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	FORWARD : FastForward (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As was discussed in the previous "Food Maven" column, from the ninth to the 10th centuries a group of Jewish merchants known as the Radanites held a virtual monopoly on all spices traded in Europe.
		The Radanites were the only traders accepted by both Christian- and Muslim-controlled Europe, and thus the only ones who enjoyed freedom of movement; this freedom they used to the fullest, working four complicated and incredibly long trade routes stretching from Europe through North Africa, the Middle East, India and China.
		From the west the Radanites brought cloth, furs, swords, eunuchs and female slaves; from the east they carried back numerous varieties of exotic spices.
	www.forward.com /issues/2003/03.06.06/fast1.html (977 words)

	FORWARD : FastForward (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		That today we have even heard of the Radanites (the name may have come from the Persian rah dan, meaning "knows the way") is due to a single written source, a geography book authored by one Ibn Khordadbeh, who served in the ninth century as the postmaster for the caliph of Baghdad.
		That the Radanites could work such incredibly long trade routes was only possible because of a series of Jewish communities all along the way, from Spain at one end through, at the other, the Cochin and Bene Israel Jews of India and various settlements in China, including Hong Chou, Kaifeng and Canton.
		These communities allowed the Radanites unrivaled access to the goods of the East, for they and the local Jewish merchants shared not merely a common religion, but also at least one language (Hebrew), a code of law, references for letters of introduction and, perhaps most importantly, a well-developed system of commercial credit.
	www.forward.com /issues/2003/03.05.30/fast3.html (1023 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Radhanite
		The commodities carried by the Radanites were primarily those which combined small bulk and high demand, including spices, perfumes, jewelry, and silk.
		Some scholars believe that the Radanites may have played a role in the conversion of the Khazars to Judaism.
		In addition, they may have helped establish Jewish communities at various points along their trade routes, and were probably involved in the early Jewish settlement of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, China and India.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Radhanite (1197 words)

	Radhanite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The History of the Jewish Khazars, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1954.
		Jewish Merchant Adventurers: A Study of the Radanites.
		"Radanites." Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present, vol.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Radhanite (1801 words)

	World History Connected \| Vol. 1 No. 2 \| Book Review
		An excellent discussion of the Jewish merchants known as Radanites (101-102) reveals that their privileged status in the Muslim period allowed them to move back and forth quite freely along the Silk Road between the Muslim and Christian worlds.
		The Radanites came into frequent contact with the Khazars, a shamanistic Turkic people north of the Caspian who controlled a northern trade "spur" to the Silk Road.
		As active participants along the trade routes, the Jewish Radanites maintained vibrant diaspora communities which strengthened their religious loyalties.
	worldhistoryconnected.press.uiuc.edu /1.2/br_maxwell.html (941 words)

	Sample Chapter for Benbassa, E.: The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present.
		The centralized organization of Babylonian Judaism, with its academies and religious teachers, enabled it to serve as a beacon for the communities of the diaspora during this period.
		Oriental influence made itself felt on Frankish soil through the activity of Radanites who were in contact with the communities of the region, reaching its height in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
		It was only toward the end of the tenth century, or the beginning of the eleventh century, that the Talmud arrived in France, and even then the Jews did not scrupulously observe its teachings.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/s6706.html (4011 words)

	Jews of Bukhara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Since alcohol was forbidden to Muslims but was important in Jewish diet and ritual, Bukharan Jews continued to cultivate vineyards and engage in wine-making.
		Also during this period, a group of Jewish merchants known as the Radanites financed trading caravans over the Great Silk Road to China in the East and Damascus in the West.
		The renowned scholar and physician Avicenna (Ibn Sina) was born near Bukhara in 980 and grew up studying the philosophy, medicine and mathematics of Aristotle as well as those of the great Arab and Persian thinkers of the day.
	members.dancris.com /~byblos/bukislam.htm (702 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - COMMERCE: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		They embark on the Jorjan Sea, arrive at Balkh, betake themselves from there across the Oxus, and continue their journey toward Yourt, Toghozgbor, and from there to China."
		The name "Radanites" is a puzzle, but probably refers to the commercial metropolis of Persia—Rai (Rhaga), near Teheran, which was the commercial center for Armenia, Chorasan, and Chazaria (Ritter, "Asien," vi.
		The influence of the Radanites probably accounts for the adoption by the court of Chazaria of the Jewish religion (
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=693&letter=C (5817 words)

	JewishGates.Com - The Definitive Source for Talmudic Learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Radanites expanded their trade routes to include China and India (five hundred years before Marco Polo...); there is evidence that Jewish merchants reached Korea and India.
		From Europe they sent to the East eunichs; slave girls and boys; brocade; beaver and marten skins; and swords.
		Some scholars believe that the Radanites were the first Jews to establish Jewish settlements in Poland.
	www.jewishgates.com /file.asp?File_ID=134 (816 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - TRAVELERS: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Communications between Palestine and Rome were frequent; and the example of Saul of Tarsus shows the wide extent of country that an individual without any means could cover in the course of a few years (see Harnack, "Ausbreitung des Christenthums," Berlin, 1904).
		With the spread of Islam, Jewish traders became the chief intermediaries between Moslem and Christian lands; and two routes between Spain and China are recorded as traversed by Jewish traders known as "Radanites," who are described in the "Book of Ways," written about 817 by Ibn Khordadhbeh (
		Other Jewish trade-routes ran from Byzantium to Prague, and possibly extended farther north.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=304&letter=T (863 words)

	CHRONOLOGY OF SLAVERY
		Thessalonica is plundered by the Saracen Corsair Leo of Tripoli who carries off 20,000 people as slaves.
		Jewish merchants known as the Radanites sell white female slaves in the marketplace at Mainz and at other slave markets in the Orient.
		The Radanites then purchase spices, aloe, musk, pearls, and precious stones.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Acropolis/2691/COS.html (5466 words)

	Canadian Jewish News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Interestingly, the names on the register correspond with names on an 1663 inscription in Kaifeng's former synagogue, which listed contributors to a rebuilding fund after a 1642 flood.
		Although some Kaifeng Jews claimed descent from the lost tribes of Israel, they likely came from Persia or India as Radanites, a tribe of Jewish traders along the Silk Road, in the 8th or 9th century.
		In the 13th century, Marco Polo met Jews in China and noted that Kubla Khan knew of them.
	www.cjnews.com /pastissues/01/nov15-01/features/feature3.htm (586 words)

	The Jew Problem
		By 1696 the Jews had control of the Bank of England and have retained control of banking, finance and government ever since.
		The Jewish infestation of France began comparatively early, preceding 70 A.D., and by the ninth century France was the main center of activity of the international Jewish traders, called the Radanites.
		By the 11th and 12th centuries the Jewish communities in France became the most densely settled in the world.
	www.666blacksun.com /Jew_Problem.html (4971 words)

	Jews in Old China: Studies by Chinese Scholars - Sidney Shapiro - Hippocrene Books
		This book provides a wealth of information about the conflicts, contributions, adaptation and ultimate assimilation of the Jews in China.
		It also introduces, from the Chinese perspective, the Radanites, the great medieval Jewish mercantile traders, who provided an important link between China and the West." />
		It also introduces, from the Chinese perspective, the Radanites, the great medieval Jewish mercantile traders, who provided an important link between China and the West.
	www.libreriauniversitaria.it /BUS/0781808332/Jews_in_Old_China:_Studies_by_Chinese_Scholars.htm (429 words)

	Jewish Web Index - Make it easier for you to do your personal research
		A description of the routes of the Radanites follows.
		Despite this golden age of international interrelationship from Spain and Frankish Europe in the west to China and India in the east, around 900 the Radanite commerce came to a sudden end.
		The fall of the Tong Dynasty, in 907, abruptly severed all relations with the west.
	jewishwebindex.com /chinese_jews.htm (9635 words)

	[No title]
		A Persian source from around the year 850 cites a group of Jewish traders called "Radanites", who established trade links between numerous communities, including France and China!
		The Radanite trade routes also linked Franco-Germany with Egypt, Central Asia, and India.
		Many Jews also served as simple merchants, which was again an economic activity particularly suited for the Jews.
	www.hebroots.org /hebrootsarchive/9710/971027_e.html (3286 words)

	phorum - Our World Forum at Asiawind - Jews of Kaifeng
		Jews probably first made their way towards China during the Babylonian exile 2500 years ago, when trade with China was already well established, but a 718 A.D. business letter, written on paper in the trade language of Judeo-Persian, is the first proof on paper (because paper was produced only in China).
		In the late 9th century, ibn Khurdadbih, the "Postmaster of Baghdad," spoke of Jewish traders (Radanites) who traveled from Spain and France to China and back via land and sea.
		Marco Polo met Chinese Jews in Beijing around 1286, and in 1346, the Muslim traveler ibn Battuta entered Hangzhou through the "Jew's Gate.
	www.asiawind.com /forums/read.php?f=3&i=122055&t=122036 (549 words)

	Khazars - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Goods from western Europe travelled east to Central Asia and China and vice versa, and the Muslim world could only interact with northern Europe via Khazar intermediaries.
		The Radanites, a guild of medieval Jewish merchants, had a trade route that ran through Khazaria, and may have been instrumental in the Khazars' conversion to Judaism.
		No Khazar paid taxes to the central government.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Khazars (5710 words)

	Israpundit » Blog Archive » How Has Islam Enriched Your Life?
		These advances were brought from the Far East to the Near East and Europe by the merchants of the Radan, a vast international trade network of the early Middle Ages.
		(By the way, all of the Radanites were Jews.)
		And ever since, the Arabs have been relishing the undue credit for what they never did.
	www.israpundit.com /2006/?p=1006 (648 words)

	Amazon.com: A Jewish princedom in feudal France, 768-900 (Columbia University studies in Jewish history, culture, and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Having said that, the author's speculations about the possibilty of a Jewish princedom in France at that time are truly worth considering.
		Given the historical context of Moslem expansion, Jewish international and trans-continental trading networks 'the Radanites', the Caliphate at Baghdad as the centre of Jewish life and culture, later joined by the Caliphate at Cordoba, and the similar deveopments in Jewish Spain, to have a powerful Jewish presence in the Pyrenees makes a lot of sense.
		It opens up many cans of worms with regard to the Church's real influence in Europe at this time, its inability to trade without Moslem acquiescence through Jewish mediation to name just one.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0231032986?v=glance (1412 words)

	Chapter Five (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This makes them eminently suited for foreign trade since they are admitted everywhere.
		In the geography text, Book of the Roads, there is a chapter entitled "The Routes of the Jewish Merchants Called Radanites." (from the Persian rah'dan meaning "he who knows the way") which describes the incredible range of territory these Jews regularly traveled.
		Unfortunately, at about this time, China becomes xenophobic (fear of foreigners) and the mongolian Tartars ring China, blocking trade.
	members.aol.com /clasz/chap5.html (7717 words)

	Hort 306 - READING 26-1
		These costly Eastern commodities may have been brought to Mainz by Jewish traveling merchants known as "Radanites," who, to a limited extent, kept international trade channels open between and West during the 8
		Although ordinary trade between the Islamic world and Christian Europe was blocked, the Radanite traders, tolerated by both Mohammedans and Christians, enjoyed freedom of movement.
		These Jewish intermediaries transported woolen cloth, furs, Frankish swords, eunuchs, and white female slaves from Europe to the Orient; on the return trip they took back to Spain and France such Oriental luxuries as musk, aloes, pearls, precious stones, and various spices, including cinnamon, cloves, and pepper.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/history/lecture26/r_26-1l.html (15071 words)

	Radhanite - Trade Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Radhanites (also Radanites, Arabic al-Radhaniyya) were a medieval group or guild of Jewish merchants.
		They dominated trade between the Christian and Muslim worlds during the Early Middle Ages (approx.
		This page was last modified 05:48, 23 Aug 2005.
	www.bestbuy.tiptophot.com /trade/index.php?title=Radhanite (1134 words)

	That's Funny You Don't Look Anti-Semitic - The Left's Advice to Jews - Assimilate and Stop Being Jewish
		It was also in this period that there developed the vast Jewish empire of the Khazar Kingdom, stretching from the Volga delta to Kiev—the strategic importance of which was that it separated Christianity and Islam.
		In any event, the trading activities of the Radanites is hardly a persuasive explanation for the existence of world Jewry.
		The excessive determinism of Leon's thesis can be appreciated when it is understood that it was an attempt to refine an even cruder version of the people-class found in Kautsky's Are the Jews a Race?
	www.engageonline.org.uk /ressources/funny/chap4.html (8122 words)

	101-327A Jews in the Orbit of Islam - The Department of Jewish Studies
		Compare at least 3 of the following articles on Radanites:
		Cahen, Claude, "Quelques questions sur les Radanites," DER ISLAM 48 (1972), 333-348.
		Gil, Moshe, "The Radhanite Merchants and the Land of Radhan," JOURNAL OF THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE ORIENT 17, pt.
	www.arts.mcgill.ca /programs/jewish/courses/syllabi/101-327.html (3724 words)

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