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Topic: Racial theory

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	Racism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the 20th century, however, there began a growth of thought that theories of racial "superiority" and "inferiority" were inherently problematic and wrong.
		Racialism is a term often found within white separatist literature, inferring an emphasis in racial origin in social matters.
		Racism infers an assumption of racial superiority and a harmful intent, whereas separatists sometimes prefer the term racialism, indicating a strong interest in matters of race without a necessary inference of superiority or a desire to be harmful to others.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Racism (7709 words)

	Aryan invasion theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The controversial Aryan invasion theory is a historical theory first put forth by the German Indologist Friedrich Max Müller and others in the mid nineteenth century in India.
		The theory further proposes that this race displaced or assimilated the indigenous pre-Aryan peoples and that the bulk of these indigenous people moved to the southern reaches of the subcontinent or became the lower castes of post-Vedic society.
		Opponents of the invasion theory contend that Marxists promoted the theory because its model of invasion and subordination corresponded to Marxist concepts of class struggle and ideology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aryan_invasion_theory (2021 words)

	Encyclopedia: Racial theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Conceptions of race, as well as specific racial groupings, are often controversial due to their political and sociological uses and implications.
		Racial classification in the U.S. 2000 census was based solely on self-identification and did not pre-suppose disjointness.
		Racial classifications were used during the Enlightenment to justify enslavement of those deemed to be of "inferior" non-White races, and thus supposedly best fitted for lives of toil under White supervision.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Racial-theory (5914 words)

	Race -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Conceptions of race, as well as specific racial groupings, are often controversial due to their impact on (Click link for more info and facts about social identity) social identity hence (Click link for more info and facts about identity politics) identity politics.
		Evolutionary scientists are typically interested in humanity as a whole; and taxonomic racial classifications are often either unhelpful to, or refuted by, studies that focus on the question of global human diversity.
		Racial classifications were used during (Click link for more info and facts about the Enlightenment) the Enlightenment to justify (The act of making slaves of your captives) enslavement of those deemed to be of "inferior" non-White races, and thus supposedly best fitted for lives of toil under White supervision.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ra/race.htm (7738 words)

	Master race - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It derives from nineteenth century racial theory, which posited a hierarchy of "races" placing African Bushmen and Indigenous Australians at the bottom of the hierarchy while white Europeans were at the top.
		The origins of the Nazi version of the theory of the master race were in 19th century racial theories of Count Arthur de Gobineau, who argued that cultures degenerate when distinct races mix.
		Thus the racial ideal of these theorists was the blond and blue-eyed Nordic individual.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Super_race (607 words)

	Race
		Hitler's ideas of racial purity led to atrocities on an unprecedented scale, and "racial cleansing" or "ethnic cleansing" as a sociopolitical motivation or justification has reared its head several times since Hitler (particularly in Cambodia, the Balkans and East Africa).
		Here the problem arises of distinguishing fl Africans as a racial group; it doesn't work because it is a paraphyletic classification – that is, to take fl Africans as a racial group, the group by definition includes every living person on Earth because everyone is descended from this group.
		Indeed, it is preferable in most situations (if not all) to think in terms of ethnicity (a term without the implication of continental groupings, but rather of smaller geographic area with more homogeneity and clearer definition) than of race; there is less question as to the validity of ethnicity.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/race (5488 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: Opinion :: The Racial Theory of Grade Inflation
		I have called this theory “groundless and false,” and this denial, by a member of the Harvard administration, was taken as a smoking gun that the theory must be true.
		The racial theory of grade inflation is said to have been inspired by anecdotes heard at the time about lenient grading of fl students.
		In fact, the racial theory of grade inflation is so spectacularly wrong that it is hard to know how or why it got started.
	www.thecrimson.com /article.aspx?ref=104072 (1158 words)

	Winant: Racial Conditions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Howard Winant, one of the leading writers in the United States on the subject, argues that race cannot be understood as a "social problem" or as a "survival" of earlier, more benighted ages.
		The key to Winant's analysis is racial formation theory, an approach he refines and advances as he considers a wide range of contemporary controversies in racial theory and politics.
		Among these are the relationship between race and class, as well as the racial dimensions of gender, diaspora, colonialism, and fascism.
	www.upress.umn.edu /Books/W/winant_racial.html (357 words)

	Kenan Malik's talk on 'The changing meaning of race'
		Racial ideology was the inevitable product of the persistence of differences of rank, class and peoples in a society that had accepted the concept of equality.
		Given the belief of nineteenth century racial theorists in inevitable social progress, the growing gulf between 'civilised man' and the 'primitives' that was evident both within and without European society led many to see such differences in natural, and hence in racial, terms.
		Whereas nineteenth century racial theory was an attempt to reconcile order and progress, pluralism was an attempt to think about social order in a world that no longer believed in progress.
	www.kenanmalik.com /lectures/race_oxford1.html (5714 words)

	Vanderleeuw, Liu. Racial Transition: Explaining a Curvilinear Relationship Between Black Density and White Crossover ...
		When we apply Key’s theory to a setting such as the city of New Orleans, where there have been changes in both racial composition and white group status, it may be more reasonable to expect a nonlinear rather than a linear relationship between fl density and white voter support for fl candidates.
		In the racially competitive context (where fls comprise 45 to 55 percent of the registered electorate) the mean level of white crossover was 16.1 percent.
		Contrary to prediction based on traditional fl threat theory, the relationship between fl density and white crossover voting was not inverse: as the fl density of the election unit increased, white voters voted in greater proportions for fl candidates.
	dept.lamar.edu /polisci/VANDERLEEUW/vanderleeuw2.html (4577 words)

	What is at stake in Australia's "History Wars" Part 7: Inequality and the development of racial theory
		It was to lead, ultimately, to the “scientific” theories of racial inferiority that became such a crucial ingredient of the Nazi Holocaust.
		It is the contradiction between the ruling ideology of bourgeois society—based on the doctrines of liberty, equality and the universal nature of the human race—and the history of oppression and colonial domination, buttressed by racialist theories, which have led to the greatest level of social inequality ever seen in human history.
		This emerging racial theory, in turn, claimed to be grounded in the scientific methods developed in the Enlightenment.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2004/jul2004/hiw7-j20.shtml (2910 words)

	Racial Theories in Fascist Italy - Aaron Gillette - Microsoft Reader eBook
		Racial Theories in Fascist Italy examines the role played by race and racism in the development of Italian identity during the fascist period.
		This is the first book to examine in detail the debates over racial theory in Fascist Italy between the academic and scientific communities, and among the fascist leadership itself.
		Racial Theories in Fascist Italy will be of interest to historians, to political scientists concerned with the development of fascism and scholars of race and racism.
	www.ebookmall.com /ebook/82431-ebook.htm (587 words)

	Janet E. Helms - Lynch School (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Racial identity; psychological testing and assessment; racial and cultural counseling and psychotherapy.
		Helms, J.E., and Piper, R.E. Implications of racial identity for vocational psychology.
		Using racial identity development theory to transform curriculum and practice in the twenty-first century.
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/avp/soe/people/profiles/cdep/Helms.htm (2454 words)

	Journal of Social Studies Research: Savage and the Slave: Critical Race Theory, Racial Stereotyping, and the Teaching ...
		Critical race theory draws from and extends the parameters of a broad theoretical construct known as critical theory.
		Specifically, critical race theory focuses on challenging the dominant discourse(s) on race and racism with reference to the study and practice of law and how the legal system facilitates and perpetuates the discrimination and subordination of certain ethnic groups (Delgado, 1996; Bell, 1995).
		Third, critical race theory is committed to social justice and the eradication of racial subjugation.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3823/is_200404/ai_n9406043 (1239 words)

	Demise of the Aryan Invasion Theory
		Aryan Race and Invasion Theory is not a subject of academic interest only, rather it conditions our perception of India's historical evolution, the sources of her ancient glorious heritage, and indigenous socio-economic-political institutions which have been developed over the millennia.
		And theories keep modifying, are discredited, nay even rejected with the emergence of new knowledge and data pertaining to the subject matter of the theories.
		On the basis of this theory, the propaganda by the Macaulayists was made that there was nothing great in the Hindu culture and their ancestors and sages.
	www.hindunet.org /hindu_history/ancient/aryan/aryan_agrawal.html (7253 words)

	multiracial.com - Racial Theory & The Pre-Civil War Census
		This was done with theories which attacked the idea that mulattoes were approaching conformity with whites, theories originated by the well-known physician and surgeon, Dr. Josiah Clark Nott of Mobile, Alabama.
		In light of Kennedy's promulgation of Dr. Nott's "mulatto inferiority" theories in the first volume of the 1860 census, one might speculate that he was removed from his position as census superintendent prior to working on the fourth volume which included statistics about mortality.
		Nott's racial theories were based on the statistics in the 1840 census which showed that the "Free Colored" population did not increase in number to the same extent as did the "Slaves." As the next chapter will explain, the statistics in the census had absolutely nothing whatsoever to do with "mulatto inferiority."
	www.multiracial.com /readers/tenzer.html (7004 words)

	An SS Booklet on Racial Policy
		The foundation of the Christian worldview is the doctrine of the separation of body and soul; the soul and spirit belong to a world independent of the physical, free of natural laws, and they are even to a certain degree able to free the human body from its natural setting.
		It is a major shift when racial theory recognizes the unity of body, soul and spirit and sees them as a whole that follows the eternal laws of nature.
		This racial manifesto clearly recognizes the biological differences between the human races, and draws the necessary conclusions from that scientific knowledge.
	www.calvin.edu /academic/cas/gpa/rassenpo.htm (4320 words)

	Dr
		Carter, R. The influence of race and racial identity in the psychotherapy process: Toward a racially inclusive model.
		White racial identity as moderators of expectancy in memory sensitivity and response bias.
		Goodwin, A. L., and Carter, R. The integration of education and racial identity: An emerging paradigm for multicultural teacher education.
	www.tc.columbia.edu /faculty/carter/awards.htm (3401 words)

	SSRN-Understanding 'Depolicing': Symbiosis Theory and Critical Cultural Theory by Frank Cooper
		We usually associate police officers' dis-identification with certain types of suspects with the practice of racial profiling - the systematic over policing of whole classes of suspects based on their racial status.
		Officers experience public criticism of racial profiling as a loss of their usual privilege to exert authority in relations with fellow citizens.
		Ehrenreich's symbiosis theory is especially valuable in providing a framework for understanding the perpetrator's perspective.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=380022 (554 words)

	Black and White Racial Identity — www.greenwood.com
		Viewing race from a psychological perspective, this book presents a racial identity model for both understanding and treating the behavior of fls and whites.
		Moreover, theoretical perspectives that were originally developed to describe social fomentation have been updated and expanded to explain the role of racial identity in counseling dyads, social relationships, and groups.
		Original research addresses the relationship of racial identity to other personality characteristics such as value orientations, decision-making styles and counseling process variables such as satisfaction, counselor strategies, and client reactions.
	www.greenwood.com /books/BookDetail.asp?sku=B4612 (346 words)

	Soci 359: Assignment
		“The theory of racial formation suggests that society is suffused with racial projects, large and small, to which all are subjected.
		Thus are we inserted in a comprehensively racialized social structure.
		A vast web of racial projects mediates between the discursive or representational means in which race is identified and signified on the one hand, and the institutional and organizational forms in which it is routinized and standardized on the other.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~soci359/Assignments/assign_race1.html (568 words)

	Daniel G. Solorzano
		Teaching and research interests include: sociology of education, social mobility, critical race and gender theory, marginality, and race/ethnic, gender, and class relations with a special emphasis on the educational access, persistence, and graduation of underrepresented minority undergraduate and graduate students in the United States.
		Solorzano, D. "Critical Race Theory, Racial and Gender Microaggressions, and the Experiences of Chicana and Chicano Scholars." International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 11, 121-136.
		A Case Study of Racial Microaggressions and Campus Racial Climate at the University of California, Berkeley.
	www.gseis.ucla.edu /faculty/pages/solorzano.html (2795 words)

	ipedia.com: Master race Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		It derives from nineteenth century racial theory, which posited a hierarchy of races placing African Bushmen and Australian Aborigines at the bottom of the hierarchy while white Europeans were at the top.
		The originator of the Nazi version of the theory of the master race was Count Arthur de Gobineau, who argued that cultures degenerate when distinct "races" mix.
		Hence in Nazism the racial ideal was the blond blue-eyed Nordic individual.
	www.ipedia.com /master_race.html (408 words)

	Racial Justice \| Racial Equality \| Social Justice \| Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The struggle for racial justice is one area where Justice Blackmuns...Blackmuns jurisprudence in the...
		racial reconciliation; prayers for racial justice should be a regular part of...
		...lament the slow progress towards racial justice in education that we have made...necessary step on the road toward racial justice.
	www.questia.com /library/law/legal-theory/racial-justice.jsp (510 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Stalin: Reply to Churchill, 1946 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Hitler began to set war loose by announcing his racial theory, declaring that only people speaking the German language represent a fully valuable nation.
		Churchill begins to set war loose, also by a racial theory, maintaining that only nations speaking the English language are fully valuable nations, called upon to decide the destinies of the entire world.
		The German racial theory brought Hitler and his friends to the conclusion that the Germans, as the only fully valuable nation, must rule over other nations.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1946stalin.html (578 words)

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