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	Radiative cooling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Radiative cooling is the condition in which a body loses more energy by radiation than it gains from its surroundings.
		The large-scale circulation of the Earth's atmosphere is driven by the difference in absorbed solar radiation per square meter, as the sun heats the Earth more in the Tropics, mostly because of geometrical factors.
		The atmospheric and oceanic circulation redistributes some of this energy as sensible heat and latent heat partly via the mean flow and partly via eddies, known as cyclones in the atmosphere.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Radiative_cooling (142 words)

	Textual Script for the Radiation Fog module (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Radiative cooling at fog top replenishes the supply of droplets as they settle downward, and even tries to strengthen the inversion and deepen the fog.
		Radiative heating both near the surface and within the fog layer combine with mechanical processes such as droplet settling and turbulent mixing at fog top to dissipate the fog.
		During the dissipation phase of a radiation fog, the depth, areal coverage, and intensity of the fog diminish.
	meted.ucar.edu /fogstrat/ic31/ic311/script.htm (2372 words)

	RADIATIVE COOLING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The process of cooling by which a heat absorbing media absorbs heat from one source and radiates the heat away.
		Cooling process of the Earth's surface and adjacent air, which occurs when infrared (heat) energy radiates from the surface of the Earth upward through the atmosphere into space.
		Radiative cooling drives the large-scale circulation of the Earth's atmosphere, as the sun heats the Earth more in the Tropics.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /Ra/Radiative+Cooling.html (653 words)

	No Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		We have performed realistic laboratory simulations of the thermal and radiative environment at the surface of Mars to produce the first samples of carbon dioxide ice formed as it does on Mars, by radiative cooling from a 600 Pa, near-pure
		To enable radiative cooling of the gas and "soil" inside the Mars chamber, its top is an infrared window; thin (12 /mum) polypropylene film.
		To be sure that the latent heat of condensation is not lost conductively to the chamber, the walls of the Mars chamber are maintained at a temperature just slightly higher than the condensation temperature.
	www.lpi.usra.edu /meetings/dps97/html/H0608/H0608.html (313 words)

	Radiative Cooling of a Volcanic Fragment
		The radiative cooling time for the ideal case of an object which remains at a uniform temperature with no limitation from heat transfer from the interior of the object is given by :
		The modeling of the radiative cooling time of a hot sphere can give some insights into the role of radiation in cooling hot objects.
		Radiation is definitely not the only mechanism involved; the cooling of real macroscopic objects is a multifaceted topic including heat transfer from the interior of the object to the surface.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/thermo/cooltime3.html (710 words)

	Passive Radiative Cooler for Use in Outer Space
		The current art in cooling sensors or specimens of superconducting or other materials in outer space involves the use of cryogenic cooling systems; the operation of such systems is more complex and certainly more costly in expendables (cryogenic fluids) than is the use of the passive radiative cooling capability of outer space itself.
		An item that one seeks to cool (e.g., a specimen of a high-temperature superconductor) is affixed to the sample tray, and the passive radiative cooler is mounted on a spacecraft structure that faces away from the Sun or a planet.
		For example, in a test of a prototype of the passive radiative cooler, a sample temperature of 116 K was achieved in the presence of a mounting surface at a temperature of 240 K. The passive radiative cooler is expected to function within a remarkable temperature range.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Nov00/MSC22712.html (805 words)

	The Role of Clouds in the Equilibrium Climate State (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The net radiative cooling of the troposphere is mainly balanced by the condensation of water vapor (sensible heat is less than 10% of the latent heat on average), which transports energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere.
		From Equation 6.22, the latent heat release is determined by the net radiative heating of the surface and the total net radiative cooling of the whole atmosphere, which determines the temperature profile and thus the water vapor profile E(P).
		The balance of the net radiative cooling and the latent heat release in each layer is a new requirement in addition to all the other requirements of the previous radiative - convective models.
	asd-www.larc.nasa.gov /~yhu/paper/thesisall/node65.html (438 words)

	Optical Properties and Radiative Cooling Power of White Paints (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Hemispherical spectral reflectance of various commercially available white paints was measured from 0.25 µm to 25 µm in wavelength using a spectro-photometer in the visible and the NIR region and an FT-IR for the infrared region.
		Their solar reflectance and average infrared emittance were derived by averaging the measured reflectance with AM 1.5 solar spectral distribution and thermal radiation distribution of 300 K flbody radiation together with published spectral absorption of the atmosphere, respectively.
		Radiative cooling power even under the sun was also estimated from the measured data and meteorological data for each day in 1994 at Nagoya, Japan.
	wire0.ises.org /wire/doclibs/SWC1999.nsf/d50c88671612cda5c125642c004356aa/d33990a41ea63969c1256920003d6148!OpenDocument (145 words)

	Selective radiative cooling with MgO and/or LiF layers - Patent 4586350
		The selective radiative cooling material of claim 6, wherein said means includes a layer of infrared-transmitting material mounted in spaced relation to said layer of radiating material.
		The invention relates to means for producing cooling by thermal radiative transfer, particularly to a material utilized in a wavelength-selective radiative cooling system, and more particularly to such a material comprising an infrared-reflective substrate coated with magnesium oxide in a ceramic form and/or lithium fluoride in a polycrystalline form.
		The basic idea of a thermally selective radiator is to permit transfer of thermal infrared radiation (5 to 40 microns) only in that part of the spectrum which corresponds to the 8-13 micron transparency "window" of the atmosphere (through which cold space can be seen), while preventing transfer in the rest of the spectrum.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4586350.html (3153 words)

	Radiative cooling
		A simulation which does not include the radiative cooling (such as the one in the previous section) is often referred to as an adiabatic simulation.
		K the cooling depends strongly on the ionization fraction of the gas, the one in the table is the curve labelled
		If this cooling region is contained in one cell of your calculation you are not resolving this process and the solution will be some average temperature and density which could have little to do with the real average density and temperature in the cooling region.
	www.astro.su.se /~garrelt/education/num_exercise/node12.html (709 words)

	Radiative Cooling in MHD (1.5D) Simulations of Stellar Jets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It has been shown that radiative cooling has a macroscopic effect on MHD jet outflow simulations, but the specific features of the simulations depend somewhat on the form in which the cooling is introduced.
		Various implementations of the radiative cooling model are tested for mathematical stability and physical realism.
		In particular, instead of using a quadratic, quartic or asymptotic interpolation of the cooling curve we interpolate the energy depletion term explicitly.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v28n4/aas189/abs/S050007.html (148 words)

	Radiative Cooling Time
		The rate of radiative energy emission from a hot surface is given by the Stefan-Boltzmann law.
		If the heat loss is purely radiative and not limited by heat transfer to the radiating surface, then the cooling time can be modeled for a hot object.
		Modeling the radiative cooling of a volcanic fragment
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/thermo/cootime.html (599 words)

	Radiative cooling
		If a hot and a cold body are allowed to interact by exchaning thermal radiation, the hotter body will transfer its heat to the colder body until radiative equilibrium[?] is achieved.
		If both bodies have the same radiation characteristics, they will eventually both have the same temperature.
		Radiative cooling drives the large-scale circulation of the Earth's atmosphere, as the sun heats the Earth in the Tropics, whereas Earth heats outer space at the poles.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ra/Radiative_cooling.html (129 words)

	Radiative cooling coefficient for krypton
		Radiation in the outermost region of the plasma from deliberately introduced, high recycling impurities is seen as a possible mechanism for controlling the heat load deposited onto the plasma facing components of a fusion reactor [4,5].
		The level of the molybdenum features drops during the injection; this is due to cooling of the central plasma from krypton radiation as well as a reduction in sputtering due to strong edge cooling [30].
		The derived cooling coefficient from this method is most accurate for the inner 60% of the plasma (r/a = 0.6) since the bolometer has limited spatial resolution, and in the outer part of the plasma a single bolometer point measures radiation from a plasma with a steep temperature gradient and rapidly changing conditions.
	epub.iaea.org /fusion/subscribe/40/apr/ms6833FournK/6833.html (5019 words)

	CDAUP-Energy and Climate
		A cooling system was developed which consisted of a shallow roof pond insulated from the environment, and flat plate collectors exposed to the sky, through which the water was circulated at night to be cooled by long wave radiation and convection.
		Since the temperature of the radiator was close to that of the water in the roof pond, and warmer than that of the ambient DBT for at least part of the time, fairly high cooling rates could be maintained throughout the night.
		The primary factors determining the heat output were the intensity of global solar radiation incident on the collectors, wind speed and the temperature difference between the water in the roof pond and the ambient air.
	www.bgu.ac.il /CDAUP/energy.htm (2099 words)

	Astrophysical Jets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Velocity = 30 without radiative cooling using Adams Bashforth method The jet width =.1, the grid is 200X400 Note that pressure does not become negative, but the limiter a =.3.
		Velocity = 30 with radiative cooling, lamda =.1, using Adams Bashforth method The jet width =.1, the grid is 200X400.
		Velocity = 30 with radiative cooling, lambda =.1 The cooling is turned on after t =.025, and there is threshold for temperature.
	math.la.asu.edu /~ag/jets.html (241 words)

	LOW-COST INTEGRATED SYSTEMS FOR SOLAR HEATING AND RADIATIVE COOLING
		The house is equipped with two radiative cooling systems mounted on the tilted roof.
		Preliminary results were obtained for the performance with and without cover plate for the radiators, studying the impact of the flow rate in the radiator system.
		The radiator is a modular building element for roofs and facades, based on a 60 cm module width and four standard lengths.
	www.kenes.com /Ises.Abstracts/Htm/0302.htm (628 words)

	ALGOL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For the case where the surrounding medium is a circumstellar wind, the high density at early times can give rise to radiative cooling of the shocked supernova gas, in which case the shocked supernova gas forms a very thin shell.
		With radiative cooling, the instability saturates at an amplitude comparable to that found for the adiabatic case -- at about half the shell thickness for one case.
		The importance of the instability for radio supernovae is that cool, partially ionized gas is mixed into the region that may give rise to radio synchrotron emission.
	wonka.physics.ncsu.edu /Astro/Preprints/ssdw.html (319 words)

	Thermal instability (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Quiescent interstellar gas in dynamical equilibrium can be assumed to be in in thermal equilibrium, i.e., radiative heating is balanced by radiative cooling.
		reflects that fact that radiative cooling is usually dominated by optically thin emission lines excited by collisions at densities less than the critical density, i.e., the rate of excitation is proportional to
		The cooling function for heating by starlight via the photoelectic effect is only weakly dependent on temperature.
	astron.berkeley.edu /~jrg/ay202/node146.html (742 words)

	Radiative cooling (Henry Spencer) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The only other major option is radiative cooling, with the engine running hot (very hot) and just radiating away the excess.
		The closest any big engine currently comes to full radiative cooling is the Viking engine, used in Arianes 1-4, which uses radiation cooling for its whole nozzle, but film cooling for the chamber and throat.
		One limitation in radiative cooling is that it does mean running very hot (by structural standards), and lightweight high-temperature materials are scarce.
	yarchive.net /space/rocket/radiative_cooling.html (383 words)

	University of Sussex e-print archive - The effect of radiative cooling on the X-ray properties of galaxy clusters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		We show that radiative cooling produces an inflow of high-entropy gas from the outer parts of the cluster, thus raising the cluster temperature and decreasing the X-ray luminosity.
		With radiative cooling clusters are on average from three to five times less luminous in X-rays than the same clusters simulated without cooling.
		We emphasize that globally cooling a sensible amount of material is vital and the presence or absence of massive central concentrations of cold baryonic material has a dramatic effect upon the resultant X-ray properties of the clusters.
	139.184.108.30 /110 (287 words)

	9.3 The sensitivity of a simulated supercell to emulated radiative cooling beneath the anvil (2004 - 22SLS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the other simulation, radiative cooling due to anvil shading was emulated by prescribing a cooling rate to the skin temperature at any grid point at which cloud water was present overhead.
		Low-level air temperatures were coupled to the skin cooling in this second simulation by the inclusion of surface sensible heat fluxes using simple bulk aerodynamic drag laws (latent and soil heat fluxes were not included).
		Though this emulation of radiative cooling is admittedly simple, it illustrates that a potentially important forcing is being missed in numerical simulations of long-lived convective storms.
	ams.confex.com /ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/paper_81186.htm (233 words)

	Radiative Cooling and UV-background Heating (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Radiative cooling and UV-background heating consist of photoionization of H
		Cooling and heating rates are dependent on density, temperature and abundances of all ionic species of gas, and the abundance is determined from density and temperature of gas assuming that gas is optically thin and in the ionization equilibrium:
		In the practical implementations, the cooling and heating rates are tabulated as a function of temperature and hydrogen number density in the form of a lookup table, and interpolated in equation (3.14).
	www-utap.phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp /%7Ekohji/research/paper/thesis/node27.html (681 words)

	Theory and apparatus for measurement of emissivity for radiative cooling of hypersonic aircraft with data for Inconel ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Theory and apparatus for measurement of emissivity for radiative cooling of hypersonic aircraft with data for Inconel and Inconel X
		The importance of radiation as a means of cooling high-supersonic- and hypersonic-speed aircraft is discussed to show the need for measurements of the total hemispherical emissivity of surfaces.
		The theory underlying the measurement of the total hemispherical emissivity of surfaces is presented, readily duplicable apparatus for performing the measurements is described, and measurements for stably oxidized Inconel and Inconel X are given for the temperature range from 600 F to 2,000 F. An Adobe Acrobat (PDF) file of the entire report (2671211 bytes):
	naca.larc.nasa.gov /reports/1957/naca-tn-4121 (123 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Coastal Meteorology: A Review of the State of the Science (1992)
		The physical processes important in the development of katabatic winds are radiative cooling, development of a sloped pressure gradient force, adiabatic warming of downward moving air, friction, and entrainment (Gutman, 1983; Manins and Sawford, 1979; Nappo and Rao, 1987; Parish, 1984; Parish and Waight, 1987).
		Particularly in polar regions, formation of low-level ice crystals in the cooling air appears to be the rule rather than the exception (see, e.g., Bromwich, 1988; Curry, 1983; Curry et al., 1990; Overland and Guest, 1991), and their presence has the potential to substantially perturb the radiation balance.
		Also, the radiative effect of low-level clouds within the katabatic layer has not been investigated; cloud-top radiative cooling from low-level clouds may enhance inversion-slope pressure gradients in the katabatic layer even though actual surface cooling may be reduced, while higher clouds will simply retard surface cooling and not contribute to the pressure gradient.
	www.nap.edu /openbook/0309046874/html/31.html (4533 words)

	On the gas temperature in the shocked circumstellar envelopes of pulsating stars
		According to our models, the dissipative heating by shock waves created by the stellar pulsation does not lead to a long-lasting increase of the gas temperatures close to the star, because the radiative cooling is too effective.
		In the meantime, the gas cools slowly by forbidden metal emission lines, or by adiabatic expansion.
		This re-increase of the radiative cooling function with decreasing gas temperature causes a radiative instability which may temporarily lead to a coexistence of cool molecule-rich and warm molecule-poor regions in the radiative relaxation zone.
	www.edpsciences.org /articles/aa/abs/2003/22/aah4073/aah4073.html (324 words)

	Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Radiative cooling is a natural and effective method of phase-space cooling for stored electron beams.
		In electron storage rings the average effects of synchrotron radiation from the bending magnets cause the beam emittances in all three degrees of freedom to damp towards equilibria, determined by the fluctuating nature of quantum emissions.
		In this paper, they show that the radiation damping in a focusing system is fundamentally different from that in a bending system.
	www.osti.gov /bridge/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=11125 (305 words)

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