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Topic: Racism in the United States

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Racism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Racism or racialism is a form of discrimination based on race, especially the belief that one race is superior to another.
		In the United States, many people, largely conservative, criticize policies such as affirmative action as an example of reverse racism, and claim that it is systemic racially-based discrimination.
		Supporters argue that affirmative action policies counteract the systemic and cultural racism against minorities by providing a balancing force, and that affirmative action does not qualify as racist because the policies are enacted by politicians (who are mostly part of the white majority in the United States) and directed towards their own race.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/ra/Racism (1568 words)

	United States People - MSN Encarta
		Large numbers of Europeans migrated to the United States in the early national period, drawn by the promise of freedom, cheap land in the West, and jobs in the first factories of the emerging industrial age.
		The insecure status of even free African Americans in the middle decades of the 19th century caused thousands of fls to emigrate from the United States to Canada, especially after the Fugitive Slave Law was passed in 1850.
		Racism in both the North and the South confined African Americans to second-class citizenship in which political and civil rights were ignored.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_1741500824_2/United_States_(People).html (3776 words)

	Racism in the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Slavery was not actually abolished in the United States until the passage of the 13th Amendment which was declared ratified on December 18, 1865.
		Racism spiked during the 1979 Tehran embassy hostage crisis, the 1991 Gulf War and the Oklahoma City bombing (despite the lack of an Arab connection).
		Institutional racism is the theory that aspects of the structure, pervasive attitudes, and established institutions of society disadvantage racial minorities, although not by an overtly discriminatory mechanism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States (4073 words)

	August 7, 2000: Statement by Ambassador George E. Moose: Racism
		The issue of racism in the United States, as in most countries, is complex and deeply engrained in the political, economic and social fabric of American life, as are our efforts to deal with it.
		In the United States, the legal system provides strong protections against and remedies for discrimination on the basis of race, color, ethnicity or national origin, gender and religion by both public and private actors.
		Racism is not a problem that is particular to any one country, to any one region to any one group of countries with historical similarities.
	www.us-mission.ch /press2000/0807moose.html (571 words)

	What should the position be of the United States in the United Nations concerning Racism
		Recognizing that state-encouraged or mandated racism is when acts of racism are being suggested or forced into the laws and governmental policies by the government of a country.
		The goal of the United States is to encourage the UN to take responsibility to protect the rights of oppressed people in nations where mandated or sponsored racism currently exists.
		Understanding that the United States’ efforts to end racist violence condoned or funded by governments cannot be as effective in ending that racism as numerous countries rallied behind one cause would be.
	www.uni.edu /ihsmun/archive/gd2004/RacismPP.htm (465 words)

	Racism in the United States
		One of the biggest issues concerning racism in the United States is the issue of "racial profiling." This is defined as being stopped and/or searched and harassed by law enforcement solely on the basis of ethnicity, and not because of behavior or any reported crime.
		One of the saddest side-effects of the continued stereotyping of minorities in the United States is the recent high-profile shootings in U.S. schools.
		Racism in the United States has had a profound influence on the economic state of U.S. inner cities.
	www.coc.org /index.fpl/1255.html?article=1535 (3376 words)

	Racism
		Racism is the ideology or practice through demonstrated power of perceived superiority of one group over others by reasons of race, color, ethnicity, or cultural heritage.
		Racism is manifested at the individual, group, and institutional level.
		The document is shaped in the context of racism in the United States.
	www.naswdc.org /resources/abstracts/abstracts/Racism.asp (185 words)

	Crossroads Anti-Racism Training
		Crossroads was founded in 1986 as an effort to develop new directions in understanding and combating the root causes of institutional racism in the United States.
		Thirty years after the civil rights era, the result of limited change is increasing polarization, with deepening frustration within communities of color, and a popular conviction in the white society that the issues of racism were resolved in the 1960's, and are no longer of major concern in the United States.
		Crossroads understands racism as more than personal prejudice and bigotry, and it cannot be eliminated simply through programs of prejudice reduction and multicultural diversity.
	www.ua.edu /academic/facsen/diversity/Crossroads.html (783 words)

	Radical Theories of Racism and Racial Inequality
		The origins of racism in the United States are directly traced to the European conquest of the Americas, to a rapidly expanding capitalism in Western Europe and what was to become the United States seeking cheap and growing supplies of food, beverages, tobacco, and increasingly, cotton.
		Early proponents of this theory in the United States such as Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Touré), were inspired by anti-colonial and anti-imperialist movements in the Third World, and their victories in Ghana, Cuba and Algeria.
		The context for examining the contemporary State should be a highly industrialized capitalist society, where racial categories are relevant and whites are the majority of the population, with a white elite with preponderant economic power, and where the State is formally democratic and not overtly discriminatory.
	www.zmag.org /CrisesCurEvts/bohmerrace.htm (6508 words)

	PC(USA) - United Nations Office - Presbyterian Peacemaking Program
		The United Nations is in the midst of the Third Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1994-2003).
		Racism towards people of African descent is a problems of both North and South America, and the deep structural inequalities towards racial and ethnic minorities in society need to be addressed.
		In the United States, Asian and Asian American men are victims of racism, but these men are not viewed as sexual objects or as having desirable husbandly qualities by women who are unhappy with American men.
	www.pcusa.org /peacemaking/un/racism.htm (8092 words)

	Racism in the United States — www.greenwood.com
		Historical references cover the long history of racism, while the heightened awareness and activity of the recent past is also addressed in detail.
		In addition to works that fit the narrow definition of racism as a mode of oppression or group denial of rights based on color, Weinberg includes references dealing with sexism, antisemitism, economic exploitation, and similar forms of dehumanization.
		Also included is one section of carefully selected references on racism in countries other than the United States.
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/WRK/.aspx (335 words)

	Race and Racism
		At the beginning of the new millennium, the United States is, in important ways, a different country from the one the Framers envisioned.
		present race and racism in a manner that corresponds to the racial complexity of United States society.
		theory of racial formation; the differing implications of colonization and immigration; the formation of stereotypes; unconscious racism; the gendered and sexualized nature of race; and the situation of biracial and multiracial persons.
	academic.udayton.edu /race/syllabi/race/index.htm (1537 words)

	Amazon.com: Encyclopedia of Racism in the United States: Three Volumes]: Books: Pyong Gap Min (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the preface, the editor states that …the United States has probably been the most racist country in the world, with the exception of South Africa under apartheid between 1948 and 1994, and Nazi Germany.
		Monographs of both a scholarly and popular nature are regularly published on racism, and there are numerous reference works devoted to the issue of civil rights in America, but none are as exhaustive as this one, which covers racism from the late eighteenth century to the present.
		Notably, the set includes primary documents, such as antebellum state slave codes, full text or excerpts from both racist and antiracist legal documents, influential speeches, and important scholarly texts studying and commenting on racial issues.
	www.amazon.com /Encyclopedia-Racism-United-States-Volumes/dp/0313326886 (1002 words)

	NORAM2571 - Race and Racism in the United States
		This course gives an understanding of the history of race and racism in the United States, both as a set of ideas and an institutional system.
		Students will gain an understanding of the historical development of race and racism in the United States and develop their abilities to analyze and communicate historical information on sensitive matters, with clarity and maturity, paying attention to their own and other’s biases.
		This course overlaps with NORAM4571 - Race and Racism in the United States.
	www.uio.no /studier/emner/hf/ilos/NORAM2571/index-eng.xml (721 words)

	Racism: Law and Attitude--U.S. History/Contemporary Studies lesson plan (grades 9-12)--DiscoverySchool.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In order for students to begin to understand that racism (the idea and racist practices) is contrary to the ideals set forth by the founders of the United States, it is important for them to know what those ideals are.
		Explain to students that racism can be described in two ways: de jure (that which is a matter of law) and de facto (that which is in reality or evidenced by human attitude).
		Have students select a form of racism that has become illegal (de jure) and research the laws that were written to address it.
	school.discovery.com /lessonplans/programs/racism (1666 words)

	AsianWeek.com: National News: New Report Unveils Systematic Racism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Just weeks before the third United Nations World Conference Against Racism, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, which will be held in Durban, South Africa, the National Network for Immigrant and Refugee Rights (NNIRR) released a report addressing the issue of anti-immigrant racism in the United States.
		Based on a survey of over twenty cities in the United States, the From the Borderline report cites patterns of racism that have been exacerbated by stringent immigration laws and unfairly carried out by law enforcement officials.
		Because she did not bring his birth certificate with him on her way to the hospital, the INS stopped her and forbade her entrance to the hospital because she was not a United States citizen,” Cho said.
	www.asianweek.com /2001_08_17/news_racism.html (990 words)

	Segregation
		The federal government had a constitutional duty to ensure that the states did not discriminate against anyone on account of race, but did not have an authority to demand it of citizens, through their private personal or business practices.
		The Constitution gives United States citizens the right to freely move between states, and the 14th Amendment requires that the States (but not the people) honor the privileges or immunities of United States citizens.
		The 14th Amendment is a well written document carefully preserving states' rights while ensuring that each of the states treat their citizens equally and by a fair set of rules.
	www.liberty-ca.org /presentations/segregation.htm (327 words)

	American Culture Myths and Realities
		Visitors to the United States are often surprised at how hard most Americans work, at their long work hours and short vacations, and at the fast pace of American life in general.
		It would be wise to be aware of the tensions that may exist in the communities you visit in the united States, but do not fear that this will be a common or frequent problem.
		Visitors to the United States are sometimes surprised to find that the African-Americans they meet in the United States have nothing in common with the violent stereotype so often projected in the movies.
	www.intstudy.com /articles/usamyth.htm (1371 words)

	Bush Urged to Support Anti-Racism Summit (Human Rights Watch, 31-7-2001)
		The group is concerned that with only one month remaining before the summit opens in Durban, South Africa, the United States had not yet even decided whether to participate, and is providing only paltry financial support.
		Secretary of State Colin L. Powell said on June 20 in a Senate hearing that matters like compensation for slavery and attacks on Israel could derail the meeting and State Department spokesman Richard Boucher has said the United States' participation depends on how these topics are dealt with.
		By contrast, the United States provided several million dollars to the 1995 United Nations conference on women in Beijing.
	www.hrw.org /english/docs/2001/07/31/usint614.htm (541 words)

	The Daily Californian
		But for African American studies professor Stephen Small, racism in the United States today is more than just an old problem-it is an ignored, hard fact.
		Small, whose talk was part of a month-long series of events commemorating fl history month, said there are two types of racism-old-fashioned racism of the past and a new, more subtle form of racism that has surfaced today.
		Small said the belief that racism is no longer an issue in the United States prompts many whites to vote against legislation that would move the nation towards more equality.
	www.dailycal.org /article.php?id=17700 (505 words)

	Encyclopedia of Racism in the United States — www.greenwood.com
		The editor, a sociology professor who has written award-winning books on Asian American studies, defines racism as "racial victimization for all racial and ethnic minority groups."...Of the 447 entries in the Encyclopedia, 25 represent more "complex topics" (e.g., "anti-Semitism," "biological racism") and are at least twice as long as the remaining entries of 500-1,000 words.
		This is the first encyclopedia that focuses exclusively on theories and historical events related to racism in the United States.
		This is why the Encyclopedia of Racism in the United States is such a timely contribution.
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/GR2688.aspx (943 words)

	From the Borderline to the Colorline: Executive Summary
		From the Borderline to the Colorline: A Report on Anti-Immigrant Racism in the United States, finds that a disturbing pattern of racism against immigrants is on the rise in the United States.
		Based on a nationwide survey of conditions for immigrant communities conducted by twenty-five organizations, this groundbreaking report concludes that anti-immigrant racism poses significant barriers to equality and inclusion for citizens and non-citizens alike.
		The report points to a disturbing pattern or racism visible in the application of U.S. immigration laws, and concludes that those who are African, Asian, Latino, or Caribbean are more often detained, deported, and denied legal status and protections.
	www.nnirr.org /projects/border_color.html (922 words)

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