop_rule (2850 words)

	SSRN-The Pocahontas Exception: American Indians and Exceptionalism in Antimiscegenation Law by Kevin Maillard
		Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924 aimed to prevent all interracial marriages in the state between white and nonwhite persons.
		This antimiscegenation statute sought to eradicate stealth intrusions of tainted blood into the white race, which proponents believed to be threatened "by the quagmire of mongrelization." Exempted from this racial policing regime were those influential whites, the "First Families of Virginia," who proudly claimed Native American ancestry from Pocahontas.
		This paper contends that antimiscegenation laws relegate Indians to existence only in a distant past, creating a temporal disjuncture to free Indians from a contemporary discourse of racial politics.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=871096 (415 words)

	Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967)
		For the purpose of this chapter, the term 'white person' shall apply only to such person as has no trace whatever of any blood other than Caucasian; but persons who have one-sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian and have no other non-Caucasic blood shall be deemed to be white persons.
		All laws heretofore passed and now in effect regarding the intermarriage of white and colored persons shall apply to marriages prohibited by this chapter." Va.
		I have previously expressed the belief that "it is simply not possible for a state law to be valid under our Constitution which makes the criminality of an act depend upon the race of the actor." McLaughlin v.
	wings.buffalo.edu /law/bclc/web/loving.htm (2604 words)

	Chuck Pennacchio for United States Senate 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The integrity of our democracy can be protected only by setting strict standards and procedures to ensure that all votes are counted as intended by their voters.
		After Virginia enacted a one-a-month law, its share of guns recovered from crimes in the Northeast fell from 54% to 16%.
		It is a moral imperative to ensure that all Americans are treated fairly and equally under the law, and to ensure this, he supports passage of the Equal Rights Amendment.
	www.chuck2006.com /facts.asp (5779 words)

	The Macedonian-Greek conflict
		At the battle of Issus, there were 30,000 Greeks on the side of the Persians to fight Alexander, and their survivors also fought at Gaugamela along with the Albanians and the Persians, against the Macedonians.
		beginning of the 20th century, the Macedonians showed their outrage at the beginning of the 21st century of this racial insult and publicly instead that their nationality be respected.
		That referring to the Macedonians as "Macedonian Slavs" was a mistake was publicly acknowledged by BBC which apologized and withdrew its reporter Paul Wood precisely for his bias reporting, and since continued to rightfully refer to the Macedonians for what they have always been - Macedonians.
	www.historyofmacedonia.org /MacedonianGreekConflict/conflict.html (6881 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		[388 U.S. the applicants' statements as to their race are correct, 8 certificates of "racial composition" to be kept by both local and state registrars, 9 and the carrying forward of earlier prohibitions against racial intermarriage.
		United States, 323 U.S. (1944), and, if they are ever to be upheld, they must be shown to be necessary to the accomplishment of some permissible state objective, independent of the racial discrimination which it was the object of the Fourteenth Amendment to eliminate.
		Hill, 125 U.S. To deny this fundamental freedom on so unsupportable a basis as the racial classifications embodied in these statutes, classifications so directly subversive of the principle of equality at the heart of the Fourteenth Amendment, is surely to deprive all the State's citizens of liberty without due process of law.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=388&invol=1 (2999 words)

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