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Topic: Racial quota

	Racial quota - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Racial quotas in employment and education are numerical requirements for hiring, promoting, admitting and/or graduating members of a particular racial group.
		Racial quotas are in place in a number of countries currently and have been in place in a number of countries in the past.
		Quotas also limit the disporportionate dominance of a particular racial or ethnic group in a society.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Racial_quota (206 words)

	Quota - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An assembly line worker might have a quota for the number of products made; a salesperson might have a quota to meet for weekly sales; a police officer might have a quota for tickets issued or arrests made.
		In trade, a quota is a form of protectionism used to restrict the import of something to a specific quantity (Sawyer and Sprinkle, International Economics, 2nd Edition, 2003, p 157).
		In proportional representation, a quota is a lowerbound on the number of votes needed to be elected.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quota (216 words)

	Encyclopedia: Affirmative action
		Racialism is the controversial belief in the existence and significance of racial categories, the existence of which are themselves often disputed.
		Though affirmative action in the U.S. is primarily associated with racial issues, the American civil rights movement originally gave as its purpose the correction of a history of oppression against all working-class and low-income people, and women have figured as prominently as ethnic minorities among its beneficiaries.
		Opponents of affirmative action regard it as government-sanctioned racial discrimination, and also believe that it’s demeaning to members of minority groups, that affirmative action wrongly sends a condescending message to minorities that they are not capable enough to be considered on their own merits.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Affirmative-action (599 words)

	[No title]
		The court concluded that the promotion quota was "substantially related to the objective of eradicating (those) effects" and that it extended no further than necessary to remedy the "longstanding racial imbalances in the upper ranks of the Department" (id. at 41a).
		First, quota relief of any sort is generally unjustified for a mere "disparate impact" violation, since such a fault does not represent either a violation of the Constitution or the kind of flagrant and egregious discrimination that the Court in Sheet Metal Workers strongly suggested was necessary to justify quota relief.
		The one-fl-for-one-white quota that it adopted thus cannot be said to have been "narrowly tailored" under the second prong of the "strict scrutiny" test, and the quota is for that reason violative of the Constitution's equal protection guarantees.
	www.usdoj.gov /osg/briefs/1986/sg860432.txt (8721 words)

	01/16/03 - Bush & Bakke: Déjà vu All Over Again
		And he instructed it on more devious means to impose racial quotas.
		Get the headlines: "Bush Attacks Quotas." Racial preferences are unpopular with voters overall, especially the 81% who are unprotected whites (of which Bush won a measly 54% in 2000, compared to the 59% his dad won in 1988).
		This is an endorsement of the method the University of California recently installed for subverting the Proposition 209 ban on racial preferences.
	www.vdare.com /sailer/bush_michigan.htm (1234 words)

	Racial quota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Racial quotas in employment and education represent proportions of underrepresented racial minorities that a company or school seeks in hiring, promotion, admissions or graduation.
		The term "Racial Quotas" is particularly divisive in that it is assumed to be backed by the force of law to enable or disable certain linked programs or benefits based solely upon attainment of the one "quota" measure.
		In the underworld of New York Groome Street Gang, the most noted of all New York's collections of curiously enough, it had come into being from motives of sheer dance-hall, named the Shamrock and presided over by one Maginnis, were given and well attended by the youth of the neighbourhood.
	www.termsdefined.net /ra/racial-quota.html (437 words)

	Opening arguments heard in Boston Latin racial quota case: 1/29/98
		Wessmann, who is white, claims she was the victim of a racial quota system at the prestigious Boston Latin School, which taught the likes of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Cotton Mather and Ben Franklin.
		The remaining 50 percent are admitted according to rank at the percentage of an applicant's racial makeup in the remaining qualified applicant pool.
		And she noted that Boston Latin's racial makeup is not reflective of the school district.
	www.s-t.com /daily/01-98/01-29-98/a03sr014.htm (661 words)

	01/12/03 - The Unmentionable Root Of The Quota Problem
		Here on the Realist Right, we've frequently argued that the long-run unity of the U.S. is threatened by the Doomsday Machine interaction of racial preferences with the mass immigration of those eligible for them—the “protected classes,” basically non-whites.
		Quotas are now treated by conservative ideologists as the arch-betrayal of the “colorblind” 1964 Act—forgetting Goldwater's prophetic logic.
		It is time for the Establishment Right to admit the source of these pervasive private quotas: enthusiastic enforcement of anti-discrimination laws—including, ultimately, the sainted 1964 Civil Rights Act itself.
	www.vdare.com /sailer/quota_problem.htm (762 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Justice Debased: The Weber Decision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A racial quota in the allotment of on-the-job training opportunities among competing employees, instituted by management-union agreement, was held lawful by the Supreme Court in the recent case of Steelworkers v.
		...It is ironic because although this racial quota surfaced only in a labor-management agreement, it had been introduced there as a result of threats of contract cancellation by a federal enforcement agency...
		...By devising job-training racial quotas in submission to that threat, Kaiser and the union showed how well-grounded were the fears of those who had wished to preclude not only the federal requirement of racial preference, but the federal coercion of it...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V68I3P45-1.htm (8003 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Racial Preference in Court (Again) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Regents of California, the first racial-preference case of the past decade, the Court addressed the question of whether a racial quota violates the Constitution...
		...On this as well as other policies of racial preference administered by the federal government, the administration was unable to see that what makes a set-aside wrong is the same thing that makes a quota or goal wrong: namely, that it distinguishes and allocates on the basis of race...
		...Racial discrimination cannot be inferred from this kind of comparison: variables other than racial discrimination often help explain such a disparity...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V87I1P34-1.htm (5735 words)

	VDARE - When Quotas Replace Merit, Everybody Suffers by Peter Brimelow
		Quotas are not the law of the land, exactly.
		Quotas have been implemented with extraordinary secrecy and deceptiveness, in part because of their dubious legal status.
		Quotas in colleges have not prevented the gap between fl and white college participation from widening in the 1980s.
	www.vdare.com /pb/when_quotas.htm (5255 words)

	UH -Top Education Stories - U.S. Says Michigan System Amounts to 'Racial Quota'
		In the briefs, filed minutes before the midnight deadline for the administration to become involved in the most important affirmative action case in a quarter-century, the Justice Department said both schools had violated the Constitution's guarantee of equal protection in their efforts to enroll more minority students.
		The administration said the university accomplished its goal of enrolling a "critical mass" of minority applicants so well that the school was able to always admit an almost precise number of minority students.
		But she said the 10 percent plan had two flaws: it could not be used easily in graduate schools like medicine and law, and its success in recruiting minority students depended on the continued existence of racially and ethnically segregated schools.
	www.uh.edu /admin/media/topstories/2003/nytimes/200301/20030117bush.html (1037 words)

	The New Law of Affirmative Action
		The NAACP has urged the City of Boston not to appeal a federal appeals court decision that struck down a refined racial quota system for admission to the prestigious Boston Latin School.
		The quota shields the employer against individual discrimination suits—from whites because, quite simply, it is not really illegal to discriminate against them; and from minorities because a quota nullifies the crucial element of a discrimination suit, the “underrepresentation” of minorities.
		Indeed, racial preferences have become so deeply ingrained in America that the NAACP should lead the effort to repeal not just affirmative action, but the entire Civil Rights Act, and thus allow companies and universities to retain and redouble their preferential policies.
	www.massnews.com /past_issues/2000/Op_Ed/oped36.htm (1258 words)

	Young Conservatives of Texas - www.YCT.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On one hand, the court ruled that the undergraduate system is too much like a racial quota, and was therefore unconstitutional.
		Now that O'Connor has justified the suspension of constitutional rights on the never-ending cause of creating racial diversity, there will be no stop to racial discrimination by the government as long as the ruling stands.
		Taking a lesson from history, racial preferences will not disappear as long as the court manufactures a way for their existence.
	www.yct.org /art-affa.htm (716 words)

	usnews.com: Opinion: Michael Barone on the lawlessness of today's racial quota and gun control liberals (5/24/02)
		He ruled that the quotas were unconstitutional, but he also opined that a college or university might use race as a "tipping point" fact to produce "diversity" on campus.
		Judge Martin relied on Powell's "diversity" dictum–dictum is language in a judicial decision that is not necessary to determine the outcome of the case–to uphold the quotas.
		Advocates of racial quotas and preferences have argued that fl students will feel uncomfortable if there are only 3 percent fls in a class but will feel comfortable if there are 8 percent fls in a class.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/opinion/baroneweb/mb_020524.htm (1899 words)

	CAN UC PERSONNEL BE TRUSTED (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But there is serious institutional opposition to the elimination of racial preferences and this raises questions about whether UC administrators and faculty will cease using race as a factor in admissions.
		Under the pre-Bakke racial quota, the number of students who would be most likely to fail the bar exam and depress the school's overall bar passage rate was primarily related to the numbers admitted under the quota.
		In other words, a pre-Bakke racial quota can be maintained under the guise of racial diversity masquerading as intellectual and ideological diversity, as long as nobody expressly says there is a fixed number of spaces reserved for the preferred minorities.
	www.pacificresearch.org /pub/sab/social/uc_trust.html (5465 words)

	Information on U-M Admissions Lawsuits
		With the racial quota, the average likelihood of admission for regular applicants was 2.7 percent (84 divided by 3,109).
		With no racial quota, the average likelihood of admission would have been 3.2 percent (100 divided by 3,109).
		To answer that question, it's important to observe that racial preferences are not the only preferences that cause different groups of applicants with similar test scores to be admitted at different rates.
	www.umich.edu /~urel/admissions/statements/liu.html (1789 words)

	Debating Racial Preference in WEBER - Interpreting Title VII: Rehnquist
		On the contrary, any deliberate attempt to maintain a racial balance, whatever such a balance may be, would involve a violation of title VII because maintaining such a balance would require an employer to hire or to refuse to hire on the basis of race.
		Whether described as "benign discrimination" or "affirmative action," the racial quota is nonetheless a creator of castes, a two-edged sword that must demean one in order to prefer another.
		In holding that Title VII cannot be interpreted to prohibit use of Kaiser's racially discriminatory admission quota, the Court reasons that it would be "ironic" if a law inspired by the history of racial discrimination in employment against fls forbade employers from voluntarily discriminating against whites in favor of fls.
	www.debatingracialpreference.org /WEBER-Rehnquist.htm (10097 words)

	WorldPeace - "Bush Opposes Racial 'Quota' at College" by John WorldPeace on daily press photos - World Peace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		''Quota systems that use race to include or exclude people from higher education and the opportunities it offers are divisive, unfair and impossible to square with the Constitution,'' Bush said.
		Bush said that ''racial prejudice is a reality in our country'' and Americans should not be satisfied with the current numbers of minorities on college campus.
		As an option to quotas and preferences, Bush pointed to admissions programs in other states - including his home state of Texas - that promote diversity without giving students an edge based solely on their race.
	www.paxmundus.com /e030116a.htm (1000 words)

	GOPUSA - Opinion Central
		The problem for Sharp, and the party, is that the Democratic Party has wedded itself to racial preferences, a practice that Sharp highlighted by his brazen endorsement of racial preferences for the top three seats.
		This iron-clad commitment to racial quotas was reinforced when Sharp and Sanchez both backed Kirk against Victor Morales in the Democratic Party run-off in order to insure a fl on the top of the ticket.
		Ron Kirk, the fl quota partner, downplayed the factor of race in the election.
	www.gopusa.com /commentary/guest/2002/dr_1118p.shtml (1505 words)

	The Egalitarian, June 1999, Text Version -- Austin African-American BBQ Seller Skewers Racial Quotas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When John Goode received notice that his contract was terminated because he did not qualify for a racial quota, he was shocked and outraged as would any victim of discrimination.
		Early in 1996, the Austin City Council passed a racial quotas ordinance requiring city contractors to give a certain percentage of the business to certified minority subcontractors.
		In fact, he has a history of leaning to the left from the bench as the judge whose dismissal of the Hopwood suit challenging racial quotas at the University of Texas Law School was later overruled by the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals.
	www.acri.org /newsletter/june19994.htm (1574 words)

	Petition filed in racial quota case: Legal group asks high court to take up case
		According to a statement from the group, the case involves parents and students in the district – including fl, Hispanic, white and mixed-raced families – who mounted a legal challenge after the district established a racial quota system in its three best schools.
		A request for the entire Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals to re-hear the case was denied on Oct. 10.
		Continued Kreep, "If the three-court panel hearing this case had been hearing the cases challenging racial segregation in public schools in the 1950s and 1960s, we would, presumably, still have racially segregated schools, as this court would have found an excuse to allow the school districts to continue their racist policies."
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/822917/posts (534 words)

	Townhall.com :: Columns :: Racial parody in the NFL by Rich Lowry - Jan 6, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		They want the Cowboys to lose a highly prized draft pick because their next coach will be Bill Parcells, whose career record is 138-100, but whose melanin count is low.
		So pervasive is racial quota-mongering that it has now seeped even into the nation's weekend passion, where it will feature its usual futility and absurdity.
		Cochran's group, threatening a lawsuit, managed to get the NFL in December to agree that every team with a coaching vacancy "seriously" interview at least one minority candidate, as a step toward redressing the racial balance in its coaching ranks (only two head coaches are fl).
	www.townhall.com /columnists/richlowry/rl20030106.shtml (776 words)

	Townhall.com :: Columns :: The diversity lie on campus by Rich Lowry - Jan 17, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Nowhere is this principle of contemporary academic life on starker display than the University of Michigan's attempts to defend its racial quota system favoring fl applicants.
		The Bush administration has filed a brief on behalf of the plaintiffs in a case challenging the quota system that is now before the Supreme Court, which -- by any fair reading of the law -- should strike it down.
		Otherwise, as even one of the university's amicus briefs has conceded, Michigan's quota would amount to "the impermissible objective of attaining racial diversity for its own sake." The problem is that Western learning thrived for centuries before anyone thought of racial diversity.
	www.townhall.com /columnists/richlowry/rl20030117.shtml (637 words)

	Pages about Racial Quotas, Reverse Discrimination, Affirmative Action, EEOC, Equal Employment Opportunity.
		Michigan Quotas - The University of Michigan racial quota cases went to the Supreme Court, and the Court has approved racial quotas in higher education -- as long as the school is "subtle" about it!
		Racial Testers - Using your tax dollars, the government sends undercover agents to your office or your housing authority to entrap you into racial discrimination.
		-- (requires frames) Racial quotas are under serious attack in the State of Georgia: Atlanta, University of Georgia, and Fulton County's racial set-asides and quota policies are all in court.
	www.adversity.net /all_pages.htm (1949 words)

	Gonzales's Racial-Quota Test
		As to what purposes are sufficiently “compelling” to justify racial preferences, the case law suggests there are at most two: remedying past discrimination and assembling a diverse group of people in certain contexts, such as educational settings.
		Racial preferences are certainly regrettable, and America’s history demonstrates how race may be used to oppress.
		To ignore racial differences in the name of colorblindness is to guarantee their perpetuation.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/815640/posts (2432 words)

	Affirmative Action Timeline
		This landmark Supreme Court case imposed limitations on affirmative action to ensure that providing greater opportunities for minorities did not come at the expense of the rights of the majority—affirmative action was unfair if it led to reverse discrimination.
		The Supreme Court ruled that while race was a legitimate factor in school admissions, the use of such inflexible quotas as the medical school had set aside was not.
		As a result, the 5th U.S. Court of Appeals suspended the university's affirmative action admissions program and ruled that the 1978 Bakke decision was invalid—while Bakke rejected racial quotas it maintained that race could serve as a factor in admissions.
	www.infoplease.com /spot/affirmativetimeline1.html (1312 words)

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