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Topic: Radical Whigs

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	Whig - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The term whig was coined when an insurgency of the Scottish Presbyterians known as Covenanters marched from the south west of Scotland on Edinburgh in 1648, with the country folk using the word "whiggam" to urge on their horses.
		As a result, the episode became known as the "Whiggamore Raid" and the terms Whiggamore and Whig were subsequently used as nicknames for the radical Kirk Party faction.
		Whig School of History a loose confederation of historians who viewed the history of the world as improving in a teleological manner.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /information.asp?k=Whig (417 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Revolutionary War in Georgia
		He attracted the anger of the Whigs by publicly denouncing the Association and summoning friends of the king to join a counterassociation.
		Radical leaders of local committees dominated the convention and produced one of the most democratic constitutions of any state.
		The radical faction dominated the new Assembly that met in January 1780.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2709 (3740 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The term Radical (latin radix meaning root) was used from the late 18th century for proponents of the Radical Movement and has since been used as a label in political science for those favouring or trying to produce thoroughgoing political reforms which can include changes to the social order to a greater or lesser extent.
		Radical riots in 1816 and 1817 were followed by the Peterloo massacre of 1819 publicised by Richard Carlile who then continued to fight for press freedom from prison.
		The Whigs gained power and despite defeats in the House of Commons and the House of Lords the Reform Act 1832 was put through with the support of public outcry, mass meetings of "political unions" and riots in some cities.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Radicalism_(historical) (2709 words)

	[No title]
		Whigs argue that there was an ancient constitution of limited monarchy, in which Parliament curbed the Crown’s attempts to exceed its powers.
		Whig Historians even argue that, despite the laws, the latitudinarian and tolerant spirit ushered in by the revolution was so strong that these privileges were extended in practice to Catholics.
		Whigs claimed it was revolutionary because it radically changed England’s position internationally, transforming her role in the world, or at least provided the platform to do so.
	members.lycos.co.uk /duncbaines/berry1.htm (3830 words)

	H-Net Review: Howard Nenner on Radical Whigs and Conspiratorial Politics in Late Stuart ...
		This study of Whig radicalism is largely about the 1680s and the activities of those politicians, adventurers, and polemicists who in that decade were willing "to use and justify violence to obtain their ends" (xiii).
		Particularly usable is an appendix of the careers of some ninety-four radical Whigs, those who qualify for inclusion in her taxonomy by virtue of their commitment generally to a right of active resistance and specifically to "a violent solution to the problem of the royal succession" (p.
		Many, while certainly appreciating the importance of radical political thought and not denying the existence of radical politics, will remain to be persuaded that the subculture of radicalism had much of an effect on the Revolution, let alone that the Revolution was much of an exercise in political violence.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=21308957377820 (1171 words)

	Liberal Democracy
		Radical liberals in England thought some American institutions should be borrowed; hence the influence on the Australian founding fathers of the American model.
		The Radicals suspected that the Whigs were trying to use use them for their own purposes -- to frighten the Tories into sharing office with the Whigs -- without sacrificing any of the essential interests of the aristocracy.
		Before 1832 the Radicals advocated democracy; that was their ambit claim, so to speak, but they settled for less -- for an extension of voting rights to themselves, to the middle classes; after that they became opponents of democracy.
	www.humanities.mq.edu.au /Ockham/y67xb.html (6515 words)

	American Experience \| The Time of the Lincolns \| Partisan Politics
		The Whigs believed in a "loose construction" of the Constitution which included supporting big government with a national bank and the congressional regulation of the expansion of slavery.
		The Whigs were unanimous in their nomination of Henry Clay for the presidency, standing on the same platform as previous elections.
		Whigs were dedicated to the enforcement of the provisions of the Compromise of 1850, which included the admission of California as a free state and a stricter fugitive slave law.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/lincolns/politics/tl_tree.html (1092 words)

	History Of The United States Of America, Part Four (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Whigs were led by Henry Clay of Kentucky, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and others who called for an active national government and who had a nationalist answer to the growing problem of slavery.
		Northern Whig evangelicals proposed new forms of prisons that were meant less to punish the bodies of criminals (through whippings, incarceration, and execution) than to improve their souls.
		Radical Reform The great belief of Northern middle–class evangelicalism—a belief behind most middle–class reform—was that human nature was not irreparably damaged by original sin.
	history-world.org /history_of_the_united_states4.htm (8632 words)

	Williard Sterne Randall / Benedict Arnold - Patriot and Traitor
		The combination of the most radical Whig state constitution and the largest proportion of Loyalists, neutral Quakers, and pacifists led to persecution in Pennsylvania in the dying months of 1778.
		As late as 1777, the radical Whigs had such a tenuous grip on power in Pennsylvania that they had had to decree that there could be no treason against the state before passage of the new state constitution of February 11, 1777.
		Reed's change of sides eliminated the moderate element in Pennsylvania, creating a left-wing party, the Radical Whigs, and a right-wing party, the Republicans, whose leaders all were attacked in print and by mobs in the city's streets in the next year.
	www.cooperativeindividualism.org /randall_on_benedict_arnold.html (5243 words)

	The Republicans And The Civil War
		Men of little patience and less tolerance, the Radicals advocated an implacable, uncompromising prosecution of the war against the Southern rebellion, and were in the forefront of such issues and legislation as the Confiscation Acts, emancipation, the enlistment of fls, the 13th Amendment, and Reconstruction policies.
		Though Lincoln, a moderate, eventually sided with the Radicals on a number of key issues, such as emancipation, many Radicals opposed his renomination in 1864 primarily because of their differences regarding Reconstruction.
		Radicals dominated the Committee on the Conduct of the War, which investigated military matters.
	www.civilwarhome.com /republicans.htm (579 words)

	Radical - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Radical of an ideal, an important concept in abstract algebra
		Radical (chemistry), atomic or molecular species with unpaired electrons
		Radical Republican, a member of an influential group of American politicians during the Civil War reconstruction
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Radical (222 words)

	The Whigs
		In the late17th century the term Whig was used to describe those opposed to the religious policies of Charles II.
		By the 19th century their rivals in Parliament, the Tories, were the supporters of the established church and the traditional political structure.
		The Whigs, in contrast to the Tories, favoured reform.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /Pwhigs.htm (147 words)

	From revolution to Reconstruction: Essays: The American Whig Party (1834-1856): Historical Background (1/2)
		The Whig Party, in the United States, was for most of its history concerned with promoting internal improvements, such as roads, canals, railroads, deepening of rivers, etc. This was of interest to many Westerners in this period, isolated as they were and in need of markets.
		Abraham Lincoln was a Whig for most of this period.
		And many on the revolutionary side must have identified with the English Whigs, which continued to be the party in favor of Parliament's keeping the king in check.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~usa/E/uswhig/whigs01.htm (318 words)

	[No title]
		The radical character of the republicanism that the Revolutionaries adopted in 1776--which stressed corruption, luxury, virtue, and the public good--is especially at odds with the individualistic, rights-oriented liberalism that Hartz claimed lay at the heart of American culture.
		The ideas of radical Whiggism with their language of intense liberalism and paranoiac mistrust of power were found to be particularly meaningful for expressing American anxieties.
		So absorbed were the Americans in the Commonwealth tradition of English radicalism that even the destruction o monarchy and the institution of republicanism did not signify a repudiation of the ancient constitution; the spirit of republicans, the spirit of the great men of the 17thc.
	www.maxwell.syr.edu /maxpages/classes/psccomps/WOOD.doc (1665 words)

	Liteature of Liberty 1978 vol. 3: The Online Library of Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Too often, studies of the radical tradition are cast in a "heroic" mold, in which radicals are pictured as heroes to be emulated rather than historical figures defined by their own time, even as they struggle to transcend it.
		These publicists, variously known as Commonwealthmen, Radical Whigs, or the Country Party, developed a pervasive critique of the "corruption" overtaking English life as a result of the political and economic changes of the eighteenth century.
		Aileen Kraditor, "American Radical Historians," is a good introduction to some of the problems of interpreting the history of American radicalism, although Kraditor's rather uncritical use of the concept "hegemony," borrowed from the Italian Marxist theorist Antonio Gramsci, leads her to underestimate the persistence of radicalism in the American past.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Texts/LiteratureOfLiberty0352/0353-03_1978v3.html (14672 words)

	Transatlantic 1790s: Projects: Loyalists
		While radical and reform movements had an extensive native geneology as well, including the Wilkite movement and Dissenters, an immediate impetus for their growth was the example of the French Revolution.
		While far from radical, Fox had a reputation as a "man of the people," and his strong antagonism of Pitt and support for the French Revolution made him a natural ally with the radicals and reformers.
		His 1792 Libel Act, in fact, protected many radicals accused of sedition, for it required these cases to be determined by a jury instead of a judge.
	www.cs.grinnell.edu /1790s/Projects/Sara/Radicals.php (1250 words)

	Earl Grey
		Although his father was a staunch Tory, Grey soon became a follower of Charles Fox, the leader of the Radical Whigs in the House of Commons.
		The Whigs were popular with the electorate and after the election they had a larger majority than before in the House of Commons.
		The Whigs were now able to introduce and pass a series of reforming measures.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /PRgrey.htm (1485 words)

	Melinda S. Zook: Radical Whigs and Conspiratorial Politics in Late Stuart England
		She singles out an underground network of radical conspirators and propagandists who have been virtually ignored by historians.
		Scholars of political history have traditionally associated the creation of liberal political thought with the elite genesis of John Locke and the triumphant, bloodless, glorious Revolution of 1688.
		Radical Whigs and Conspiratorial Politics in Late Stuart England brings to life the true creators and disseminators of a liberal ideology based on contract and consent.
	www.psupress.org /books/titles/0-271-01856-9.html (246 words)

	Uni High Gargoyle: Column: Impending tyranny! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Earlier this year in U.S. History, the junior class was introduced to Radical Whig ideology, a philosophy that suggests that, while a governing body is a necessity, it must constantly be checked for internal corruption and its officers supervised to prevent tyrannical behavior.
		The Radical Whigs suggested that there were three warning signs of impending governmental tyranny: political corruption, religious authoritarianism, and a standing army in peacetime.
		The radical whigs were NOT opposed to propaganda-they used it to a great extent, to emphasize their points.
	www.uni.uiuc.edu /gargoyle/2006/11/column_impending_tyranny.htm (2988 words)

	The Whig Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Thus they came to be called Whigs, implying that the Jacksonians were Tories, in favor of "King" Andrew.
		The Whigs were also badly hurt by the short-lived Native American or Know-Nothing party, which was primarily anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic.
		The last year the Whigs had a presidential candidate was in 1856.
	jmisc.net /whigs.htm (601 words)

	Freemasonic Symbolism and Georgian Gardens
		John Toland, one of the leading figures of the radical thinkers of the Enlightenment is known to have belonged to a masonic society (26).
		This lax political pragmatism proved that one of the most important Whig beliefs on the moral qualities necessary to preserve a free government was no longer respected and this was seen as a threat to the foundations of England's liberty-preserving "mixed" constitution (31).
		The radical Whigs, described as Commonwealthmen or classical republicans, were not democrats or opponents to the monarchy.
	www.esoteric.msu.edu /VolumeV/Freemasonill.html (7383 words)

	Thaddeus Stevens
		He frequently appeared in behalf of fugitive slaves before the Pennsylvania courts, and previously, in the state constitutional convention of 1837, he had refused to sign the constitution limiting the suffrage to white freemen.
		He was a Whig representative in Congress in 1849-53, and was leader of the radical Whigs and Free-Soilers, strongly opposing the Compromise Measures of 1850, and being especially bitter in his denunciations of the Fugitive Slave Law.
		In 1855 he took a prominent part in organizing the Republican party in Pennsylvania, and in 1856 was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, in which he opposed the nomination of John C. Fremont.
	nndb.com /people/112/000097818 (764 words)

	Rothbard and Burke vs. the Cold War Burkeans
		Thus in 1977, Isaac Kramnick, in the course of explaining the bourgeois radicalism of the 18
		He saw that they had been creating, in their network of local and provincial committees of correspondence, of enforcement, and conventions of delegates, both provincial and continental, an approach to a state of anarchism.
		As Rothbard saw it, as early as 1770 a split was arising within English liberalism between libertarian, radical Whigs and moderate Whigs.
	www.lewrockwell.com /stromberg/stromberg32.html (2859 words)

	Lecture: Dr. Paul Rahe - How radical was the American Revolution?
		Through much of the 17th and 18th centuries, the British colonial system was managed by men such as John Locke, who saw the potential for economic and technological development.
		In short, Adams demanded that the colonists abandon respect for prescription and put asunder what the court Whigs and Edmund Burke had worked so hard to bring together.
		In effect he asked them to embrace one England and repudiate the other England –; which, whether he then confessed it or not in 1765, was to call for a revolution.
	www.thomasaquinas.edu /news/newsletter/2000/spring/rahe.htm (1152 words)

	Utah County Republican Party - News & Press
		The Conscience Whigs, the "radical" faction of the Whig Party in the North, alienated themselves from their Southern counterparts by adopting an anti-slavery position.
		And the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed territories to determine whether slavery would be legalized in accordance with "popular sovereignty" and thereby nullify the principles of the Missouri Compromise, created a schism within the Democratic Party.
		Meeting in a Congregational church in Ripon, Wis., he helped establish a party that represented the interests of the North and the abolitionists by merging two fundamental issues: free land and preventing the spread of slavery into the Western territories.
	www.utahgop.org /NewsnPress_FTB.htm (620 words)

	[No title]
		The republican and patriot view, as Samuel Beer has noted, was rooted in English radical whig thought about popular influence on ministers of parliament and about the competence of voters to instruct their delegates.
		Federalist revision of the republican notion of representation could be understood as a readjustment of the European notions that were standard in Montesquieu as well as in radical whig thought.
		Federalist revision, however, could also be understood as a betrayal of the radical Revolution, which expressed itself in Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the 1776 Pennsylvania state constitution, as well as an effort to curb protest against the social elite of the late colonial and the early national periods.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /~ieahcweb/johnson.htm (3743 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Radical
		Radicalization, the transformation from passiveness or activism to more revolutionary or extreme postures
		Radicals (UK), parliamentary progressives who were predecessors of the UK Liberal Party
		Free Radicals (band), a jazz-funk musical group from Houston, TX See also
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Radical (213 words)

	[No title]
		While of course there was considerable continuity with the preceding religious traditions of natural law, it was the "true" Whigs who gave natural law a radical intepretation that was deeply subversive of what remained of feudalism.
		The Labour of his Body, and the Work of his hands, we may say, are properly his."9 But as radical as this theory was, it was too vague to constitute a full theory of the most desirable economic system.
		And as I conceded, the long-run effect of the Reformation was liberating, since it made religious toleration necessary on pragmatic grounds, and thereby paved the way for religious toleration on principle.
	www.gmu.edu /departments/economics/bcaplan/total (4412 words)

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