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Topic: Radical Reformation

	The Radical Reformation
		The Radical Reformation consists of the most diverse group of theologians of any of the other movements.
		In fact, the only characteristic that all radical reformers share is their rejection of the Catholic Church and the protestant churches.
		In his classic, The Radical Reformation, George Huntston Williams classified the radicals as Anabaptists, Spiritualists, or Evangelical Rationalists.
	cat.xula.edu /tpr/movements/radical (154 words)

	Protestant Reformation - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists.
		The frustrated reformism of the humanists, ushered in by the Renaissance, contributed to a growing impatience among reformers.
		The major individualistic reform movements that revolted against medieval scholasticism and the institutions that underpinned it were: humanism, devotionalism, and the observatine tradition.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Protestant_Reformation (2914 words)

	Protestant Reformation -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The frustrated reformism of the humanists, ushered in by the (The period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries) Renaissance, contributed to a growing impatience among reformers.
		The major individualistic reform movements that revolted against medieval scholasticism and the institutions that underpinned it were: (The doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason; rejects religion and the supernatural) humanism, devotionalism, and the observatine tradition.
		A more radical reformation was imposed, including the abolition of the (The property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field) mass, the destruction of images, and the closing of the (additional info and facts about chantries) chantries.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pr/protestant_reformation.htm (2925 words)

	Radical Reformation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Radical Reformation was a 16th century response to both the perceived corruption in the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Protestant movement led by Martin Luther.
		This was particularly notable in the rule of John of Leiden over the city of Münster in 1535, which was ultimately crushed by the forces of the Catholic Bishop of Münster and the Lutheran Landgrave of Hesse.
		Notably, George Hunston Williams, the great categorizer of the Radical Reformation, considered early forms of Unitarianism (such as that of the Socinians, and exemplified by Michael Servetus), and other trends that disregarded the Nicene christology still accepted by both Catholics, Orthodox, and the two larger protestant groups, as part of the Radical Reformation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Radical_Reformation (254 words)

	Protestant Reformation Article, ProtestantReformation Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The frustrated reformism of the humanists, ushered in by the Renaissance,contributed to a growing impatience among reformers.
		The major individualistic reform movements that revolted against medieval scholasticism and the institutions that underpinnedit were: humanism, devotionalism, and the observatine tradition.
		A more radical reformation was imposed, includingthe abolition of the mass, the destruction of images, and the closing of the chantries.Following a brief Catholic reactionduring the reign of Mary 1553 - 1558, a consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I, from which we may date the origins of Anglicanism.
	www.anoca.org /luther/church/protestant_reformation.html (2692 words)

	Communalism (3) (Rexroth)
		Although the three great reformers were to make much of an appeal to the Bible — “only by faith, only by the Bible,” said Luther — to the apostolic age, and to the fathers of the Church, their theology was in fact derived directly from St. Augustine and the medieval scholastics.
		Radical sectarians did not just appeal to the traditions of the Church before it was coopted by Constantine; they strove to reinstate it totally in faith and practice, as a saving remnant within a doomed world.
		The radicals were escorted to a city gate and evicted, went around the wall, and entered by another gate, where they were met and returned to their churches by a cheering multitude; and they then proceeded to denounce the minions of Antichrist from the pulpit.
	www.bopsecrets.org /rexroth/communalism3.htm (10067 words)

	Rev. Alicia McNary Forsey, Ph.D.: Worship and the Radical Reformers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Radical Reformation extends from Erasmus’ edition of the Greek New Testament (1516) to 1579 and the death of the Hutterite leader, Peter Walpot, the death of the leader of the Transylvanian Unitarians, Francis Dávid, the arrival of Faustus Socinus in Poland and his conversion of Racovian Antitrinitarian Anabaptists in the direction of Socinianism.
		The leaders of the Radical Reformation were, at some time in the formation of their theological perspectives, significantly influenced by Anabaptism, including the three best-known leaders of this period: Michael Servetus, Faustus Socinus and Francis Dávid.
		Radical Reformer Anneken Jans was apprehended in Rotterdam for singing a hymn with her traveling companion, Christina Barents.
	online.sksm.edu /ce/articles/alicia~worship_radical_reformers_02,nouse.htm (5186 words)

	Radical Reformation
		The radical movement developed social as well as religious dimensions when its members joined forces with rural priests such as Simon Stumpf at Hongg and Wilhelm Reublin at Wittikon, who sought to establish self - governing Volkskirchen in the rural communities, independent of Zurich's central authority, both religious and civil.
		Thus at Schleitheim first emerged the idea of a "free church." These Swiss Brethren came to be known for their legalistic approach to the Bible, a salvation manifesting itself in the creation of separated congregations, and baptism which symbolized that salvation and made the baptizand a member of the congregation.
		Radicals characterized as spiritualizers downplayed significantly or rejected altogether external forms of church and ceremonies, opting instead for inner communion through the Holy Spirit.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txc/radrefor.htm (1768 words)

	Lecture 4: The Impact of Luther and the Radical Reformation
		The largest group of radical reformers were the Anabaptists (literally "re-baptizers," used as a term a derision).
		Of course, Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli detested the radicals.
		The radicals were pursued wherever they found themselves and to survive, many of them fled to Poland, the Low Countries, England and to the New World.
	www.historyguide.org /earlymod/lecture4c.html (1469 words)

	Reformation radical (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		MAGAZINES Church History 9/1/2002 Roth, John D. was to shape Anabaptist and radical reformation studies for the next fifty...
		MAGAZINES National Underwriter Life & Health-Financial Services Edition 12/23/2002 Scroggin, John J. Estate planning is in the midst of a radical reformation and a number of factors are driving the process.
		The Reformation, the Renaissance, the rise of rational...
	interlingua.encyclopedia.st /Reformation_radical (295 words)

	Who's Who in the Reformation
		He was the real brain-power of the Reformation, the synthesizer and, to a certain extent, its theological systematizer, despite the fact that he was a quarter-century the junior of Luther and Zwingli and of the second generation of the Reformation.
		Although the Radical Reformers believed in justification by faith alone, they also insisted that those truly justified — and often they understood by this those who could point to some experience of conversion — had to produce good works and live according to a high moral standard.
		It would take time for the papacy to regain credibility with respect to reform and, even when popes began taking seriously their apostolic responsibilities in that regard, the Reformers were attacking the papacy as an institution inherently contrary to the gospel, not merely the occupants of the office as personally unworthy.
	www.catholiceducation.org /articles/history/world/wh0050.html (6132 words)

	Reformation
		These three things greatly affected the Reformation: The Renaissance, both Italian (in how secularization was beginning to dominate thought) and Northern (how Church Reform led eventually to Reformation by Luther); The Printing Press (which w/o the reformation would not have happened); and last the rise of powerful nation-states headed by a monarch.
		Now reformation is not how this guy Luther changed everything, Reformation is more about how the Church and its ideals split within different people, Reformation is Complex, Intriguing, and Compelling (It would make a good fiction book).
		The Church was in disarray on the eve of Reformation.
	ap_history_online.tripod.com /apeh3.htm (1483 words)

	Directory - Society: Religion and Spirituality: Christianity: Church History: The Reformation: Radical Reformation
		Also, although the Anabaptists were quite in accord with the theology of the Reformation as expressed by Luther and Zwingli, they believed the Reformation had not gone far enough in its return to the early church teachings of the Apostles.
		Radical Reformation · cached · The Anabaptists in Switzerland, Germany and the Low Countries.
		The Radicals of the Reformation · cached · Article on the Anabaptists, the Spiritualists and the Evangelical Rationalists.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=179045 (330 words)

	Open Directory - Society: Religion and Spirituality: Christianity: Church History: The Reformation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		PBS Faith and Reason: Reformation - Glossary definition: A term covering a number of changes in Western Christianity (Europe) between the 14th and 17th centuries, resulting in the split in Christianity between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.
		The Protestant Reformation - An overview of the Reformation, from the early efforts to reform the Church from 1300 to 1500, the conditions for reform at the time, the leaders of the Reformation (Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Knox)and the Anglican Revolution.
		The Reformation - An excellent survey by Philip Schaff, covering the principles of the Reformation as well as an overview of the Reformation in Germany, Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Scandinavia, England and Scotland.
	dmoz.org /Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Church_History/The_Reformation (686 words)

	THE RADICALS OF THE REFORMATION
		One characteristic of the radicals some scholars see it as their essential distinction is the rejection of any connection with the state.
		In the episcopal city of Münster in Westphalia, the Reformation was introduced in its Lutheran form in 1532 and 1533, under the leadership of a priest named Bernhard Rothmann.
		Though the men who espoused such radical views were treated as outcasts by the ruling authorities in their day, their quiet influence, working as it were beneath the surface of events, has continued to provide, for many persons, a more satisfying interpretation of the Christian life than they could find anywhere else.
	www.ku.edu /carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/15.html (9302 words)

	The Radical Reformation: Resources
		By their undefined nature and difficult circumstances, the Radical branches of the Reformation took on a variety of forms, some of them rather extreme.
		The various radical reformers all shared a different view of the Church.
		Radical Reformation on BELIEVE an online glossary of theological terms.
	www.eldrbarry.net /heidel/anabrsc.htm (955 words)

	World Alliance of Reformed Churches-Cat. Church Relations
		It also commented on why' the Protestant reforming movements were not accepted by the Catholic Church in the 16th century, and the ways in which, as a result of dialogue, Catholics and Protestants today have found convergences, and on some questions agreement, on some issues of concern to the Reformation.
		The main reason is that the conferences had achieved, for the first time, a platform for voices from the First Reformation and the Radical Reformation traditions to be heard within the context of the larger ecumenical conversation.
		The first, the magisterial and the radical reformation families share much of the Christian heritage in common, but in many ways they are also separated from each other and diverge on many questions.
	www.ewtn.com /library/CURIA/PCCUREFC.HTM (1587 words)

	M:\My Documents\MQRARCHI\oct2000\hays1.HTM
		As I studied the history of the Reformation, it had seemed to me-as it did to the sixteenth-century Anabaptists-that Luther and Calvin, in their continued defense of infant baptism, were strangely inconsistent with the logic of justification by faith.
		The Radical Reformers insisted that they were recalling the faithful to live strictly by what the Bible said, rather than by the body of tradition developed in the church over many centuries.
		I continue to find the witness of the Radical Reformation churches inspiring and challenging, and I expect that the power of their testimony will increase in the coming century, as the church in the West comes to grips with its new situation as a disenfranchised minority in a post-Constantinian world.
	www.goshen.edu /mqr/pastissues/oct00hays.html (3577 words)

	Catholics and Heretics: Sarmatian Review, April 1999
		This radical and exclusively Scriptural theology was based on a rationalistic interpretation of Scripture and it rejected many fundamental principles of the traditional Christian theology including the statements of the first Councils.
		There appeared during the Reformation other groups which were more radical than the 'mainline' Protestants, and in such a situation, Lutherans and Calvinists were closer to the Catholics than to those radical reformers.
		In some cases, the radical reformers were poles apart from both Roman Catholicism and from original Lutheranism and Calvinism.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~sarmatia/499/wilczek.html (5573 words)

	English Dissenters: Anabaptists
		Continental Anabaptist congregations rejected the corrupted doctrines and practices of the Roman Church, and the new Reformed Protestants Churches of the Reformation.
		Based on their radical theology of social change and religious beliefs, the Anabaptists came to be persecuted by most civil authorities and State officials in Europe.
		This congregation was modeled on the Continental reformed churches, and were generally considered outside of the local bishops control.
	www.exlibris.org /nonconform/engdis/anabaptists.html (2646 words)

	Andreas Carlstadt: The Reformation Goes Radical
		However, others caught up in the reformation zeal did wish to separate from Rome in all aspects.
		And shortly after Augsburg-where Luther was declared a heretic, thus an outlaw worthy of capital punishment without a trial, and was excommunicated from the church, the movement takes a radical turn.
		Elector Fredrick's decision to have Luther spirited away (he just didn't want to know the details in case he was accused of harboring a fugitive) left Wittenberg without a calm, reasonable leader.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/lutheranism/48138 (495 words)

	Hist 110 - Reading List
		Reform in the Church 1495-1540 (New York, 1969), 1-15.
		Gerald Strauss, ed., Manifestations of Discontent in Germany on the Eve of the Reformation (Bloomington, Ind., 1985), 35-63.
		Thomas Müntzer, "Sermon to the Princes" [1524], in The Radical Reformation, ed.
	www.stanford.edu /class/history110/readings.html (661 words)

	Full Story
		Thus began the Swiss Brethren and the Radical Reformation.
		The radical action brought change to the entire church questioning the regional church domination theory of the day.
		We also know that one of their radical positions was not going to war.
	www.ecapc.org /newspage_detail.asp?print=Yes&control=890 (357 words)

	Radical Reformation
		The Reformation was a tumultuous period of European history ranging from around 1517 to the turn of the century.
		By radical I do not mean ‘a lunatic fringe’ but getting back to the root of what the Reformation was about.
		This, at its root, was the essence of the Reformation.
	www.christredeemer.com /index.cfm/method/content.40B73EAF-6F0F-4FE5-92D5E6E1E676C58C (500 words)

	Address: Unitarianism and the Radical Reformation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Protestant Reformation, which introduced a host of new ideas into Christian Europe, was less than two decades in the making when Servetus was put to death.
		While Luther and Calvin were busy making alliances with local princes and focused on establishing their reformed church institutions, a radical wing of the reformation began to develop under two separate movements: Humanism and Anabaptism.
		What remains in common with those radical reformer who did question the doctrine of the Trinity, is our commitment to freedom in matters of religious inquiry and belief, tolerance of opposing views, and the use of reason in religious thinking.
	www.usr.pair.com /sermon2.html (2253 words)

	Hall of Church History—The Anabaptists
		One of the latter, Michael Servetus (the anti-Trinitarian who was executed by fire in Calvin's Geneva), was part of the Radical Reformation and is often called an Anabaptist.
		Sola Scriptura—Anabaptists were sometimes more consistent than the Magisterial Reformers in their insistence on biblical authority for certain practices in matters of church polity and worship.
		Perhaps it is fair to note that the Anabaptists thought they detected a tendency toward antinomianism in the Reformed doctrine of justification by faith alone.
	www.spurgeon.org /~phil/anabapt.htm (899 words)

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