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Topic: Racial integration

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Desegregation

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	Welcome Neighbors? New evidence on the possibility of stable racial integration
		The conventional wisdom on racial integration in the United States is that there are three kinds of neighborhoods: the all-white neighborhood, the all-fl neighborhood, and the exceedingly rare, highly unstable, racially mixed neighborhood.
		Third, racial mixing should be more stable in communities that seem sheltered in some way from further fl growth (either because they are distant from the central area of fl residence or because they have been racially stable in the past) or in which school quality, property values, and other neighborhood attributes seem particularly secure.
		Integrated neighborhoods may be a minority, but their numbers are growing, and many appear likely to remain racially mixed for many years.
	www.brookings.edu /press/review/winter97/ellen.htm (2401 words)

	Racial Integration in 100 Largest Metro Areas
		Integrated blocks are located on the northwest side, the west side, and the east of the river areas of the City.
		This preliminary development of an alternative measure of integration - which views fl and white populations as equal partners in the integrating process - is a first step toward articulating goals that may assist cities in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of their population mixes.
		A third measure ("absolute centralization") used by Massey and Denton reflects a racial dispersal goal that the fl population should be distributed in equal distances from the central business district to the borders of the metro area, regardless of where the housing stock or populations are located in the region.
	www.uwm.edu /Dept/ETI/integration/integration.htm (5999 words)

	Don't Ask, Don't Tell: Historical Context
		As Stouffer and his colleagues concluded in their social scientific study of the American soldier, events in World War II demonstrated that Blacks were effective fighters and that racial integration in the military would not compromise unit effectiveness.
		In 1951, integration of the Army was boosted by the findings from a study of the impact of desegregation on unit effectiveness of troops deployed in Korea.
		The researchers concluded that racial integration had not impaired task performance or unit effectiveness, that cooperation in integrated units was equal or superior to that of all-White units, and that serving with Blacks appeared to make White soldiers more accepting of integration.
	psychology.ucdavis.edu /rainbow/html/military_history.html (2535 words)

	Kayla Rolland: One More Victim of Racial Integration
		Integration of education is one of those areas in which one cannot speak frankly.
		Integration has destroyed a safe and quality educational environment for millions of Whites, and has resulted in denial of the far more basic right of European Americans to use the public schools their own taxes finance.
		Kayla is one more victim of Racial Integration, and she is one victim that we, who are dedicated to our rights and heritage, will not forget.
	www.duke.org /hatecrimes/kayla_rolland.html (1641 words)

	Linking Housing and Education
		This precedent established a remedial technique of requiring bus transportation of public school students for purposes of racial desegregation when assignment of children to the nearest school serving their grade would not produce an effective dismantling of a dual school system.
		Racial and ethnic isolation of school children further contributes to society's problem of intolerance.
		Therefore, techniques to achieve desegregation by way or integration of neighborhoods must be implemented in inner-city areas where traditional forms of integration by means of forced busing have failed.
	academic.udayton.edu /race/04needs/s98duke.htm (2701 words)

	Racial integration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In addition to desegregation, integration includes goals such as leveling barriers to association, creating equal opportunity regardless of race, and the development of a culture that draws on diverse traditions, rather than merely bringing a racial minority into the majority culture.
		The term integration,' on the other hand, pertains to a social domain; it does and should refer to individuals of different background who opt to interact." http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morgue/spectrum/1997_Aug_13.GUEST130.html Making a similar distinction between the letter of the law and the spirit of one's actions, Jennifer Lightweis writes, "Clemson desegregated, But it never integrated.
		Silk Road discusses an instance of racial integration in Southern Asia in the Middle Ages.
	racial-integration.iqnaut.net (883 words)

	School Integration in public and private schools
		Racial integration in schools has also been pursued to provide students with the experience of interacting with people who are different from them as an important educational goal in its own right.
		But measuring the proportions of racial groups in classrooms is still a measure of the inputs of integration, not the output of successful racial exposure.
		These relatively high-sounding numbers on the extent of integration may be misleading unless one remembers that the definition of integration only required that one of five students sitting nearby be of a different racial group.
	www.schoolchoices.org /roo/jay1.htm (6211 words)

	Integration or Separation: A Strategy for Racial Equality, by Roy L. Brooks - reviewed by Louis Andrews
		The purpose of school integration was twofold: to strengthen fl identity (both personal and racial self-esteem) and to improve or equalize scholastic performance.
		There is little hope that integration can change that since "'white racism' is defined not simply as a state of mind (that is, a belief system) but also as a state of being." It is the latter that Brooks believes cannot be overcome.
		That high "on the list of possible reasons for racial integration's failure is its inability to conquer personal bias, a psychological phenomenon which liberals, with their Rousseauist romanticism, have never been able to full acknowledge or understand.
	www.lrainc.com /swtaboo/library/lra_si.html (2074 words)

	Ritter Research Paper: School Integration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Greene conducts his analysis at the classroom level and defines a racially integrated classroom as one with a racial composition within approximately 10 percentage points of the national average, in terms of percent of minority students in the classroom.
		The subgroup analysis shows that 13.5 percent of white kindergartners are in racially integrated classrooms as compared to 12.3 percent of African-American and 10.9 percent of Hispanic students.
		The overall racial composition of students in classes differs significantly by region: in the Northeast, the average number of minority students in classes is 27 percent; in the Midwest, 26 percent; in the South, 42 percent; and in the West, 52 percent.
	policy.uark.edu /ritter/researchpapers-raceandchoice.html (5017 words)

	Social Consequences of Racial Residential Integration, Jeffrey Morenoff
		Racial residential integration has occupied a place on the contemporary urban policy agenda since at least the 1968 Kerner Commission report, which identified racial segregation as a key reason for enduring racial inequalities in the United States (Massey and Denton 1993).
		Second, it takes advantage of unique data sources to examine the relationship between integration and the quality of neighborhood social life, highlighting residents’ perceptions of community social cohesion and their participation in informal neighboring activities and local organizations.
		Third, it investigates the claim that minority residents of integrated neighborhoods enjoy a greater sense of well-being than their counterparts in segregated neighborhoods because the former are assumed to provide safer, more resource-rich environments than the latter.
	www.psc.isr.umich.edu /research/project-detail.html?ID=33428 (538 words)

	Black, White, and Olive Drab: Racial integration at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, and the Civil Rights Movement
		Andrew Myers, however, addresses the relationship between the integration of the races at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, and the campaign to achieve civil rights for African Americans at the nearby city of Columbia.
		What reporters, and later on, historians, overlooked was the interaction between the integration of Fort Jackson and developments, in particular, the civil rights movement, in the wider communities in which the base is situated.
		Examining the ways in which commanders and staff at the installation navigated challenges over racial issues in their dealings with municipal authorities, state politicians, federal legislators, and the upper echelons of the military bureaucracy, Myers also addresses how post leaders dealt with the potential for participation in civil rights demonstrations by soldiers under their command.
	www.upress.virginia.edu /books/myers_a.HTM (496 words)

	Racial integration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Integration, on the other hand, Professor Oscar Handlin maintains, implies several things not yet necessarily accepted in all areas of American society.
		Integration of the Armed Forces 1940-1965, Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington D.C. The linked copy is on the Army's official site.
		Sick Road discusses an instance of racial integration in Southern Asia in the Middle Ages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Racial_integration (1020 words)

	U.S. ARMED FORCES INTEGRATION CHRONOLOGY
		Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 is one of the volumes in the Defense Historical Studies Program, which includes several "interservice histories, covering matters of mutual interest to the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
		Consequently, "the Army’s postwar racial policy must be judged successful, and considered in the context of the times, progressive." Yet, the continuation of racial disturbances and "disproportionate fl crime and [venereal] disease rates" were significant indicators that the Army’s policy of segregation remained a serious problem in the postwar period.
		February 1951 The Chamberlin Board reconvened "to reexamine the Army’s racial policy in light of the Korean experience." Despite the widespread support for further integration in the Far East, continuing support for segregation was still the norm throughout the rest of the Army.
	www.redstone.army.mil /history/integrate/intchron.htm (6561 words)

	RESIDENTIAL RACIAL SEGREGATION
		[99] Racial prejudice contributes to the inability of African Americans to translate their economic earnings into middle-class housing,[100] particularly considering that, as discussed in the previous section, statistics show that African Americans prefer to live in neighborhoods that are racially integrated.
		The most critical statutory elements necessary to encourage the fruition of affordable housing in integrated neighborhoods are: the presump tion of validity of municipal low- and moderate-income housing plans, the establishment of non-municipal oversight of the allocation of affordable housing, and strict enforcement mechanisms to ensure compliance with the housing goals of the state.
		The authors conclude that residential racial segregation is a principal cause of the harmful effects associated with the underclass concept.
	www.law.fsu.edu /journals/landuse/Vol141/seit.htm (12451 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Racial Integration's Shifting Patterns
		Black and white Americans are more likely to go home to integrated neighborhoods than they were a decade ago, but Hispanics increasingly live in ethnic enclaves, according to a Washington Post analysis of 2000 Census data.
		The trend toward increasing fl-white integration and growing Hispanic segregation in the largest metropolitan areas holds true in city and suburb, and across every region of the country, from downtown Los Angeles to suburban Fairfax County.
		Although the nation's push for integration has lost momentum in recent years, it remains a goal of public policy and popular opinion because it is seen as proof of the American ideal of equal opportunity.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A18556-2001Mar30?language=printer (3003 words)

	Inter Press Service News Agency
		Schlemmer says there's been very little racial integration at a social level and relatively little intermarriage in the two countries.
		"The lack of racial integration is at least as much due to socio-economic status factors as it is to race." The Helen Suzman Foundation study concluded that the major issues in both Zimbabwe and South Africa are inequality and how politicians respond to it, rather than race.
		This followed her failure to regain Zimbabwean citizenship of which she was stripped, along with up to two million other nationals who have the misfortune of having one or both parents born in another country.
	www.ipsnews.net /africa/print.asp?idnews=21848 (1135 words)

	Robin D. G. Kelley, Integration: What’s Left?
		Hansberry understood integration to be the removal of all barriers to the construction of solidarity among the children of the American working class—both white and fl.
		And it was on the bloody battlegrounds for racial integration that the New Left was born, and where, ironically, it spawned its own critiques of integration.
		Certainly a radical conception of integration is worth fighting for if it means dismantling racism, bringing oppressed populations into power and moving beyond a fl/white binary that renders invisible the struggles of Latinos, Asian-Americans, Native Americans and other survivors of racist exclusion and exploitation.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/45/305.html (2159 words)

	Racial Integration = Genocide - 4Forums.com
		IF racial intergration is genocide, why is it that latin America, a population made up of mixed blood consisting of native populations, Spanish, Portugese and a smaller number of other white Europeans is vastly populated?
		After all, it's been about 500 years of such racial intergration and they don't seem to have any problems with growing population, in fact, that seems to be the problem they face.
		I gather it is his racist position that a drop of "non-white" blood means you're not white and therefore lost to the "white" race.
	www.4forums.com /political/showthread.php?t=4718 (1536 words)

	Government Innovators Network: Racial Integration Incentives, 2005-05-17 13:30:00
		Racially divided communities are therefore less desirable areas, lowering property values and the projected return on the initial investment.
		Since the 1960s, various Cleveland neighborhood associations have been working to integrate the eastern suburbs of the city through modest, privately funded loans for those who moved into a neighborhood where their race was under-represented.
		Since the programs encourage integration of all races, not just focusing resources on minorities, they have received praise from a wide cross section of the Cleveland population.
	www.innovations.harvard.edu /awards.html?id=3512 (657 words)

	NEA: National Education Association, Integration Timeline 1954, Celebrating 50 Years of Brown v. Board of Education
		Equal opportunities in education and demands for racial equality heard from the Civil Rights Movement were propelled by a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest racial discrimination in public transportation.
		Opportunities to participate in elections opened with the enactment of a national law banning racial discrimination in elections, requiring bilingual election materials, and encouraging outreach to increase voter turnout.
		Opportunities to be educated in racially integrated public schools advanced as the Supreme Court permitted busing, school closings, and faculty and student reassignments to integrate public schools where white and Black or Hispanic students were once segregated.
	www.nea.org /brownvboard/integrationtimeline.html (1326 words)

	Jackie transformed JFK's White House into historic oasis of racial integration - Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Jet - Find ...
		Kennedy who, in the most minute details of her late husband's public funeral, decided the racial makeup of the honor guard that would accompany the President's body during the four days of lying in state.
		Kennedy's concern for integration of the honor guard was merely an extension of her little publicized, but extremely effective program of integration she brought to the White House.
		It was her upbringing, the sophistication she acquired through years of study at home and abroad and her appreciation for the cultures of people around the world that made her accept people of all races, nationalities or walks of life.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n5_v86/ai_15497906 (929 words)

	Racial Integration and America's Social Upheaval (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		America's present racial dilemma is not the first time in history when racial amalgamation and miscegenation have contributed to the downfall of a great civilization.
		Of all the mistakes and sins of our American forefathers, their failure to maintain a homogeneous population and culture has resulted in our nation’s present racial turmoil.
		Continuing at the present rate of racial mixture and miscegenation, our once great nation will soon be reduced to a Third World status and a total cultural collapse.
	www.truthinhistory.org /racial_integration.htm (983 words)

	William C. Kashatus: September Swoon: Richie Allen, the '64 Phillies, and Racial Integration
		Unfortunately, the collapse, dubbed the “September swoon,” was the beginning of a self-destructive skid in both team play and racial integration, for the very things that made the players unique threatened to tear the team apart.
		Allen manipulated the resulting controversy in the hopes that he would be traded, but in the process he managed to further fray already tenuous race relations.
		The ‘64 Phillies not only won over the loyalties of a racially divided city, but gave Philadelphians a reason to dream—of a pennant, of a contender, and of a City of Brotherly Love.
	www.psupress.org /books/titles/0-271-02333-3.html (679 words)

	President Harry Truman Wipes Out Military Segregation (Educational Materials: African American Odyssey) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Despite these orders, full integration of African Americans in the armed services was carried out slowly.
		It was not until the end of the Korean conflict that full integration of the armed forces had been achieved.
		African Americans in the post-war years still found themselves living under the yoke of racial segregation, even though some civil rights victories had been accomplished at the U.S. Supreme Court level.
	www.loc.gov /exhibits/odyssey/educate/truman.html (364 words)

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